Validation for a tropical belt version of WRF: sensitivity tests on radiation and cumulus convection parameterizations
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摘要
对基本气候态和降水日变化的分析是检验模式模拟性能、理解模式误差来源的重要手段。为了评估出对热带气候模拟效果较好的物理参数化方案组合,本文应用WRF带状区域模式,主要比较了四种积云对流参数化方案:New Tiedtke、Kain-Fritsch、new SAS、Tiedtke,和两种辐射参数化方案:RRTMG和CAM,对热带带状区域的气候模拟结果。研究表明:使用New Tiedtke积云对流参数化方案和RRTMG辐射方案的试验,表现出对气温、降水及降水日变化等综合性最好的模拟性能;New Tiedtke积云对流参数化方案能模拟出较好的降水空间分布和降水日变化位相分布特征;与RRTMG辐射方案相比,CAM辐射方案会使温度模拟偏低,特别是陆地上更明显,这种陆地上的冷偏差可能主要来源于T_(min)的模拟偏冷。
Version 3.9 of WRF-ARW is run with a tropical belt configuration for a period from 2012 to 2016 in this study. The domain covers the entire tropics between 45°S and 45°N with a spatial resolution of about 45 km. In order to verify two radiation schemes and four cumulus convection schemes,eight experiments are performed with different combinations of physics parameterization schemes. The results show that eight experiments present reasonable spatial patterns of surface air temperature and precipitation in boreal summer, with the spatial correlation coefficient(COR)between simulated and observed temperature exceeding 0.95, and that between simulated and observed precipitation ranges from 0.65 to 0.82. The four experiments with the RRTMG radiation scheme show a better performance than the other four experiments with the CAM radiation scheme. In the four experiments with the RRTMG radiation scheme, the COR between simulated and observed surface air temperature is about 0.98, and that between simulated and observed precipitation ranges from 0.76 to 0.82. Comparatively, the two experiments using the new Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme can simulate better diurnal variation of precipitation in boreal summer than the other six experiments. In particular, for the diurnal cycle of precipitation over land and ocean, the experiment using the RRTMG radiation scheme and the new Tiedtke cumulus convection scheme shows that the peaks of precipitation rate appear at 0400 LST and 1600 LST,in agreement with observation.
Version 3.9 of WRF-ARW is run with a tropical belt configuration for a period from 2012 to 2016 in this study. The domain covers the entire tropics between 45°S and 45°N with a spatial resolution of about 45 km. In order to verify two radiation schemes and four cumulus convection schemes,eight experiments are performed with different combinations of physics parameterization schemes. The results show that eight experiments present reasonable spatial patterns of surface air temperature and precipitation in boreal summer, with the spatial correlation coefficient(COR)between simulated and observed temperature exceeding 0.95, and that between simulated and observed precipitation ranges from 0.65 to 0.82. The four experiments with the RRTMG radiation scheme show a better performance than the other four experiments with the CAM radiation scheme. In the four experiments with the RRTMG radiation scheme, the COR between simulated and observed surface air temperature is about 0.98, and that between simulated and observed precipitation ranges from 0.76 to 0.82. Comparatively, the two experiments using the new Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme can simulate better diurnal variation of precipitation in boreal summer than the other six experiments. In particular, for the diurnal cycle of precipitation over land and ocean, the experiment using the RRTMG radiation scheme and the new Tiedtke cumulus convection scheme shows that the peaks of precipitation rate appear at 0400 LST and 1600 LST,in agreement with observation.
引文
Abdallah,A.,M.M.Eid,M.M.Wahab,and F.M.Elhussainy2015.“Regional Climate Simulation of WRF Model over North Africa:Temperature and Precipitation.”World Environment 5(4):160-173.doi:10.5923/j.env.20150504.04.
Arakawa,A.2004.“The Cumulus Parameterization Problem:Past Present,and Future.”Journal of Climate 17(13):2493-2525doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2493:ratcpp>2.0.co;2.
Bechtold,P.,N.Semane,P.Lopez,J.P.Chaboureau,A.Beljaars and N.Bormann.2014.“Representing Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Convection in Large-Scale Models.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 71(2):734-753doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0163.1.
Beljaars,A.C.M.2010.“The Parametrization of Surface Fluxes in Large-Scale Models under Free Convection.”Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 121(522)255-270.doi:10.1002/qj.49712152203.
