泌乳期母乳脂肪酸变化及其多不饱和脂肪酸影响因素
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摘要
采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定不同泌乳期母乳中脂肪酸的动态变化,并分析乳母血型、生育年龄、孕周、孕前身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、分娩方式和婴儿性别、胎次对成熟母乳中与婴儿生长发育直接相关的重要多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA),亚油酸(linoleic acid,LA)、α-亚麻酸(α-linolenic acid,ALA)、花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA),二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)相对含量的影响。结果显示,饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)含量在初乳和成熟乳间差异显著(P<0.05),单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA)含量随着泌乳期的延长逐渐降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05),PUFA含量在各泌乳期无显著差异(P>0.05),AA、DHA含量随着泌乳期的延长逐渐降低,在初乳、过渡乳中含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于成熟乳中含量(P<0.05);母乳中LA含量与婴儿性别有关,ALA含量与乳母孕前BMI有关,母乳中AA、EPA含量与乳母血型有关,DHA含量与乳母孕前BMI、乳母血型有关,均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was used to determine the dynamic changes of fatty acids in breast milk during different lactation periods. The effects of maternal blood type, childbearing age, pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI), mode of delivery, gestational age, infant sex and parity on the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)directly related to infant growth and development such as linoleic acid(LA), α-linolenic acid(ALA), arachidonic acid(AA),eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) in mature milk were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of saturated fatty acids(SFAs) in colostrum and mature milk were significantly different(P < 0.05). The content of monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) decreased gradually with the prolongation of lactation period, but the difference was not significant(P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of total PUFAs during different lactation stages(P > 0.05). The contents of AA and DHA decreased gradually with the prolongation of lactation; they were not significantly different between colostrum and transitional milk(P > 0.05), but were significantly higher than those in mature milk(P < 0.05). LA content in breast milk was relate to infant sex, ALA content was related to pre-pregnancy BMI, the contents of AA and EPA were related to maternal blood type, the content of DHA was related to pre-pregnancy BMI and maternal blood type; all these correlations were statistically significant(P < 0.05).
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was used to determine the dynamic changes of fatty acids in breast milk during different lactation periods. The effects of maternal blood type, childbearing age, pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI), mode of delivery, gestational age, infant sex and parity on the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)directly related to infant growth and development such as linoleic acid(LA), α-linolenic acid(ALA), arachidonic acid(AA),eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) in mature milk were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of saturated fatty acids(SFAs) in colostrum and mature milk were significantly different(P < 0.05). The content of monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) decreased gradually with the prolongation of lactation period, but the difference was not significant(P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of total PUFAs during different lactation stages(P > 0.05). The contents of AA and DHA decreased gradually with the prolongation of lactation; they were not significantly different between colostrum and transitional milk(P > 0.05), but were significantly higher than those in mature milk(P < 0.05). LA content in breast milk was relate to infant sex, ALA content was related to pre-pregnancy BMI, the contents of AA and EPA were related to maternal blood type, the content of DHA was related to pre-pregnancy BMI and maternal blood type; all these correlations were statistically significant(P < 0.05).
引文
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[29]DING Z,LIU G L,LI X,et al.Association of polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk with fatty acid desaturase gene polymorphisms among Chinese lactating mothers[J].Prostaglandins Leukotrienes&Essential Fatty Acids,2016,109(3):66-71.DOI:10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.009.
[30]林麒,李国波,葛品,等.母乳脂肪酸含量分析及影响因素研究[J].中国预防医学杂志,2014,15(7):663-667.DOI:10.16506/j.1009-6639.2014.07.008.
[2]SHI Y D,SUN G Q,ZHANG Z G,et al.The chemical composition of human milk from Inner Mongolia of China[J].Food Chemistry,2011,127(3):1193-1198.DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.123.
[3]GLASER C,LATTKA E,RZEHAK P,et al.Genetic variation in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and its potential relevance for human development and health[J].Maternal&Child Nutrition,2011,7(Suppl 2):27-40.DOI:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00319x.
[4]杜芳芳,李建平,郑晓辉,等.母乳及婴幼儿配方奶粉中脂肪酸的组成及分布特点[J].食品科学,2015,36(11):245-250.DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201511046.
[5]HADLEY K B,RYAN A S,FORSYTH S,et al.The essentiality of arachidonic acid in infant development[J].Nutrients,2016,8(4):216-219.DOI:10.3390/nu8040216.
[6]刘静,张开屏,郭奇慧.呼和浩特市母乳蛋白质与脂肪酸含量的研究[J].食品研究与开发,2016,37(17):39-42.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2016.17.010.
[7]JIANG J,WU K,YU Z,et al.Changes in fatty acid composition of human milk over lactation stages and relationship with dietary intake in Chinese women[J].Food&Function,2016,7(7):3154-3262.DOI:10.1039/c6fo00304d.
[8]BRAVI F,WIENS F,DECARLI A,et al.Impact of maternal nutrition on breast-milk composition:a systematic review[J].American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2016,104(3):646-662.DOI:10.3945/ajcn.115.120881.
