Triangulation of red sprites observed above a mesoscale convective system in North China
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摘要
The triangulation of red sprites was obtained, based on concurrent observations over a mesoscale convective system(MCS) in North China from two stations separated by about 450 km. In addition, broadband sferics from the sprite-producing lightning were measured at five ground stations, making it possible to locate and identify the individual causative lightning discharges for different elements in this dancing sprite event. The results of our analyses indicate that the sprites were produced above the trailing stratiform region of the MCS, and their parent strokes were located mainly in the peripheral area of the stratiform. The lateral offset between sprites and causative strokes ranges from a few km to more than 50 km. In a particularly bright sprite, with a distinct halo feature and streamers descending down to an altitude of approximately 48 km, the sprite current signal identified in the electric sferic, measured at a range of about 1,110 km, peaked at approximately 1 ms after the return stroke.
The triangulation of red sprites was obtained, based on concurrent observations over a mesoscale convective system(MCS) in North China from two stations separated by about 450 km. In addition, broadband sferics from the sprite-producing lightning were measured at five ground stations, making it possible to locate and identify the individual causative lightning discharges for different elements in this dancing sprite event. The results of our analyses indicate that the sprites were produced above the trailing stratiform region of the MCS, and their parent strokes were located mainly in the peripheral area of the stratiform. The lateral offset between sprites and causative strokes ranges from a few km to more than 50 km. In a particularly bright sprite, with a distinct halo feature and streamers descending down to an altitude of approximately 48 km, the sprite current signal identified in the electric sferic, measured at a range of about 1,110 km, peaked at approximately 1 ms after the return stroke.
The triangulation of red sprites was obtained, based on concurrent observations over a mesoscale convective system(MCS) in North China from two stations separated by about 450 km. In addition, broadband sferics from the sprite-producing lightning were measured at five ground stations, making it possible to locate and identify the individual causative lightning discharges for different elements in this dancing sprite event. The results of our analyses indicate that the sprites were produced above the trailing stratiform region of the MCS, and their parent strokes were located mainly in the peripheral area of the stratiform. The lateral offset between sprites and causative strokes ranges from a few km to more than 50 km. In a particularly bright sprite, with a distinct halo feature and streamers descending down to an altitude of approximately 48 km, the sprite current signal identified in the electric sferic, measured at a range of about 1,110 km, peaked at approximately 1 ms after the return stroke.
引文
Boggs,L.D.,Liu,N.Y.,Splitt,M.,Lazarus,S.,Glenn,C.,Rassoul,H.,and Cummer,S.A.(2016).An analysis of five negative sprite-parent discharges and their associated thunderstorm charge structures.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,121(2),759-784.https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024188
Cho,M.,and Rycroft,M.J.(1998).Computer simulation of the electric field structure and optical emission from cloud-top to the ionosphere.J.Atmos.Sol.Terr.Phys.,60(7-9),871-888.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00017-0
Cummer,S.A.,and Inan,U.S.(1997).Measurement of charge transfer in spriteproducing lightning using ELF radio atmospherics.Geophys.Res.Lett.,24(14),1731-1734.https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL51791
Cummer,S.A.,and Lyons,W.A.(2005).Implications of lightning charge moment changes for sprite initiation.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,110(A4),A04304.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010812