Collins,W.,Rasch,P.J.,Boville,B.A.,McCaa,J.,Williamson,DL.,Kiehl,J.T.,and Briegleb,B.P.,et al.,2004:“Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model(CAM 3.0)”.NCARTechnical Note,NCAR/TN-464+STR.doi:10.5065/D63N21CH.
Coppola,E.,F.Giorgi,L.Mariotti,and X.Bi.2012.“RegT-Band A Tropical Band Version of RegCM4.”Climate Research 52(1):115-133.doi:10.3354/cr01078.
Dai,A.2001.“Global Precipitation and Thunderstorm Frequencies Part II:Diurnal Variations.”Journal of Climate 14(6):1092-1111doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1112:gpatfp>2.0.co;2.
Dai,A.2006.“Precipitation Characteristics in Eighteen Coupled Climate Models.”Journal of Climate 19(18):4605-4630doi:10.1175/JCLI3884.1.
Dee,D.P.,S.Uppala,A.Simmons,P.Berrisford,P.Poli,S.Kobayashi U.Andrae,et al.2011.“The ERA-Interim Reanalysis Configuration and Performance of the Data Assimilation System.”Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society137:553-597.doi:10.1002/qj.828.
Fowler,L.D.,and D.A.Randall.2002.“Interactions between Cloud Microphysics and Cumulus Convection in a General Circulation Model.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 59(21):3074-3098doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3074:IBCMAC>2.0.CO;2.
Gbode,I.E.,J.Dudhia,K.O.Ogunjobi,and V.O.Ajayi.2018“Sensitivity of Different Physics Schemes in the WRF Mode during a West African Monsoon Regime.”Theoretical and Applied Climatology.doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2538-x.
Giorgi,F.,E.Coppola,F.Solmon,L.Mariotti,M.B.Sylla,X.Bi N.Elguindi,et al.2012.“RegCM4:Model Description and Preliminary Tests over Multiple CORDEX Domains.”Climate Research 52:7-29.doi:10.3354/cr01018.
Giorgi,F.,and C.Shields.1999.“Tests of Precipitation Parameterizations Available in Latest Version of NCARRegional Climate Model(Regcm)over Continental United States.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 104(D6):6353-6375.doi:10.1029/98JD01164.
Haarsma,R.J.,M.J.Roberts,P.L.Vidale,C.A.Senior A.Bellucci,Q.Bao,P.Chang,et al.2016.“High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project(Highresmip V1.0)For CMIP6.”Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 9(11):4185-4208.doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016.
Han,J.,and H.L.Pan.2011.“Revision of Convection and Vertical Diffusion Schemes in the NCEP Global Forecast System.”Weather and Forecasting 26(4):520-533.doi:10.1175/wafd-10-05038.1.
Hong,S.Y.,and J.O.J.Lim.2006.“The WRF Single-Moment6-Class Microphysics Scheme(WSM6).”Journal of Korean Meteorological Society 42(2):129-151.
Hong,S.Y.,Y.Noh,and J.Dudhia.2006.“A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes.”Monthly Weather Review 134(9):2318.doi:10.1175/MWR3199.1.
Iacono,M.J.,J.S.Delamere,E.J.Mlawer,M.W.Shephard,S.A.Clough,and W.D.Collins.2008.“Radiative Forcing by Long-Lived Greenhouse Gases:Calculations with the AERRadiative Transfer Models.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 113:D13.doi:10.1029/2008JD009944.
Janowiak,J.E.,V.E.Kousky,and R.J.Joyce.2005.“Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation Determined from the CMORPH High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Global Precipitation Analyses.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres110(D23).doi:10.1029/2005JD006156.
Joyce,R.J.,J.E.Janowiak,P.A.Arkin,and P.Xie.2004.“CMORPH:A Method that Produces Global Precipitation Estimates from Passive Microwave and Infrared Data at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution.”Journal of Hydrometeorology 5(3):487-503.doi:10.1175/1525-7541-(2004)005<0487:camtpg>2.0.co;2.
Kain,J.S.2004.“The Kain Fritsch Convective Parameterization:An Update.”Journal of Applied Meteorology 43(1):170-181.doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:tkcpau>2.0.co;2.
Katragkou,E.,M.Garcíadíez,R.Vautard,S.Sobolowski,P.Zanis,G.Alexandri,R.M.Cardoso,et al.2015.“Regional Climate Hindcast Simulations within EURO-CORDEX:Evaluation of a WRF Multi-Physics Ensemble.”Geoscientific Model Development 8(3):603-618.doi:10.5194/gmd-8-603-2015.
