Rapid Urban Land Expansion in Earthquake-Prone Areas of China
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摘要
A timely understanding of urban expansion in earthquake-prone areas is crucial for earthquake risk assessment and urban planning for earthquake mitigation.However, a comprehensive evaluation of urban expansion in earthquake-prone areas is lacking in China, especially in the context of rapid urbanization. Based on time series urban land data and seismic ground-motion parameter zonation maps, this study analyzed urban expansion in the most seismically hazardous areas(MSHAs) of China from1992 to 2015 on the national, regional, and city scales. The results show that urban land area in the MSHAs expanded by 6767 km~2 from 1992 to 2015, with a gain of 350%.Specifically, the increase in urban land area of small cities in the MSHAs of western China during this period was the fastest, 6.24 times greater than that at the national level. In terms of spatial patterns, the urban land patches in the MSHAs in 2015 were more fragmented than those in 1992 on all scales. The percentage of change in the number of patches and the landscape shape index of the urban land patches of small cities in the MSHAs of western China were the highest across all cities. Therefore, we believe that special attention should be paid to the cities in the MSHAs that exhibit the most rapid increases in both urban land area and fragmentation, especially the small cities in western China. It is imperative to integrate earthquake mitigation into the urban planning of these cities.
A timely understanding of urban expansion in earthquake-prone areas is crucial for earthquake risk assessment and urban planning for earthquake mitigation.However, a comprehensive evaluation of urban expansion in earthquake-prone areas is lacking in China, especially in the context of rapid urbanization. Based on time series urban land data and seismic ground-motion parameter zonation maps, this study analyzed urban expansion in the most seismically hazardous areas(MSHAs) of China from1992 to 2015 on the national, regional, and city scales. The results show that urban land area in the MSHAs expanded by 6767 km~2 from 1992 to 2015, with a gain of 350%.Specifically, the increase in urban land area of small cities in the MSHAs of western China during this period was the fastest, 6.24 times greater than that at the national level. In terms of spatial patterns, the urban land patches in the MSHAs in 2015 were more fragmented than those in 1992 on all scales. The percentage of change in the number of patches and the landscape shape index of the urban land patches of small cities in the MSHAs of western China were the highest across all cities. Therefore, we believe that special attention should be paid to the cities in the MSHAs that exhibit the most rapid increases in both urban land area and fragmentation, especially the small cities in western China. It is imperative to integrate earthquake mitigation into the urban planning of these cities.
A timely understanding of urban expansion in earthquake-prone areas is crucial for earthquake risk assessment and urban planning for earthquake mitigation.However, a comprehensive evaluation of urban expansion in earthquake-prone areas is lacking in China, especially in the context of rapid urbanization. Based on time series urban land data and seismic ground-motion parameter zonation maps, this study analyzed urban expansion in the most seismically hazardous areas(MSHAs) of China from1992 to 2015 on the national, regional, and city scales. The results show that urban land area in the MSHAs expanded by 6767 km~2 from 1992 to 2015, with a gain of 350%.Specifically, the increase in urban land area of small cities in the MSHAs of western China during this period was the fastest, 6.24 times greater than that at the national level. In terms of spatial patterns, the urban land patches in the MSHAs in 2015 were more fragmented than those in 1992 on all scales. The percentage of change in the number of patches and the landscape shape index of the urban land patches of small cities in the MSHAs of western China were the highest across all cities. Therefore, we believe that special attention should be paid to the cities in the MSHAs that exhibit the most rapid increases in both urban land area and fragmentation, especially the small cities in western China. It is imperative to integrate earthquake mitigation into the urban planning of these cities.
引文
AQSIQ(General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection,and Quarantine of P.R.C.),and SAC(Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic China).2008.The Chinese seismic intensity scale.Beijing:AQSIQ and SAC.
AQSIQ(General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection,and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China).2015.Seismic ground motion parameter zonation map of China GB18306-2015.Beijing:China Standards Publishing House.