Cummer,S.A.,Lyons,W.A.,and Stanley,M.A.(2013).Three years of lightning impulse charge moment change measurements in the United States.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118(11),5176-5189.https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50442
Füllekrug,M.,Moudry,D.R.,Dawes,G.,and Sentman,D.D.(2001).Mesospheric sprite current triangulation.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,106(D17),20189-20194.https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900075
Gordillo-Vázquez,F.J.,and Luque,A.(2010).Electrical conductivity in sprite streamer channels.Geophys.Res.Lett.,37(16),L16809.https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044349
Hager,W.W.,Sonnenfeld,R.G.,Feng,W.,Kanmae,T.,Stenbaek-Nielsen,H.C.,McHarg,M.G.,Haaland,R.K.,Cummer,S.A.,Lu,G.P,and Lapierre,J.L.(2012).Charge rearrangement by sprites over a North Texas mesoscale convective system.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,117(D22),D22101.https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018309
Hayakawa,M.,Nakamura,T.,Hobara,Y.,and Williams,E.(2004).Observation of sprites over the Sea of Japan and conditions for lightning-induced sprites in winter.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,109(A1),A01312.https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA009905
Houze,R.A.Jr.,Smull,B.F.,and Dodge,P.(1990).Mesoscale organization of springtime rainstorms in Oklahoma.Mon.Wea.Rev.,118(3),613-654.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<0613:MOOSRI>2.0.CO;2
Huang,A.J.,Lu,G.P.,Zhang,H.B.,Liu,F.F.,Fan,Y.F.,Zhu,B.Y.,Yang,J.,and Wang,Z.C.(2018).Locating parent lightning strokes of sprites observed over a mesoscale convective system in Shandong Province,China.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,35(11),1396-1414.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-7306-4
Kosar,B.C.,Liu,N.Y.,and Rassoul,H.K.(2013).Formation of sprite streamers at subbreakdown conditions from ionospheric inhomogeneities resembling observed sprite halo structures.Geophys.Res.Lett.,40(23),6282-6287.https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058294
Lang,T.J.,Rutledge,S.A.,and Wiens,K.C.(2004).Origins of positive cloud-toground lightning flashes in the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system.Geophys.Res.Lett.,31(10),L10105.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019823
Lang,T.J.,Lyons,W.A.,Rutledge,S.A.,Meyer,J.D.,MacGorman,D.R.,and Cummer,S.A.(2010).Transient luminous events above two mesoscale convective systems:Storm structure and evolution.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,115(A5),A00E22.https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014500
Lang,T.J.,Cummer,S.A.,Rutledge,S.A.,and Lyons,W.A.(2013).The meteorology of negative cloud-to-ground lightning strokes with large charge moment changes:implications for negative sprites.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118(14),7886-7896.https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50595
Li,J.B.,Cummer,S.A.,Lyons,W.A.,and Nelson,T.E.(2008).Coordinated analysis of delayed sprites with high-speed images and remote electromagnetic fields.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,113(D20),D20206.https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010008
Li,J.B.,Cummer,S.,Lu,G.P.,and Zigoneanu,L.(2012).Charge moment change and lightning-driven electric fields associated with negative sprites and halos.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,117(A9),A09310.https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017731
Liu,F.F.,Zhu,B.Y.,Lu,G.P.,Qin,Z.L.,Lei,J.H.,Peng,K.M.,Chen,A.B.,Huang,AJ.,Cummer,S.A.,…Zhou,H.L.(2018).Observations of blue discharges associated with negative narrow bipolar events in active deep convection.Geophys.Res.Lett.,45(6),2842-2851.https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076207
Liu,N.Y.,Kosar,B.,Sadighi,S.,Dwyer,J.R.,and Rassoul,H.K.(2012).Formation of streamer discharges from an isolated ionization column at subbreakdown conditions.Phys.Rev.Lett.,109(2),025002.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.025002
Liu,N.Y.,Dwyer,J.R.,Stenbaek-Nielsen,H.C.,and McHarg,M.G.(2015).Sprite streamer initiation from natural mesospheric structures.Nat.Commun.,6(1),7540.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8540