Kumar,B.,K.C.Patra,and V.Lakshmi.2016.“Daily Rainfall Statistics of TRMM and CMORPH:A Case for Trans-Boundary Gandak River Basin.”Journal of Earth System Science 125(5):919-934.doi:10.1007/s12040-016-0710-1.
Li,X.Y.,X.Q.Bi,and H.Zhang.2018.“Evaluation of NCAR CESM and CAS ESM Models for the Simulation of Boreal Summer Climate over Eastern Asia:Climatological Mean and Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation.”Climatic and Environmental Research(In Chinese)23(6):645-656.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2018.18050.
Murthi,A.,K.P.Bowman,and L.R.Leung.2011.“Simulations of Precipitation Using NRCM and Comparisons with Satellite Observations and CAM:Annual Cycle.”Climate Dynamics 36(9):1659-1679.doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0878-z.
Owens,R.G.,and T.D.Hewson.2018.“ECMWF Forecast User Guide.”Reading:ECMWF.doi:10.21957/m1cs7h.
Ray,P.,C.Zhang,M.W.Moncrieff,J.Dudhia,J.M.Caron,and C.Bruyere.2011.“Role of the Atmospheric Mean State on the Initiation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in a Tropical Channel Model.”Climate Dynamics 36(1):161-184.doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0859-2.
Skamarock,W.C.,J.B.Klemp,J.Dudhia,D.O.Gill,D.M.Barker,M.G.Duda,X.Y.Huang,et al.,2008:“A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3”.NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR.doi:10.5065/D68S4MVH.
Tewari,M.,F.Chen,W.Wang,J.Dudhia,M.A.Lemone,K.Mitchell,M.Ek,et al.,2004:“Implementation and Verification of the Unified NOAH Land Surface Model in the WRF Model.”20th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting/16th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction,American Meteorological Society,Seattle,WA,US.
Tiedke,M.A.1989.“A Comprehensive Mass Flux Scheme for Cumulus Parameterization in Largescale Models.”Monthly Weather Review 117(8):1779-1800.doi:10.1175/1520-0493-(1989)117<1779:acmfsf>2.0.co;2.
Tulich,S.N.,G.N.Kiladis,and A.Suzuki-Parker.2011.“Convectively Coupled Kelvin and Easterly Waves in a Regional Climate Simulation of the Tropics.”Climate Dynamics 36(1):185-203.doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0697-2.
Yang,B.,Y.Zhang,Y.Qian,T.Wu,A.Huang,and Y.Fang.2015.“Parametric Sensitivity Analysis for the Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Simulation in the Beijing Climate Center AGCM Version 2.1.”Journal of Climate 28(14):5622-5644.doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00655.1.
Yang,Y.,and L.Yi.2014.“Evaluating the Performance of Remote Sensing Precipitation Products CMORPH,PERSIANN,and TMPA,in the Arid Region of Northwest China.”Theoretical and Applied Climatology 118(3):429-445.doi:10.1007/s00704-013-1072-0.
Yao,M.S.,and D.A.D.Genio.1999.“Effects of Cloud Parameterization on the Simulation of Climate Changes in the GISS GCM.”Journal of Climate 12(3):761-779.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0761:EOCPOT>2.0.CO;2.
Zhang,C.,Y.Wang,and K.Hamilton.2011.“Improved Representation of Boundary Layer Clouds over the Southeast Pacific in ARW-WRF Using a Modified Tiedtke Cumulus Parameterization Scheme.”Monthly Weather Review 139(11):3489-3513.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-10-05091.1.
Zhang,C.,and Y.Wang.2017.“Projected Future Changes of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North and South Pacific in a 20-Km-Mesh Regional Climate Model.”Journal of Climate 30(15):5923-5941.doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0597.1.
Zhang,X.X.,X.Q.Bi,and X.H.Kong.2015.“Observed Diurnal Cycle of Summer Precipitation over South Asia and East Asia Based on CMORPH and TRMM Satellite Data.”Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 8(4):201-207.doi:10.3878/AOSL20150010.
Arakawa,A.2004.“The Cumulus Parameterization Problem:Past Present,and Future.”Journal of Climate 17(13):2493-2525doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2493:ratcpp>2.0.co;2.
Bechtold,P.,N.Semane,P.Lopez,J.P.Chaboureau,A.Beljaars and N.Bormann.2014.“Representing Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Convection in Large-Scale Models.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 71(2):734-753doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0163.1.