Bai,X.,P.Shi,and Y.Liu.2014.Society:Realizing China’s urban dream.Nature News 509(7499):158.
Bilham,R.1988.Earthquakes and urban growth.Nature 336(6200):625.
Bilham,R.2009.The seismic future of cities.Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 7(4):839-887.
Chatterjee,S.,A.Hadi,and B.Price.2000.Regression analysis by example.New York:Wiley.
Chen,Z.,B.Yu,Y.Hu,C.Huang,K.Shi,and J.Wu.2015.Estimating house vacancy rate in metropolitan areas using NPPVIIRSnighttime light composite data.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 8(5):2188-2197.
Dou,Y.,Q.Huang,C.He,S.Meng,and Q.Zhang.2018.Rapid population growth throughout Asia’s earthquake-prone areas:Amultiscale analysis.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(9):1893.
Dou,Y.,Z.Liu,C.He,and H.Yue.2017.Urban land extraction using VIIRS nighttime light data:An evaluation of three popular methods.Remote Sensing 9(2):175.
Du,S.,C.He,Q.Huang,and P.Shi.2018.How did the urban land in floodplains distribute and expand in China from 1992-2015?Environmental Research Letters 13(3):Article 034018.
Ehrlich,D.,M.Melchiorri,A.J.Florczyk,M.Pesaresi,T.Kemper,C.Corban,F.S.M.Carneiro,M.Schiavina,et al.2018.Remote sensing derived built-up area and population density to quantify global exposure to five natural hazards over time.Remote Sensing 10(9):1378.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091
Ehrlich,D.,and P.Tenerelli.2013.Optical satellite imagery for quantifying spatio-temporal dimension of physical exposure in disaster risk assessments.Natural Hazards 68(3):1271-1289.
Gao,M.2003.Characteristics of the earthquake disaster and countermeasures of mitigation in the metropolitan.Earthquake Research in China 19(2):103-108(in Chinese).
Gao,B.,Q.Huang,C.He,Z.Sun,and D.Zhang.2016.How does sprawl differ across cities in China?A multi-scale investigation using nighttime light and census data.Landscape and Urban Planning 148:89-98.
Giardini,D.,G.Grunthal,K.M.Shedlock,and P.Zhang.1999.The GSHAP global seismic hazard map.Annali Di Geofisica42(6):1225-1230.
Granger,C.W.J.1969.Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods.Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society 37(3):424-438.
He,C.,Q.Huang,Y.Dou,W.Tu,and J.Liu.2016.The population in China’s earthquake-prone areas has increased by over 32 million along with rapid urbanization.Environmental Research Letters11(7):Article 074028.
Holzer,T.L.,and J.C.Savage.2013.Global earthquake fatalities and population.Earthquake Spectra 29(1):155-175.
Jiang,X.,J.Song,Y.Lin,and Y.Gong.2018.A practical approach to constructing hierarchical networks for urban hazard mitigation planning using GIS:The case of Futian,Shenzhen.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 28:629-639.
Li,G.,S.Sun,and C.Fang.2018.The varying driving forces of urban expansion in China:Insights from a spatial-temporal analysis.Landscape and Urban Planning 174:63-77.
Liu,X.2015.The main changes of the Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zonation Map of China(GB18306-2015).China Standards Review 2015(09):23-26(in Chinese).
Liu,Z.,C.He,and J.Wu.2016.General spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization:An examination of 16 World cities.Sustainability8(1):41.
Liu,X.,X.Li,Y.Chen,Z.Tan,S.Li,and B.Ai.2010.A new landscape index for quantifying urban expansion using multitemporal remotely sensed data.Landscape Ecology 25(5):671-682.
Liu,J.,J.Zhan,and X.Deng.2005.Spatio-temporal patterns and driving forces of urban land expansion in China during the economic reform era.AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment 34(6):450-455.