Lu,G.P.,Cummer,S.A.,Li,J.B.,Zigoneanu,L.,Lyons,W.A.,Stanley,M.A.,Rison,W.,Krehbiel,P.R.,Edens,H.E.,…Samaras,T.(2013).Coordinated observations of sprites and in-cloud lightning flash structure.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118(12),6607-6632.https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50459
Lu,G.P.,Cummer,S.A.,Chen,A.B.,Lyu,F.C.,Li,D.S.,Liu,F.,Hsu,R.R.,and Su,H.T.(2017).Analysis of lightning strokes associated with sprites observed by ISUAL in vicinity of North America.Terr.Atmos.Ocean.Sci.,28(4),583-595.https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2017.03.31.01
Luque,A.,and Ebert,U.(2010).Sprites in varying air density:Charge conservation,glowing negative trails and changing velocity.Geophys.Res.Lett.,37(6),L06806.https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041982
Lyons,W.A.(1996).Sprite observations above the U.S.High Plains in relation to their parent thunderstorm systems.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.Phys.,101(D23),29641-29652.https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD01866
Lyons,W.A.,Nelson,T.E.,Williams,E.R.,Cummer,S.A.,and Stanley,M.A.(2003).Characteristics of sprite-producing positive cloud-to-ground lightning during the 19 July 2000 STEPS mesoscale convective systems.Mon.Wea.Rev.,131(10),2417-2427.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2417:COSPCL>2.0.CO;2
Marshall,R.A.,Inan,U.S.,and Lyons,W.A.(2007).Very low frequency sferic bursts,sprites,and their association with lightning activity.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,112(D22),D22105.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008857
Mlynarczyk,J.,Bór,J.,Kulak,A.,Popek,M.,and Kubisz,J.(2015).An unusual sequence of sprites followed by a secondary TLE:An analysis of ELF radio measurements and optical observations.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,120(3),2241-2254.https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020780
Ohkubo,A.,Fukunishi,H.,Takahashi,Y.,and Adachi,T.(2005).VLF/ELF sferic evidence for in-cloud discharge activity producing sprites.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32(4),L04812.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021943
Pasko,V.P.,and Hans C.Stenbaek-Nielsen(2002).Diffuse and streamer regions of sprites.Geophys.Res.Lett.,29(10),82-1.https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014241
Peng,K.M.,Hsu,R.R.,Su,H.T.,Chen,A.,Chou,J.K.,Chang,S.C.,Wu,Y.J.,Hung,C.L.,Yang,I.C.,and Tsai,S.H.(2017).Transient luminous event coordinated observa-tions using FORMOSAT-2 satellite and Taiwan sprites campaign.Terr.Atmos.Ocean.Sci.,28(4),597-608.https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2016.09.21.03
Qin,J.Q.,Celestin,S.,and Pasko,V.P.(2012).Minimum charge moment change in positive and negative cloud to ground lightning discharges producing sprites.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39(22),L22801.https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053951
Qin,J.Q.,Pasko,V.P.,McHarg,M.G.,and Stenbaek-Nielsen,H.C.(2014).Plasma irregularities in the D-region ionosphere in association with sprite streamer initiation.Nat.Commun.,5,3740.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4740
Salut,M.M.,Cohen,M.B.,Ali,M.A.M.,Graf,K.L.,Cotts,B.R.T.,and Kumar,S.(2013).On the relationship between lightning peak current and early VLFperturbations.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,118(11),7272-7282.https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019087
Sentman,D.D.,and Wescott,E.M.(1993).Observations of upper atmospheric optical flashes recorded from an aircraft.Geophys.Res.Lett.,20(24),2857-2860.https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL02998
Soula,S.,van der Velde,O.,Montanyà,J.,Neubert,T.,Chanrion,O.,and Ganot,M.(2009).Analysis of thunderstorm and lightning activity associated with sprites observed during the EuroSprite campaigns:Two case studies.Atmos.Res.,91(2-4),514-528.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.06.017
Soula,S.,Iacovella,F.,van der Velde,O.,Montanyà,J.,Füllekrug,M.,Farges,T.,Bór,J.,Georgis,J.F.,NaitAmor,S.,and Martin,J.M.(2014).Multiinstrumental analysis of large sprite events and their producing storm in southern France.Atmos.Res.,135-136,415-431.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.10.004
