Synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes-FePO_4 composite from phosphate residue and its application as effective Fenton-like catalyst for dye degradation
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摘要
Phosphate residue is regarded as a hazardous waste, which could potentially create significant environmental and health problems if it is not properly treated and disposed of. In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes-FePO_4(NCNTs-FePO_4) composite was successfully synthesized from phosphate residue, and its application as an effective catalyst was explored. Firstly, an effective method was developed to recover FePO_4 from phosphate residue, achieving an impressive FePO_4 mass recovery rate of 98.14%. Then, the NCNTsFePO_4 catalyst was synthesized from the recovered FePO_4 by two main reactions, including surface modification and chemical vapor deposition. Finally, the synthesized NCNTs-FePO_4 was applied to photo-degrade 15 mg/L Rhodamine B(RhB) in a Fenton-like system. The results showed that 98.9% of RhB could be degraded in 60 min, closely following the pseudofirst-order kinetics model. It was found that even after six consecutive cycles, NCNTs-FePO_4 still retained a high catalytic capacity(>50%). Moreover, ·OH radicals participating in the RhB degradation process were evidenced using quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis, and a rational mechanism was proposed. It was demonstrated that the materials synthesized from hazardous phosphate residue can be used as an effective catalyst for dye removal.
Phosphate residue is regarded as a hazardous waste, which could potentially create significant environmental and health problems if it is not properly treated and disposed of. In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes-FePO_4(NCNTs-FePO_4) composite was successfully synthesized from phosphate residue, and its application as an effective catalyst was explored. Firstly, an effective method was developed to recover FePO_4 from phosphate residue, achieving an impressive FePO_4 mass recovery rate of 98.14%. Then, the NCNTsFePO_4 catalyst was synthesized from the recovered FePO_4 by two main reactions, including surface modification and chemical vapor deposition. Finally, the synthesized NCNTs-FePO_4 was applied to photo-degrade 15 mg/L Rhodamine B(RhB) in a Fenton-like system. The results showed that 98.9% of RhB could be degraded in 60 min, closely following the pseudofirst-order kinetics model. It was found that even after six consecutive cycles, NCNTs-FePO_4 still retained a high catalytic capacity(>50%). Moreover, ·OH radicals participating in the RhB degradation process were evidenced using quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis, and a rational mechanism was proposed. It was demonstrated that the materials synthesized from hazardous phosphate residue can be used as an effective catalyst for dye removal.
Phosphate residue is regarded as a hazardous waste, which could potentially create significant environmental and health problems if it is not properly treated and disposed of. In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes-FePO_4(NCNTs-FePO_4) composite was successfully synthesized from phosphate residue, and its application as an effective catalyst was explored. Firstly, an effective method was developed to recover FePO_4 from phosphate residue, achieving an impressive FePO_4 mass recovery rate of 98.14%. Then, the NCNTsFePO_4 catalyst was synthesized from the recovered FePO_4 by two main reactions, including surface modification and chemical vapor deposition. Finally, the synthesized NCNTs-FePO_4 was applied to photo-degrade 15 mg/L Rhodamine B(RhB) in a Fenton-like system. The results showed that 98.9% of RhB could be degraded in 60 min, closely following the pseudofirst-order kinetics model. It was found that even after six consecutive cycles, NCNTs-FePO_4 still retained a high catalytic capacity(>50%). Moreover, ·OH radicals participating in the RhB degradation process were evidenced using quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis, and a rational mechanism was proposed. It was demonstrated that the materials synthesized from hazardous phosphate residue can be used as an effective catalyst for dye removal.
引文
Ai,L.,Zhang,C.,Li,L.,Jiang,J.,2014.Iron terephthalate metal-organic framework:revealing the effective activation of hydrogen peroxide for the degradation of organic dye under visible light irradiation.Appl.Catal.B Environ.148-149,191-200.
Bach,A.,Semiat,R.,2011.The role of activated carbon as a catalyst in GAC/iron oxide/H2O2oxidation process.Desalination 273,57-63.