Beljaars,A.C.M.2010.“The Parametrization of Surface Fluxes in Large-Scale Models under Free Convection.”Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 121(522)255-270.doi:10.1002/qj.49712152203.
Collins,W.,Rasch,P.J.,Boville,B.A.,McCaa,J.,Williamson,DL.,Kiehl,J.T.,and Briegleb,B.P.,et al.,2004:“Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model(CAM 3.0)”.NCARTechnical Note,NCAR/TN-464+STR.doi:10.5065/D63N21CH.
Coppola,E.,F.Giorgi,L.Mariotti,and X.Bi.2012.“RegT-Band A Tropical Band Version of RegCM4.”Climate Research 52(1):115-133.doi:10.3354/cr01078.
Dai,A.2001.“Global Precipitation and Thunderstorm Frequencies Part II:Diurnal Variations.”Journal of Climate 14(6):1092-1111doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1112:gpatfp>2.0.co;2.
Dai,A.2006.“Precipitation Characteristics in Eighteen Coupled Climate Models.”Journal of Climate 19(18):4605-4630doi:10.1175/JCLI3884.1.
Dee,D.P.,S.Uppala,A.Simmons,P.Berrisford,P.Poli,S.Kobayashi U.Andrae,et al.2011.“The ERA-Interim Reanalysis Configuration and Performance of the Data Assimilation System.”Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society137:553-597.doi:10.1002/qj.828.
Fowler,L.D.,and D.A.Randall.2002.“Interactions between Cloud Microphysics and Cumulus Convection in a General Circulation Model.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 59(21):3074-3098doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3074:IBCMAC>2.0.CO;2.
Gbode,I.E.,J.Dudhia,K.O.Ogunjobi,and V.O.Ajayi.2018“Sensitivity of Different Physics Schemes in the WRF Mode during a West African Monsoon Regime.”Theoretical and Applied Climatology.doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2538-x.
Giorgi,F.,E.Coppola,F.Solmon,L.Mariotti,M.B.Sylla,X.Bi N.Elguindi,et al.2012.“RegCM4:Model Description and Preliminary Tests over Multiple CORDEX Domains.”Climate Research 52:7-29.doi:10.3354/cr01018.
Giorgi,F.,and C.Shields.1999.“Tests of Precipitation Parameterizations Available in Latest Version of NCARRegional Climate Model(Regcm)over Continental United States.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 104(D6):6353-6375.doi:10.1029/98JD01164.
Haarsma,R.J.,M.J.Roberts,P.L.Vidale,C.A.Senior A.Bellucci,Q.Bao,P.Chang,et al.2016.“High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project(Highresmip V1.0)For CMIP6.”Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 9(11):4185-4208.doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016.
Han,J.,and H.L.Pan.2011.“Revision of Convection and Vertical Diffusion Schemes in the NCEP Global Forecast System.”Weather and Forecasting 26(4):520-533.doi:10.1175/wafd-10-05038.1.
Hong,S.Y.,and J.O.J.Lim.2006.“The WRF Single-Moment6-Class Microphysics Scheme(WSM6).”Journal of Korean Meteorological Society 42(2):129-151.
Hong,S.Y.,Y.Noh,and J.Dudhia.2006.“A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes.”Monthly Weather Review 134(9):2318.doi:10.1175/MWR3199.1.
Iacono,M.J.,J.S.Delamere,E.J.Mlawer,M.W.Shephard,S.A.Clough,and W.D.Collins.2008.“Radiative Forcing by Long-Lived Greenhouse Gases:Calculations with the AERRadiative Transfer Models.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 113:D13.doi:10.1029/2008JD009944.
Janowiak,J.E.,V.E.Kousky,and R.J.Joyce.2005.“Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation Determined from the CMORPH High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Global Precipitation Analyses.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres110(D23).doi:10.1029/2005JD006156.
Joyce,R.J.,J.E.Janowiak,P.A.Arkin,and P.Xie.2004.“CMORPH:A Method that Produces Global Precipitation Estimates from Passive Microwave and Infrared Data at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution.”Journal of Hydrometeorology 5(3):487-503.doi:10.1175/1525-7541-(2004)005<0487:camtpg>2.0.co;2.
Kain,J.S.2004.“The Kain Fritsch Convective Parameterization:An Update.”Journal of Applied Meteorology 43(1):170-181.doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:tkcpau>2.0.co;2.