Lo′pez,E.,G.Bocco,M.Mendoza,and E.Duhau.2001.Predicting land-cover and land-use change in the urban fringe:A case in Morelia city,Mexico.Landscape and Urban Planning 55(4):271-285.
Ma,Q.,C.He,and J.Wu.2016.Behind the rapid expansion of urban impervious surfaces in China:Major influencing factors revealed by a hierarchical multiscale analysis.Land Use Policy 59:434-445.
Martins,V,P.Cabral,and D.Sousa.2012.Urban modelling for seismic prone areas:The case study of Vila Franca do Campo(Azores Archipelago,Portugal).Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12(9):2731-2741.
McGarigal,K.2014.FRAGSTATS help.Documentation for FRAGSTATS,4.https://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/documents/fragstats.help.4.2.pdf.Accessed 6 Dec 2018.
MOHURD(Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China).2007.Standard for urban planning on earthquake resistance and disaster prevention.http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/200704/t20070427_156037.html.Accessed 6 Dec 2018(in Chinese).
MOHURD(Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China).2017.The 13th five-year plan on earthquake resistance and disaster prevention in urban and rural area.http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201611/t20161130_229689.html.Accessed6 Dec 2018(in Chinese).
NBSC(National Bureau of Statistics of China).1993.China statistical yearbook 1993.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
NBSC(National Bureau of Statistics of China).2016.China statistical yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
NBSC-PCO(State Council and the National Bureau of Statistics of China-Population Census Office).2012.Tabulation on the 2010population census of the People’s Republic of China.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
NGDC-WDS(National Geophysical Data Center-World Data Service).2017.Significant earthquake database.Boulder,CO:NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information(NCEI).
Potere,D.,A.Schneider,S.Angel,and D.L.Civco.2009.Mapping urban areas on a global scale:Which of the eight maps now available is more accurate?International Journal of Remote Sensing 30(24):6531-6558.
Schneider,A.,C.Chang,and K.Paulsen.2015.The changing spatial form of cities in Western China.Landscape and Urban Planning135:40-61.
Schneider,A.,K.C.Seto,D.R.Webster.2005.Urban growth in Chengdu,Western China:Application of remote sensing to assess planning and policy outcomes.Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design 32(3):323-345.
Seto,K.C.,M.Fragkias,B.Gu¨neralp,and M.K.Reilly.2011.A metaanalysis of global urban land expansion.PloS One 6(8):Article e23777.
Shi,P.2016.Natural disasters in China.Berlin:Springer.
Shi,Z.,X.Cao,and X.Yan.2002.Research on the earthquake occurrence in the cities of China.Earthquake Research in China18(4):365-370(in Chinese).
Spence,R.2007.Saving lives in earthquakes:Successes and failures in seismic protection since 1960.Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 5(2):139-251.
Storchak,D.A.,D.Di Giacomo,E.R.Engdahl,J.Harris,I.Bonda′r,W.H.K.Lee,and A.Villasen?or.2015.The ISC-GEM global instrumental earthquake catalogue(1900-2009):Introduction.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 239:48-63.
Sun,B.,and G.Zhang.2018.Study on vulnerability matrices of masonry buildings of mainland China.Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 17(2):251-259.
Tao,S.,J.Fang,X.Zhao,S.Zhao,H.Shen,H.Hu,Z.Tang,Z.Wang,and Q.Guo.2015.Rapid loss of lakes on the Mongolian Plateau.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(7):2281-2286.
Uysal,C.,D.Maktav,and C.Small.2018.Mapping urban growth and its relation to seismic hazards in Istanbul.Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 46(8):1307-1322.
Wang,Z.2008.A preliminary report on the Great Wenchuan Earthquake.Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration7(2):225-234.
Wang,B.,F.Miao,D.Lai,M.Yan,and D.Sun.2007.The impact on the expansion of Tangshan City brought by geological disasters.Urban Problems 2007(11):40-43(in Chinese).