Cruz,A.,Couto,L.,Esplugas,S.,Sans,C.,2017.Study of the contribution of homogeneous catalysis on heterogeneous Fe(III)/alginate mediated photo-Fenton process.Chem.Eng.J.318,272-280.
De Laat,J.,Gallard,H.,1999.Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by Fe(III)in homogeneous aqueous solution:mechanism and kinetic modeling.Environ.Sci.Technol.33,2726-2732.
Dogan,O.,Karpuzcu,M.,2010.Recovery of phosphate sludge as concrete supplementary material.Clean:Soil,Air,Water 38,977-980.
Duan,X.,Indrawirawan,S.,Sun,H.,Wang,S.,2015a.Effects of nitrogen-,boron-,and phosphorus-doping or codoping on metal-free graphene catalysis.Catal.Today 249,184-191.
Duan,X.,Sun,H.,Wang,Y.,Kang,J.,Wang,S.,2015b.N-doping-induced nonradical reaction on single-walled carbon nanotubes for catalytic phenol oxidation.ACS Catal.5,553-559.
Fan,X.,Peng,Z.,Ye,R.,Zhou,H.,Guo,X.,2015.M3C(M:Fe,Co,Ni)nanocrystals encased in graphene nanoribbons:an active and stable bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions.ACS Nano 9,7407-7418.
Fedorková,A.,Wiemh?fer,H.D.,Oriňáková,R.,Oriňák,A.,Kaniansky,D.,2010.Surface modification of FePO4particles with conductive layer of polypyrrole.Solid State Sci.12,924-928.
Guo,S.,Zhang,G.,Yu,J.C.,2015.Enhanced photo-Fenton degradation of rhodamine B using graphene oxide-amorphous FePO4as effective and stable heterogeneous catalyst.J.Colloid Interface Sci.448,460-466.
Hamayun,M.,Mahmood,T.,Naeem,A.,Muska,M.,Din,S.U.,Waseem,M.,2014.Equilibrium and kinetics studies of arsenate adsorption by FePO4.Chemosphere 99,207-215.
He,J.,Yang,X.,Men,B.,Wang,D.,2016.Interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials:a review.J.Environ.Sci.39,97-109.
Hlekelele,L.,Tripathi,P.,Franklyn,P.J.,Durbach,S.H.,2016.Morphological and crystallinity differences in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapour deposition decomposition of melamine over coal fly ash.RSC Adv.6,76773-76779.
Huang,X.,Niu,Y.,Hu,W.,2017.Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles loaded on Fe/N-doped graphene as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for degradation of organic pollutants.Colloids Surf.APhysicochem.Eng.Asp.518,145-150.
Jegal,J.P.,Kim,J.G.,Kim,K.B.,2013.One-pot synthesis of FePO4·H2O/carbon nanotube coaxial nanocomposite for high rate lithium ion batteries.Electrochem.Commun.30,87-90.
Jiang,Z.,Jiang,Z.,2012.Effects of carbon content on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C core/shell nanocomposites fabricated using FePO4/polyaniline as an iron source.J.Alloys Compd.537,308-317.
Juchi,K.,Huang,Y.,2010.Effect of rare earth on the coating-forming and mechanism of phosphatization.J.Rare Earths 28,132-135.
Jung,Y.J.,Kim,W.G.,Yoon,Y.,Kang,J.W.,Hong,Y.M.,Kim,H.W.,2012.Removal of amoxicillin by UV and UV/H2O2processes.Sci.Total Environ.420,160-167.
Kang,D.,Yu,X.,Ge,M.,Xiao,F.,Xu,H.,2017.Novel Al-doped carbon nanotubes with adsorption and coagulation promotion for organic pollutant removal.J.Environ.Sci.54,1-12.
Khataee,A.R.,Zarei,M.,2011.Photocatalysis of a dye solution using immobilized ZnO nanoparticles combined with photoelectrochemical process.Desalination 273,453-460.
Kuo,Y.M.,2012.An alternative approach to recovering valuable metals from zinc phosphating sludge.J.Hazard.Mater.201-202,265-272.