Soula,S.,Defer,E.,Füllekrug,M.,van der Velde,O.,Montanya,J.,Bousquet,O.,Mlynarczyk,J.,Coquillat,S.,Pinty,J.-P.,…Pedeboy,S.(2015).Time and space correlation between sprites and their parent lightning flashes for a thunderstorm observed during the HyMeX campaign.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,120(22),11552-11574.https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023894
Soula,S.,Mlynarczyk,J.,Füllekrug,M.,Pineda,N.,Georgis,J.F.,van der Velde,O.Montanyà,J.,and Fabró,F.(2017).Dancing sprites:Detailed analysis of two case studies.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,122(6),3173-3192.https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025548
Stenbaek‐Nielsen,H.C.,Moudry,D.R.,Wescott,E.M.,Sentman,D.D.,and Sabbas,F.T.S.(2000).Sprites and possible mesospheric effects.Geophys.Res.Lett.,27(23),3829-3832.https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL003827
van der Velde,O.A.,Mika,á.,Soula,S.,Haldoupis,C.,Neubert,T.,and Inan,U.S.(2006).Observations of the relationship between sprite morphology and incloud lightning processes.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,111(D15),D15203.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006879
van der Velde,O.A.,Montanyà,J.,Soula,S.,Pineda,N.,and Mlynarczyk,J.(2014).Bidirectional leader development in sprite-producing positive cloud-to-ground flashes:Origins and characteristics of positive and negative leaders.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,119(22),12755-12779.https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021291
Yang,J.,Lu,G.P.,Lee,L.J.,and Feng,G.L.(2015).Long-delayed bright dancing sprite with large horizontal displacement from its parent flash.J.Atmos.Sol.Terr.Phys.,129,1-5.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.04.001
Yang,J.,Liu,N.Y.,Sato,M.,Lu,G.P.,Wang,Y.,and Feng,G.L.(2018).Characteristics of thunderstorm structure and lightning activity causing negative and positive sprites.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,123(15),8190-8207.https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD026759
Cho,M.,and Rycroft,M.J.(1998).Computer simulation of the electric field structure and optical emission from cloud-top to the ionosphere.J.Atmos.Sol.Terr.Phys.,60(7-9),871-888.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00017-0
Cummer,S.A.,and Inan,U.S.(1997).Measurement of charge transfer in spriteproducing lightning using ELF radio atmospherics.Geophys.Res.Lett.,24(14),1731-1734.https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL51791
Cummer,S.A.,and Lyons,W.A.(2005).Implications of lightning charge moment changes for sprite initiation.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,110(A4),A04304.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010812
Cummer,S.A.,Lyons,W.A.,and Stanley,M.A.(2013).Three years of lightning impulse charge moment change measurements in the United States.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118(11),5176-5189.https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50442
Füllekrug,M.,Moudry,D.R.,Dawes,G.,and Sentman,D.D.(2001).Mesospheric sprite current triangulation.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,106(D17),20189-20194.https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900075
Gordillo-Vázquez,F.J.,and Luque,A.(2010).Electrical conductivity in sprite streamer channels.Geophys.Res.Lett.,37(16),L16809.https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044349
Hager,W.W.,Sonnenfeld,R.G.,Feng,W.,Kanmae,T.,Stenbaek-Nielsen,H.C.,McHarg,M.G.,Haaland,R.K.,Cummer,S.A.,Lu,G.P,and Lapierre,J.L.(2012).Charge rearrangement by sprites over a North Texas mesoscale convective system.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,117(D22),D22101.https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018309
Hayakawa,M.,Nakamura,T.,Hobara,Y.,and Williams,E.(2004).Observation of sprites over the Sea of Japan and conditions for lightning-induced sprites in winter.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,109(A1),A01312.https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA009905