[9]李慧,郭倩颖,柳鹏,等.不同时期母乳中脂肪酸水平的变化[J].中国食物与营养,2 0 1 7,2 3(5):5 4-5 8.D O I:1 0.3 9 6 9/j.issn.1006-9577.2017.05.013.
[10]KIM H,KANG S,JUNG B M,et al.Breast milk fatty acid composition and fatty acid intake of lactating mothers in South Korea[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2017,117(4):556-561.DOI:10.1017/S0007114517000253.
[11]PRENTICE A,JARJOU L M,DRURY P J,et al.Breast-milk fatty acids of rural Gambian mothers:effects of diet and maternal parity[J].Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition,1989,8(4):486-490.DOI:10.1097/00005176-198905000-00011.
[12]MARTIN M A,LASSEK W D,STEVEN J C,et al.Fatty acid composition in the mature milk of Bolivian forager-horticulturalists:controlled comparisons with a US sample[J].Maternal and Child Nutrition,2012,8(3):404-418.DOI:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00412.x.
[13]CRUZ-HERNANDEZ C,GOEURIOT S,GIUFFRIDA F,et al.Direct quantification of fatty acids in human milk by gas chromatography[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2013,1284(7):174-179.DOI:10.1016/chroma.201301.094.
[14]张仲欣,杜双奎.食品试验设计与数据处理[M].郑州:郑州大学出版社,2011:169-193.
[15]MIHáLYI K,GY諶EI E,SZABóé,et al.Contribution of n-3long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to human milk is still low in Hungarian mothers[J].European Journal of Pediatrics,2014,174(3):393-398.DOI:10.1007/s00431-014-2411-6.
[16]高颐雄,张坚,王春荣,等.中国三地区人成熟母乳脂肪酸含量的研究[J].卫生研究,2011,40(6):731-734.
[17]HAYAT L,AL-SUGHAYER M A,AFZAL M.Fatty acid composition of human milk in Kuwaiti mothers[J].Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part B:Biochemistry&Molecular Biology,1999,124(3):261-267.DOI:10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00112-1.
[18]JENSEN R G.Lipids in human milk[J].Lipids,1999,34(12):1243-1271.DOI:10.1007/s11745-999-0477-2.
[19]WEISS G A,TROXLER H,KLINKE G,et al.High levels of antiinflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators lipoxins and resolvins and declining docosahexaenoic acid levels in human milk during the first month of lactation[J].Lipids in Health&Disease,2013,12(1):89-89.DOI:10.1186/1476-511X-12-89.
[20]ALLAYEE H,ROTH N,HODIS H N.Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease:implications for nutrigenetics[J].Journal of Nutrigenetics&Nutrigenomics,2009,2(3):140-148.DOI:10.1159/000235562.
[21]SINANOGLOU V J,CAVOURAS D,BOUTSIKOU T,et al.Factors affecting human colostrum fatty acid profile:a case study[J].PLoSONE,2017,12(4):1-14.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0175817.
[22]陈畅.非O血型人群通过升高血脂水平增加冠心病发病风险[D].广州:南方医科大学,2014:45-46.DOI:10.7666/d.Y2618011.
[23]ESTHER G,KEREN I G,LEA M,et al.Is there a difference in breast milk fatty acid composition of mothers of preterm and term infants?[J].The Journal of Maternal-Fetal&Neonatal Medicine,2016,29(5):832-835.DOI:10.3109/14767058.2015.1020785.
[24]GUERRA E,DOWNEY E,O'MAHONY J A,et al.Influence of duration of gestation on fatty acid profiles of human milk[J].European Journal of Lipid Science&Technology,2016,118(11):1775-1787.DOI:10.1002/ejlt.201500396.
[25]ARGOVARGAMAN N,MANDEL D,LUBETZKY R,et al.Human milk fatty acids composition is affected by maternal age[J].The Journal of Maternal-Fetal&Neonatal Medicine,2016,30(1):34-37.DOI:10.3109/14767058.2016.1140142.
[26]BOBI裇KI R,MIKULSKA M,MOJSKA H,et al.Comparison of the fatty acid composition of transitional and mature milk of mothers who delivered healthy full-term babies,preterm babies and full-term small for gestational age infants[J].European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2013,67(9):966-971.DOI:10.1038/ejcn.2013.96.
[27]MACHADO C J.Impact of maternal age on birth outcomes:a population-based study of primiparous Brazilian women in the city of S鉶Paulo.[J].Journal of Biosocial Science,2017,38(4):523-535.DOI:10.1017/S0021932005026660.
[28]王海燕,苏玉虹.编码极长链脂肪酸延长酶基因家族的结构及其产物的功能[J].生命的化学,2005,25(1):29-31.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1336.2005.01.012.
[29]DING Z,LIU G L,LI X,et al.Association of polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk with fatty acid desaturase gene polymorphisms among Chinese lactating mothers[J].Prostaglandins Leukotrienes&Essential Fatty Acids,2016,109(3):66-71.DOI:10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.009.
[30]林麒,李国波,葛品,等.母乳脂肪酸含量分析及影响因素研究[J].中国预防医学杂志,2014,15(7):663-667.DOI:10.16506/j.1009-6639.2014.07.008.
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