Li,R.,Yu,Q.,Yang,C.,Chen,H.,Xie,G.,Guo,J.,2010.Innovative cleaner production for steel phosphorization using Zn-Mn phosphating solution.J.Clean.Prod.18,1040-1044.
Li,X.,Shen,T.,Wang,D.,Yue,X.,Liu,X.,Yang,Q.,et al.,2012.Photodegradation of amoxicillin by catalyzed Fe3+/H2O2process.J.Environ.Sci.24,269-275.
Li,X.,Pi,Y.,Wu,L.,Xia,Q.,Wu,J.,Li,Z.,Xiao,J.,2017.Facilitation of the visible light-induced Fenton-like excitation of H2O2via heterojunction of g-C3N4/NH2-Iron terephthalate metal-organic framework for MB degradation.Appl.Catal.BEnviron.202,653-663.
Lin,R.,Ding,Y.,Gong,L.,Dong,W.,Wang,J.,Zhang,T.,2010.Efficient and stable silica-supported iron phosphate catalysts for oxidative bromination of methane.J.Catal.272,65-73.
Liu,Y.,Li,X.,Guo,H.,Wang,Z.,Peng,W.,Yang,Y.,et al.,2008.Effect of carbon nanotube on the electrochemical performance of C-LiFePO4/graphite battery.J.Power Sources184,522-526.
Liu,S.,Peng,W.,Sun,H.,Wang,S.,2013.Physical and chemical activation of reduced graphene oxide for enhanced adsorption and catalytic oxidation.Nanoscale 6,766-771.
Lurling,M.,van Oosterhout,F.,2013.Controlling eutrophication by combined bloom precipitation and sediment phosphorus inactivation.Water Res.47,6527-6537.
Ma,J.,Yang,Q.,Wen,Y.,Liu,W.,2017.Fe-g-C3N4/graphitized mesoporous carbon composite as an effective Fenton-like catalyst in a wide pH range.Appl.Catal.B Environ.201,232-240.
Meinikmann,K.,Lewandowski,J.,Hupfer,M.,2015.Phosphorus in groundwater discharge-a potential source for lake eutrophication.J.Hydrol.524,214-226.
Molina-Sabio,M.,RodRíguez-Reinoso,F.,Caturla,F.,Sellés,M.J.,1995.Porosity in granular carbons activated with phosphoric acid.Carbon 33(8),1105-1113.
Narayanan,T.S.N.S.,2005.Surface pretreatment by phosphate conversion coatings-a review.Rev.Adv.Mater.Sci.9,130-177.
Nitoi,I.,Oncescu,T.,Oancea,P.,2013.Mechanism and kinetic study for the degradation of lindane by photo-Fenton process.J.Ind.Eng.Chem.19,305-309.
Pan,X.,Bao,X.,2008.Reactions over catalysts confined in carbon nanotubes.Chem.Commun.6271-6281.
Peng,J.,Xue,J.,Li,J.,Du,Z.,Wang,Z.,Gao,S.,2017.Catalytic effect of low concentration carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the oxidation of disinfectants with Cl-substituted structure by a Fenton-like system.Chem.Eng.J.321,325-334.
Petschel,M.,1996.Pollution prevention and conversion coating in the automobile industry.Met.Finish.94(9),26,28-29.
Raziq,F.,Qu,Y.,Zhang,X.,Humayun,M.,Wu,J.,Zada,A.,et al.,2016.Enhanced cocatalyst-free visible-light activities for photocatalytic fuel pro-duction of g-C3N4by trapping holes and transferring electrons.J.Phys.Chem.C 120(1),98-107.
Reeve,D.J.,2007.Environmental improvements in the metal finishing industry in Australasia.J.Clean.Prod.15,756-763.
Shamsuddin,M.S.,Yusoff,N.R.N.,Sulaiman,M.A.,2016.Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon produced from Kenaf Core Fiber using H3PO4activation.Procedia Chem.19,558-565.
Sheydaei,M.,Aber,S.,Khataee,A.,2014.Degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution using nanolepidocrocite chips/H2O2/UV:optimization and kinetics studies.J.Ind.Eng.Chem.20,1772-1778.