Houze,R.A.Jr.,Smull,B.F.,and Dodge,P.(1990).Mesoscale organization of springtime rainstorms in Oklahoma.Mon.Wea.Rev.,118(3),613-654.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<0613:MOOSRI>2.0.CO;2
Huang,A.J.,Lu,G.P.,Zhang,H.B.,Liu,F.F.,Fan,Y.F.,Zhu,B.Y.,Yang,J.,and Wang,Z.C.(2018).Locating parent lightning strokes of sprites observed over a mesoscale convective system in Shandong Province,China.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,35(11),1396-1414.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-7306-4
Kosar,B.C.,Liu,N.Y.,and Rassoul,H.K.(2013).Formation of sprite streamers at subbreakdown conditions from ionospheric inhomogeneities resembling observed sprite halo structures.Geophys.Res.Lett.,40(23),6282-6287.https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058294
Lang,T.J.,Rutledge,S.A.,and Wiens,K.C.(2004).Origins of positive cloud-toground lightning flashes in the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system.Geophys.Res.Lett.,31(10),L10105.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019823
Lang,T.J.,Lyons,W.A.,Rutledge,S.A.,Meyer,J.D.,MacGorman,D.R.,and Cummer,S.A.(2010).Transient luminous events above two mesoscale convective systems:Storm structure and evolution.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,115(A5),A00E22.https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014500
Lang,T.J.,Cummer,S.A.,Rutledge,S.A.,and Lyons,W.A.(2013).The meteorology of negative cloud-to-ground lightning strokes with large charge moment changes:implications for negative sprites.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118(14),7886-7896.https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50595
Li,J.B.,Cummer,S.A.,Lyons,W.A.,and Nelson,T.E.(2008).Coordinated analysis of delayed sprites with high-speed images and remote electromagnetic fields.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,113(D20),D20206.https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010008
Li,J.B.,Cummer,S.,Lu,G.P.,and Zigoneanu,L.(2012).Charge moment change and lightning-driven electric fields associated with negative sprites and halos.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,117(A9),A09310.https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017731
Liu,F.F.,Zhu,B.Y.,Lu,G.P.,Qin,Z.L.,Lei,J.H.,Peng,K.M.,Chen,A.B.,Huang,AJ.,Cummer,S.A.,…Zhou,H.L.(2018).Observations of blue discharges associated with negative narrow bipolar events in active deep convection.Geophys.Res.Lett.,45(6),2842-2851.https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076207
Liu,N.Y.,Kosar,B.,Sadighi,S.,Dwyer,J.R.,and Rassoul,H.K.(2012).Formation of streamer discharges from an isolated ionization column at subbreakdown conditions.Phys.Rev.Lett.,109(2),025002.https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.025002
Liu,N.Y.,Dwyer,J.R.,Stenbaek-Nielsen,H.C.,and McHarg,M.G.(2015).Sprite streamer initiation from natural mesospheric structures.Nat.Commun.,6(1),7540.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8540
Lu,G.P.,Cummer,S.A.,Li,J.B.,Zigoneanu,L.,Lyons,W.A.,Stanley,M.A.,Rison,W.,Krehbiel,P.R.,Edens,H.E.,…Samaras,T.(2013).Coordinated observations of sprites and in-cloud lightning flash structure.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118(12),6607-6632.https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50459
Lu,G.P.,Cummer,S.A.,Chen,A.B.,Lyu,F.C.,Li,D.S.,Liu,F.,Hsu,R.R.,and Su,H.T.(2017).Analysis of lightning strokes associated with sprites observed by ISUAL in vicinity of North America.Terr.Atmos.Ocean.Sci.,28(4),583-595.https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2017.03.31.01
Luque,A.,and Ebert,U.(2010).Sprites in varying air density:Charge conservation,glowing negative trails and changing velocity.Geophys.Res.Lett.,37(6),L06806.https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041982
Lyons,W.A.(1996).Sprite observations above the U.S.High Plains in relation to their parent thunderstorm systems.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.Phys.,101(D23),29641-29652.https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD01866
Lyons,W.A.,Nelson,T.E.,Williams,E.R.,Cummer,S.A.,and Stanley,M.A.(2003).Characteristics of sprite-producing positive cloud-to-ground lightning during the 19 July 2000 STEPS mesoscale convective systems.Mon.Wea.Rev.,131(10),2417-2427.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2417:COSPCL>2.0.CO;2