Wieland,M.,M.Pittore,S.Parolai,and J.Zschau.2012.Exposure estimation from multi-resolution optical satellite imagery for seismic risk assessment.ISPRS International Journal of GeoInformation 1(1):69-88.
Wu,J.,A.Buyantuyev,G.Jenerette,J.Litteral,K.Neil,and W.Shen.2011.Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and ecological effects of urbanization:A multiscale landscape approach.In Applied urban ecology:A global framework,ed.M.Richter,and U.Weiland,33-53.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.
Wu,Z.,T.Ma,H.Jiang,and C.Jiang.2013.Multi-scale seismic hazard and risk in the China mainland with implication for the preparedness,mitigation,and management of earthquake disasters:An overview.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 4:21-33.
Wu,J.,C.Wang,X.He,X.Wang,and N.Li.2017.Spatiotemporal changes in both asset value and GDP associated with seismic exposure in China in the context of rapid economic growth from1990 to 2010.Environmental Research Letters 12(3):Article034002.
Xu,M.,C.He,Z.Liu,and Y.Dou.2016a.How did urban land expand in China between 1992 and 2015?A multi-scale landscape analysis.PloS One 11(5):Article e0154839.
Xu,W.,J.Liu,G.Xu,Y.Wang,L.Liu,and P.Shi.2016b.Earthquake disasters in China.In Natural disasters in China,ed.P.Shi,37-72.Berlin:Springer.
Zhang,Q.,Q.Lu,D.Zhong,and X.Ye.2018.The pattern of policy change on disaster management in China:A bibliometric analysis of policy documents,1949-2016.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 9(1):55-73.
1 At the current value, USD 1=RMB 6.9.
2 http://www.ngcc.cn/article/en/.
3 http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/news/index.htm.
4 http://www.acca21.org.cn/.
5 http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/mfod/200812/t20081217_252127.html.
6 http://en.ndrc.gov.ex2.ipv6.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html.
7 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/earthqk.shtml.
AQSIQ(General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection,and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China).2015.Seismic ground motion parameter zonation map of China GB18306-2015.Beijing:China Standards Publishing House.
Bai,X.,P.Shi,and Y.Liu.2014.Society:Realizing China’s urban dream.Nature News 509(7499):158.
Bilham,R.1988.Earthquakes and urban growth.Nature 336(6200):625.
Bilham,R.2009.The seismic future of cities.Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 7(4):839-887.
Chatterjee,S.,A.Hadi,and B.Price.2000.Regression analysis by example.New York:Wiley.
Chen,Z.,B.Yu,Y.Hu,C.Huang,K.Shi,and J.Wu.2015.Estimating house vacancy rate in metropolitan areas using NPPVIIRSnighttime light composite data.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 8(5):2188-2197.
Dou,Y.,Q.Huang,C.He,S.Meng,and Q.Zhang.2018.Rapid population growth throughout Asia’s earthquake-prone areas:Amultiscale analysis.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(9):1893.
Dou,Y.,Z.Liu,C.He,and H.Yue.2017.Urban land extraction using VIIRS nighttime light data:An evaluation of three popular methods.Remote Sensing 9(2):175.
Du,S.,C.He,Q.Huang,and P.Shi.2018.How did the urban land in floodplains distribute and expand in China from 1992-2015?Environmental Research Letters 13(3):Article 034018.
Ehrlich,D.,M.Melchiorri,A.J.Florczyk,M.Pesaresi,T.Kemper,C.Corban,F.S.M.Carneiro,M.Schiavina,et al.2018.Remote sensing derived built-up area and population density to quantify global exposure to five natural hazards over time.Remote Sensing 10(9):1378.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091
Ehrlich,D.,and P.Tenerelli.2013.Optical satellite imagery for quantifying spatio-temporal dimension of physical exposure in disaster risk assessments.Natural Hazards 68(3):1271-1289.
Gao,M.2003.Characteristics of the earthquake disaster and countermeasures of mitigation in the metropolitan.Earthquake Research in China 19(2):103-108(in Chinese).