Wang,S.,Boyjoo,Y.,Choueib,A.,Zhu,Z.H.,2005.Removal of dyes from aqueous solution using fly ash and red mud.Water Res.39,129-138.
Wang,Z.,Jia,R.,Zheng,J.,Zhao,J.,Li,L.,Song,J.,et al.,2011.Nitrogen-promoted self-assembly of N-doped carbon nanotubes and their intrinsic catalysis for oxygen reduction in fuel cells.ACS Nano 5,1677-1684.
Xiao,Y.,Oorsprong,M.,Yang,Y.,Voncken,J.H.L.,2008.Vitrification of bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator.Waste Manag.28,1020-1026.
Yao,Y.,Chen,H.,Lian,C.,Wei,F.,Zhang,D.,Wu,G.,et al.,2016a.Fe,Co,Ni nanocrystals encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as Fenton-like catalysts for organic pollutant removal.J.Hazard.Mater.314,129-139.
Yao,Y.,Chen,H.,Qin,J.,Wu,G.,Lian,C.,Zhang,J.,et al.,2016b.Iron encapsulated in boron and nitrogen codoped carbon nanotubes as synergistic catalysts for Fenton-like reaction.Water Res.101,281-291.
Yue,H.F.,Wu,Z.J.,Li,L.S.,2014.A novel method for multi-doped LiFePO4/C preparation with phosphating sludge.J.Alloys Compd.583,1-6.
Zhang,R.,Sun,P.,Boyer,T.H.,Zhao,L.,Huang,C.H.,2015.Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV,UV/H2O2,and UV/PDS.Environ.Sci.Technol.49,3056-3066.
Zhou,D.,Qiu,X.,Liang,F.,Cao,S.,Yao,Y.,Huang,X.,et al.,2017.Comparison of the effects of FePO4and FePO4·2H2O as precursors on the electrochemical performances of LiFePO4/C.Ceram.Int.43,13254-13263.
Bach,A.,Semiat,R.,2011.The role of activated carbon as a catalyst in GAC/iron oxide/H2O2oxidation process.Desalination 273,57-63.
Cruz,A.,Couto,L.,Esplugas,S.,Sans,C.,2017.Study of the contribution of homogeneous catalysis on heterogeneous Fe(III)/alginate mediated photo-Fenton process.Chem.Eng.J.318,272-280.
De Laat,J.,Gallard,H.,1999.Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by Fe(III)in homogeneous aqueous solution:mechanism and kinetic modeling.Environ.Sci.Technol.33,2726-2732.
Dogan,O.,Karpuzcu,M.,2010.Recovery of phosphate sludge as concrete supplementary material.Clean:Soil,Air,Water 38,977-980.
Duan,X.,Indrawirawan,S.,Sun,H.,Wang,S.,2015a.Effects of nitrogen-,boron-,and phosphorus-doping or codoping on metal-free graphene catalysis.Catal.Today 249,184-191.
Duan,X.,Sun,H.,Wang,Y.,Kang,J.,Wang,S.,2015b.N-doping-induced nonradical reaction on single-walled carbon nanotubes for catalytic phenol oxidation.ACS Catal.5,553-559.
Fan,X.,Peng,Z.,Ye,R.,Zhou,H.,Guo,X.,2015.M3C(M:Fe,Co,Ni)nanocrystals encased in graphene nanoribbons:an active and stable bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions.ACS Nano 9,7407-7418.
Fedorková,A.,Wiemh?fer,H.D.,Oriňáková,R.,Oriňák,A.,Kaniansky,D.,2010.Surface modification of FePO4particles with conductive layer of polypyrrole.Solid State Sci.12,924-928.
Guo,S.,Zhang,G.,Yu,J.C.,2015.Enhanced photo-Fenton degradation of rhodamine B using graphene oxide-amorphous FePO4as effective and stable heterogeneous catalyst.J.Colloid Interface Sci.448,460-466.
Hamayun,M.,Mahmood,T.,Naeem,A.,Muska,M.,Din,S.U.,Waseem,M.,2014.Equilibrium and kinetics studies of arsenate adsorption by FePO4.Chemosphere 99,207-215.