Katragkou,E.,M.Garcíadíez,R.Vautard,S.Sobolowski,P.Zanis,G.Alexandri,R.M.Cardoso,et al.2015.“Regional Climate Hindcast Simulations within EURO-CORDEX:Evaluation of a WRF Multi-Physics Ensemble.”Geoscientific Model Development 8(3):603-618.doi:10.5194/gmd-8-603-2015.
Kumar,B.,K.C.Patra,and V.Lakshmi.2016.“Daily Rainfall Statistics of TRMM and CMORPH:A Case for Trans-Boundary Gandak River Basin.”Journal of Earth System Science 125(5):919-934.doi:10.1007/s12040-016-0710-1.
Li,X.Y.,X.Q.Bi,and H.Zhang.2018.“Evaluation of NCAR CESM and CAS ESM Models for the Simulation of Boreal Summer Climate over Eastern Asia:Climatological Mean and Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation.”Climatic and Environmental Research(In Chinese)23(6):645-656.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2018.18050.
Murthi,A.,K.P.Bowman,and L.R.Leung.2011.“Simulations of Precipitation Using NRCM and Comparisons with Satellite Observations and CAM:Annual Cycle.”Climate Dynamics 36(9):1659-1679.doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0878-z.
Owens,R.G.,and T.D.Hewson.2018.“ECMWF Forecast User Guide.”Reading:ECMWF.doi:10.21957/m1cs7h.
Ray,P.,C.Zhang,M.W.Moncrieff,J.Dudhia,J.M.Caron,and C.Bruyere.2011.“Role of the Atmospheric Mean State on the Initiation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in a Tropical Channel Model.”Climate Dynamics 36(1):161-184.doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0859-2.
Skamarock,W.C.,J.B.Klemp,J.Dudhia,D.O.Gill,D.M.Barker,M.G.Duda,X.Y.Huang,et al.,2008:“A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3”.NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR.doi:10.5065/D68S4MVH.
Tewari,M.,F.Chen,W.Wang,J.Dudhia,M.A.Lemone,K.Mitchell,M.Ek,et al.,2004:“Implementation and Verification of the Unified NOAH Land Surface Model in the WRF Model.”20th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting/16th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction,American Meteorological Society,Seattle,WA,US.
Tiedke,M.A.1989.“A Comprehensive Mass Flux Scheme for Cumulus Parameterization in Largescale Models.”Monthly Weather Review 117(8):1779-1800.doi:10.1175/1520-0493-(1989)117<1779:acmfsf>2.0.co;2.
Tulich,S.N.,G.N.Kiladis,and A.Suzuki-Parker.2011.“Convectively Coupled Kelvin and Easterly Waves in a Regional Climate Simulation of the Tropics.”Climate Dynamics 36(1):185-203.doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0697-2.
Yang,B.,Y.Zhang,Y.Qian,T.Wu,A.Huang,and Y.Fang.2015.“Parametric Sensitivity Analysis for the Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Simulation in the Beijing Climate Center AGCM Version 2.1.”Journal of Climate 28(14):5622-5644.doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00655.1.
Yang,Y.,and L.Yi.2014.“Evaluating the Performance of Remote Sensing Precipitation Products CMORPH,PERSIANN,and TMPA,in the Arid Region of Northwest China.”Theoretical and Applied Climatology 118(3):429-445.doi:10.1007/s00704-013-1072-0.
Yao,M.S.,and D.A.D.Genio.1999.“Effects of Cloud Parameterization on the Simulation of Climate Changes in the GISS GCM.”Journal of Climate 12(3):761-779.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0761:EOCPOT>2.0.CO;2.
Zhang,C.,Y.Wang,and K.Hamilton.2011.“Improved Representation of Boundary Layer Clouds over the Southeast Pacific in ARW-WRF Using a Modified Tiedtke Cumulus Parameterization Scheme.”Monthly Weather Review 139(11):3489-3513.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-10-05091.1.
Zhang,C.,and Y.Wang.2017.“Projected Future Changes of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North and South Pacific in a 20-Km-Mesh Regional Climate Model.”Journal of Climate 30(15):5923-5941.doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0597.1.
Zhang,X.X.,X.Q.Bi,and X.H.Kong.2015.“Observed Diurnal Cycle of Summer Precipitation over South Asia and East Asia Based on CMORPH and TRMM Satellite Data.”Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 8(4):201-207.doi:10.3878/AOSL20150010.