Gao,B.,Q.Huang,C.He,Z.Sun,and D.Zhang.2016.How does sprawl differ across cities in China?A multi-scale investigation using nighttime light and census data.Landscape and Urban Planning 148:89-98.
Giardini,D.,G.Grunthal,K.M.Shedlock,and P.Zhang.1999.The GSHAP global seismic hazard map.Annali Di Geofisica42(6):1225-1230.
Granger,C.W.J.1969.Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods.Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society 37(3):424-438.
He,C.,Q.Huang,Y.Dou,W.Tu,and J.Liu.2016.The population in China’s earthquake-prone areas has increased by over 32 million along with rapid urbanization.Environmental Research Letters11(7):Article 074028.
Holzer,T.L.,and J.C.Savage.2013.Global earthquake fatalities and population.Earthquake Spectra 29(1):155-175.
Jiang,X.,J.Song,Y.Lin,and Y.Gong.2018.A practical approach to constructing hierarchical networks for urban hazard mitigation planning using GIS:The case of Futian,Shenzhen.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 28:629-639.
Li,G.,S.Sun,and C.Fang.2018.The varying driving forces of urban expansion in China:Insights from a spatial-temporal analysis.Landscape and Urban Planning 174:63-77.
Liu,X.2015.The main changes of the Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zonation Map of China(GB18306-2015).China Standards Review 2015(09):23-26(in Chinese).
Liu,Z.,C.He,and J.Wu.2016.General spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization:An examination of 16 World cities.Sustainability8(1):41.
Liu,X.,X.Li,Y.Chen,Z.Tan,S.Li,and B.Ai.2010.A new landscape index for quantifying urban expansion using multitemporal remotely sensed data.Landscape Ecology 25(5):671-682.
Liu,J.,J.Zhan,and X.Deng.2005.Spatio-temporal patterns and driving forces of urban land expansion in China during the economic reform era.AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment 34(6):450-455.
Lo′pez,E.,G.Bocco,M.Mendoza,and E.Duhau.2001.Predicting land-cover and land-use change in the urban fringe:A case in Morelia city,Mexico.Landscape and Urban Planning 55(4):271-285.
Ma,Q.,C.He,and J.Wu.2016.Behind the rapid expansion of urban impervious surfaces in China:Major influencing factors revealed by a hierarchical multiscale analysis.Land Use Policy 59:434-445.
Martins,V,P.Cabral,and D.Sousa.2012.Urban modelling for seismic prone areas:The case study of Vila Franca do Campo(Azores Archipelago,Portugal).Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12(9):2731-2741.
McGarigal,K.2014.FRAGSTATS help.Documentation for FRAGSTATS,4.https://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/documents/fragstats.help.4.2.pdf.Accessed 6 Dec 2018.
MOHURD(Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China).2007.Standard for urban planning on earthquake resistance and disaster prevention.http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/200704/t20070427_156037.html.Accessed 6 Dec 2018(in Chinese).
MOHURD(Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China).2017.The 13th five-year plan on earthquake resistance and disaster prevention in urban and rural area.http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201611/t20161130_229689.html.Accessed6 Dec 2018(in Chinese).
NBSC(National Bureau of Statistics of China).1993.China statistical yearbook 1993.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
NBSC(National Bureau of Statistics of China).2016.China statistical yearbook 2016.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
NBSC-PCO(State Council and the National Bureau of Statistics of China-Population Census Office).2012.Tabulation on the 2010population census of the People’s Republic of China.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
NGDC-WDS(National Geophysical Data Center-World Data Service).2017.Significant earthquake database.Boulder,CO:NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information(NCEI).
Potere,D.,A.Schneider,S.Angel,and D.L.Civco.2009.Mapping urban areas on a global scale:Which of the eight maps now available is more accurate?International Journal of Remote Sensing 30(24):6531-6558.