He,J.,Yang,X.,Men,B.,Wang,D.,2016.Interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials:a review.J.Environ.Sci.39,97-109.
Hlekelele,L.,Tripathi,P.,Franklyn,P.J.,Durbach,S.H.,2016.Morphological and crystallinity differences in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapour deposition decomposition of melamine over coal fly ash.RSC Adv.6,76773-76779.
Huang,X.,Niu,Y.,Hu,W.,2017.Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles loaded on Fe/N-doped graphene as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for degradation of organic pollutants.Colloids Surf.APhysicochem.Eng.Asp.518,145-150.
Jegal,J.P.,Kim,J.G.,Kim,K.B.,2013.One-pot synthesis of FePO4·H2O/carbon nanotube coaxial nanocomposite for high rate lithium ion batteries.Electrochem.Commun.30,87-90.
Jiang,Z.,Jiang,Z.,2012.Effects of carbon content on the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C core/shell nanocomposites fabricated using FePO4/polyaniline as an iron source.J.Alloys Compd.537,308-317.
Juchi,K.,Huang,Y.,2010.Effect of rare earth on the coating-forming and mechanism of phosphatization.J.Rare Earths 28,132-135.
Jung,Y.J.,Kim,W.G.,Yoon,Y.,Kang,J.W.,Hong,Y.M.,Kim,H.W.,2012.Removal of amoxicillin by UV and UV/H2O2processes.Sci.Total Environ.420,160-167.
Kang,D.,Yu,X.,Ge,M.,Xiao,F.,Xu,H.,2017.Novel Al-doped carbon nanotubes with adsorption and coagulation promotion for organic pollutant removal.J.Environ.Sci.54,1-12.
Khataee,A.R.,Zarei,M.,2011.Photocatalysis of a dye solution using immobilized ZnO nanoparticles combined with photoelectrochemical process.Desalination 273,453-460.
Kuo,Y.M.,2012.An alternative approach to recovering valuable metals from zinc phosphating sludge.J.Hazard.Mater.201-202,265-272.
Li,R.,Yu,Q.,Yang,C.,Chen,H.,Xie,G.,Guo,J.,2010.Innovative cleaner production for steel phosphorization using Zn-Mn phosphating solution.J.Clean.Prod.18,1040-1044.
Li,X.,Shen,T.,Wang,D.,Yue,X.,Liu,X.,Yang,Q.,et al.,2012.Photodegradation of amoxicillin by catalyzed Fe3+/H2O2process.J.Environ.Sci.24,269-275.
Li,X.,Pi,Y.,Wu,L.,Xia,Q.,Wu,J.,Li,Z.,Xiao,J.,2017.Facilitation of the visible light-induced Fenton-like excitation of H2O2via heterojunction of g-C3N4/NH2-Iron terephthalate metal-organic framework for MB degradation.Appl.Catal.BEnviron.202,653-663.
Lin,R.,Ding,Y.,Gong,L.,Dong,W.,Wang,J.,Zhang,T.,2010.Efficient and stable silica-supported iron phosphate catalysts for oxidative bromination of methane.J.Catal.272,65-73.
Liu,Y.,Li,X.,Guo,H.,Wang,Z.,Peng,W.,Yang,Y.,et al.,2008.Effect of carbon nanotube on the electrochemical performance of C-LiFePO4/graphite battery.J.Power Sources184,522-526.
Liu,S.,Peng,W.,Sun,H.,Wang,S.,2013.Physical and chemical activation of reduced graphene oxide for enhanced adsorption and catalytic oxidation.Nanoscale 6,766-771.
Lurling,M.,van Oosterhout,F.,2013.Controlling eutrophication by combined bloom precipitation and sediment phosphorus inactivation.Water Res.47,6527-6537.
Ma,J.,Yang,Q.,Wen,Y.,Liu,W.,2017.Fe-g-C3N4/graphitized mesoporous carbon composite as an effective Fenton-like catalyst in a wide pH range.Appl.Catal.B Environ.201,232-240.