Marshall,R.A.,Inan,U.S.,and Lyons,W.A.(2007).Very low frequency sferic bursts,sprites,and their association with lightning activity.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,112(D22),D22105.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008857
Mlynarczyk,J.,Bór,J.,Kulak,A.,Popek,M.,and Kubisz,J.(2015).An unusual sequence of sprites followed by a secondary TLE:An analysis of ELF radio measurements and optical observations.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,120(3),2241-2254.https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020780
Ohkubo,A.,Fukunishi,H.,Takahashi,Y.,and Adachi,T.(2005).VLF/ELF sferic evidence for in-cloud discharge activity producing sprites.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32(4),L04812.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021943
Pasko,V.P.,and Hans C.Stenbaek-Nielsen(2002).Diffuse and streamer regions of sprites.Geophys.Res.Lett.,29(10),82-1.https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014241
Peng,K.M.,Hsu,R.R.,Su,H.T.,Chen,A.,Chou,J.K.,Chang,S.C.,Wu,Y.J.,Hung,C.L.,Yang,I.C.,and Tsai,S.H.(2017).Transient luminous event coordinated observa-tions using FORMOSAT-2 satellite and Taiwan sprites campaign.Terr.Atmos.Ocean.Sci.,28(4),597-608.https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2016.09.21.03
Qin,J.Q.,Celestin,S.,and Pasko,V.P.(2012).Minimum charge moment change in positive and negative cloud to ground lightning discharges producing sprites.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39(22),L22801.https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053951
Qin,J.Q.,Pasko,V.P.,McHarg,M.G.,and Stenbaek-Nielsen,H.C.(2014).Plasma irregularities in the D-region ionosphere in association with sprite streamer initiation.Nat.Commun.,5,3740.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4740
Salut,M.M.,Cohen,M.B.,Ali,M.A.M.,Graf,K.L.,Cotts,B.R.T.,and Kumar,S.(2013).On the relationship between lightning peak current and early VLFperturbations.J.Geophys.Res.Space Phys.,118(11),7272-7282.https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019087
Sentman,D.D.,and Wescott,E.M.(1993).Observations of upper atmospheric optical flashes recorded from an aircraft.Geophys.Res.Lett.,20(24),2857-2860.https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL02998
Soula,S.,van der Velde,O.,Montanyà,J.,Neubert,T.,Chanrion,O.,and Ganot,M.(2009).Analysis of thunderstorm and lightning activity associated with sprites observed during the EuroSprite campaigns:Two case studies.Atmos.Res.,91(2-4),514-528.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.06.017
Soula,S.,Iacovella,F.,van der Velde,O.,Montanyà,J.,Füllekrug,M.,Farges,T.,Bór,J.,Georgis,J.F.,NaitAmor,S.,and Martin,J.M.(2014).Multiinstrumental analysis of large sprite events and their producing storm in southern France.Atmos.Res.,135-136,415-431.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.10.004
Soula,S.,Defer,E.,Füllekrug,M.,van der Velde,O.,Montanya,J.,Bousquet,O.,Mlynarczyk,J.,Coquillat,S.,Pinty,J.-P.,…Pedeboy,S.(2015).Time and space correlation between sprites and their parent lightning flashes for a thunderstorm observed during the HyMeX campaign.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,120(22),11552-11574.https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023894
Soula,S.,Mlynarczyk,J.,Füllekrug,M.,Pineda,N.,Georgis,J.F.,van der Velde,O.Montanyà,J.,and Fabró,F.(2017).Dancing sprites:Detailed analysis of two case studies.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,122(6),3173-3192.https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025548
Stenbaek‐Nielsen,H.C.,Moudry,D.R.,Wescott,E.M.,Sentman,D.D.,and Sabbas,F.T.S.(2000).Sprites and possible mesospheric effects.Geophys.Res.Lett.,27(23),3829-3832.https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL003827
van der Velde,O.A.,Mika,á.,Soula,S.,Haldoupis,C.,Neubert,T.,and Inan,U.S.(2006).Observations of the relationship between sprite morphology and incloud lightning processes.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,111(D15),D15203.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006879
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