Schneider,A.,C.Chang,and K.Paulsen.2015.The changing spatial form of cities in Western China.Landscape and Urban Planning135:40-61.
Schneider,A.,K.C.Seto,D.R.Webster.2005.Urban growth in Chengdu,Western China:Application of remote sensing to assess planning and policy outcomes.Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design 32(3):323-345.
Seto,K.C.,M.Fragkias,B.Gu¨neralp,and M.K.Reilly.2011.A metaanalysis of global urban land expansion.PloS One 6(8):Article e23777.
Shi,P.2016.Natural disasters in China.Berlin:Springer.
Shi,Z.,X.Cao,and X.Yan.2002.Research on the earthquake occurrence in the cities of China.Earthquake Research in China18(4):365-370(in Chinese).
Spence,R.2007.Saving lives in earthquakes:Successes and failures in seismic protection since 1960.Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 5(2):139-251.
Storchak,D.A.,D.Di Giacomo,E.R.Engdahl,J.Harris,I.Bonda′r,W.H.K.Lee,and A.Villasen?or.2015.The ISC-GEM global instrumental earthquake catalogue(1900-2009):Introduction.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 239:48-63.
Sun,B.,and G.Zhang.2018.Study on vulnerability matrices of masonry buildings of mainland China.Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 17(2):251-259.
Tao,S.,J.Fang,X.Zhao,S.Zhao,H.Shen,H.Hu,Z.Tang,Z.Wang,and Q.Guo.2015.Rapid loss of lakes on the Mongolian Plateau.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(7):2281-2286.
Uysal,C.,D.Maktav,and C.Small.2018.Mapping urban growth and its relation to seismic hazards in Istanbul.Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 46(8):1307-1322.
Wang,Z.2008.A preliminary report on the Great Wenchuan Earthquake.Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration7(2):225-234.
Wang,B.,F.Miao,D.Lai,M.Yan,and D.Sun.2007.The impact on the expansion of Tangshan City brought by geological disasters.Urban Problems 2007(11):40-43(in Chinese).
Wieland,M.,M.Pittore,S.Parolai,and J.Zschau.2012.Exposure estimation from multi-resolution optical satellite imagery for seismic risk assessment.ISPRS International Journal of GeoInformation 1(1):69-88.
Wu,J.,A.Buyantuyev,G.Jenerette,J.Litteral,K.Neil,and W.Shen.2011.Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and ecological effects of urbanization:A multiscale landscape approach.In Applied urban ecology:A global framework,ed.M.Richter,and U.Weiland,33-53.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.
Wu,Z.,T.Ma,H.Jiang,and C.Jiang.2013.Multi-scale seismic hazard and risk in the China mainland with implication for the preparedness,mitigation,and management of earthquake disasters:An overview.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 4:21-33.
Wu,J.,C.Wang,X.He,X.Wang,and N.Li.2017.Spatiotemporal changes in both asset value and GDP associated with seismic exposure in China in the context of rapid economic growth from1990 to 2010.Environmental Research Letters 12(3):Article034002.
Xu,M.,C.He,Z.Liu,and Y.Dou.2016a.How did urban land expand in China between 1992 and 2015?A multi-scale landscape analysis.PloS One 11(5):Article e0154839.
Xu,W.,J.Liu,G.Xu,Y.Wang,L.Liu,and P.Shi.2016b.Earthquake disasters in China.In Natural disasters in China,ed.P.Shi,37-72.Berlin:Springer.
Zhang,Q.,Q.Lu,D.Zhong,and X.Ye.2018.The pattern of policy change on disaster management in China:A bibliometric analysis of policy documents,1949-2016.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 9(1):55-73.
1 At the current value, USD 1=RMB 6.9.
2 http://www.ngcc.cn/article/en/.
3 http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/news/index.htm.
4 http://www.acca21.org.cn/.
5 http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/mfod/200812/t20081217_252127.html.
6 http://en.ndrc.gov.ex2.ipv6.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html.
7 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/earthqk.shtml.