Meinikmann,K.,Lewandowski,J.,Hupfer,M.,2015.Phosphorus in groundwater discharge-a potential source for lake eutrophication.J.Hydrol.524,214-226.
Molina-Sabio,M.,RodRíguez-Reinoso,F.,Caturla,F.,Sellés,M.J.,1995.Porosity in granular carbons activated with phosphoric acid.Carbon 33(8),1105-1113.
Narayanan,T.S.N.S.,2005.Surface pretreatment by phosphate conversion coatings-a review.Rev.Adv.Mater.Sci.9,130-177.
Nitoi,I.,Oncescu,T.,Oancea,P.,2013.Mechanism and kinetic study for the degradation of lindane by photo-Fenton process.J.Ind.Eng.Chem.19,305-309.
Pan,X.,Bao,X.,2008.Reactions over catalysts confined in carbon nanotubes.Chem.Commun.6271-6281.
Peng,J.,Xue,J.,Li,J.,Du,Z.,Wang,Z.,Gao,S.,2017.Catalytic effect of low concentration carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the oxidation of disinfectants with Cl-substituted structure by a Fenton-like system.Chem.Eng.J.321,325-334.
Petschel,M.,1996.Pollution prevention and conversion coating in the automobile industry.Met.Finish.94(9),26,28-29.
Raziq,F.,Qu,Y.,Zhang,X.,Humayun,M.,Wu,J.,Zada,A.,et al.,2016.Enhanced cocatalyst-free visible-light activities for photocatalytic fuel pro-duction of g-C3N4by trapping holes and transferring electrons.J.Phys.Chem.C 120(1),98-107.
Reeve,D.J.,2007.Environmental improvements in the metal finishing industry in Australasia.J.Clean.Prod.15,756-763.
Shamsuddin,M.S.,Yusoff,N.R.N.,Sulaiman,M.A.,2016.Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon produced from Kenaf Core Fiber using H3PO4activation.Procedia Chem.19,558-565.
Sheydaei,M.,Aber,S.,Khataee,A.,2014.Degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution using nanolepidocrocite chips/H2O2/UV:optimization and kinetics studies.J.Ind.Eng.Chem.20,1772-1778.
Wang,S.,Boyjoo,Y.,Choueib,A.,Zhu,Z.H.,2005.Removal of dyes from aqueous solution using fly ash and red mud.Water Res.39,129-138.
Wang,Z.,Jia,R.,Zheng,J.,Zhao,J.,Li,L.,Song,J.,et al.,2011.Nitrogen-promoted self-assembly of N-doped carbon nanotubes and their intrinsic catalysis for oxygen reduction in fuel cells.ACS Nano 5,1677-1684.
Xiao,Y.,Oorsprong,M.,Yang,Y.,Voncken,J.H.L.,2008.Vitrification of bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator.Waste Manag.28,1020-1026.
Yao,Y.,Chen,H.,Lian,C.,Wei,F.,Zhang,D.,Wu,G.,et al.,2016a.Fe,Co,Ni nanocrystals encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as Fenton-like catalysts for organic pollutant removal.J.Hazard.Mater.314,129-139.
Yao,Y.,Chen,H.,Qin,J.,Wu,G.,Lian,C.,Zhang,J.,et al.,2016b.Iron encapsulated in boron and nitrogen codoped carbon nanotubes as synergistic catalysts for Fenton-like reaction.Water Res.101,281-291.
Yue,H.F.,Wu,Z.J.,Li,L.S.,2014.A novel method for multi-doped LiFePO4/C preparation with phosphating sludge.J.Alloys Compd.583,1-6.
Zhang,R.,Sun,P.,Boyer,T.H.,Zhao,L.,Huang,C.H.,2015.Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV,UV/H2O2,and UV/PDS.Environ.Sci.Technol.49,3056-3066.
Zhou,D.,Qiu,X.,Liang,F.,Cao,S.,Yao,Y.,Huang,X.,et al.,2017.Comparison of the effects of FePO4and FePO4·2H2O as precursors on the electrochemical performances of LiFePO4/C.Ceram.Int.43,13254-13263.