葡萄种质资源对晚霜冻害的抗性表现
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摘要
【目的】了解葡萄种质资源的抗晚霜表现,为育种利用提供参考依据。【方法】晚霜发生后3 d,对中国野生葡萄17种或变种的56个株系、美国野生葡萄6种的8个株系及17个栽培品种(系)共81份葡萄种质资源抗晚霜冻害表现进行自然鉴定。【结果】中国野生葡萄中,毛葡萄、桑叶葡萄、瘤枝葡萄、华东葡萄表现为避霜;燕山葡萄、麦黄葡萄、麦黄复叶葡萄高抗;蘡薁葡萄高抗或抗;陕西葡萄、小复叶葡萄、菱叶葡萄抗;山葡萄、秋葡萄、复叶葡萄、刺葡萄、秦岭葡萄种内存在抗性差异,既有高抗或抗的株系,也有不抗或极不抗的株系;裂叶刺葡萄'宁强-6’极不抗。美国野生葡萄中,冬葡萄为避霜;美洲葡萄、甜冬葡萄高抗;河岸葡萄、峡谷葡萄和沙地葡萄抗。栽培品种中,欧亚种品种'无核白’高抗',早玫瑰'’早金香'’绯红’抗',无核紫'’新郁'’京秀’不抗;欧美杂种'巨峰’高抗',藤稔'’早生高墨'’京优'’木星’和'海王星’抗;欧山杂种'00-1-10’为避霜',00-1-5’高抗',北醇’和'左优红’不抗。【结论】中国野生葡萄、栽培品种抗晚霜表现具丰富多样性,美国野生葡萄表现出较强的抗性。葡萄种质资源对晚霜抗性表现与冬季抗寒性表现不完全一致。
【Objective】Late frost is a natural disaster leading to extensive crop losses for fruit producersin the world. Although grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.) has a wide environmental adaptability, the late frostis a serious threat to grape production in frost-prone viticultural regions. Selection of grape cultivarswith strong resistance is a reliable method for avoiding late frost damage. The objective of this studywas to understand the resistance of different grape germplasm resources to late frost and to provide areference for breeding resistant variety and rootstock.【Methods】A severe late frost occurred on 6 and 7 April, 2018, causing damage to young shoots and swollen buds of grapevine in a large area of North-west China. During the cold wave, the daily minimum temperature fell to 0 degrees C in Yangling dis-trict of Shaanxi province which is located in the western part of Guanzhong plain. The occurance of thelate frost provided an opportunity for us to evaluate the resistant performance of grape germplasm re-sources to late frost. The field natural identification was employed to evaluate the resistance of grapegermplasm resources to late frost injury. The third day after late frost(9 April), we carried out a identifi-cation of the late frost-resistance for 81 grape germplasm resources under field natural condition, includ-ing 56 accessions of 17 Chinese wild Vitis species or varieties and 8 accessions of 6 American wild Vitisspecies as well as 17 cultivars. All plants are above 5 years-old and are grown in the grape repository ofNorthwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Three plants of each grape var. or acc. were in-vestigated. According to the proportion of damaged tender shoots and swollen buds to total germinatedbuds, the injury severity of each vine was recorded, and then the average injury severity of three vinesof the same var. or acc. was calculated. Finally, according to the average injury severity of each grapevar. or acc., the resistant level of the tested grape germplasm resources to late frost damage was dividedinto four classes: high resistance, resistance, susceptibility and high susceptibility.【Results】As a resultof late frost damage, lots of tender shoots of some grapevines showed varying degrees of water stain,wilting, browning and even blackness, but other grapevines had no changes or no sprouting, implyingthat the different grape germplasm resources had different resistance performance to the late frost.Among the Chinese wild Vitis species, V. quinquangularis, V. ficifolia, V. davidii var. cyanocarpa, and V.pseudoreticulata were frost-avoiding; V. yenshanensis, V. hancockii, and V. bashanica showed high resis-tance; V. thunbergii was highly resistant or resistant; V. shenxiensis, V. liubaensis, and V. hancockii wereresistant; There were resistance variation in intraspecies of V. amurensis, V. romanetii, V. piasezkii, V. da-vidii, and V. qinlingensis, in which the phenotypes wree from highly resistant to highly susceptible; V.davidii var. ningqiangensis was highly susceptible. For the American wild Vitis species, V. berlandieriwas frost-avoiding; V. labrusca and V. cinerea were highly resistant; V. riparia, V. orizonica and V. rupes-tris showed resistance. For the V. vinifera cvs.,'Thompson Seedless' had high resistance;'Zaomei-gui','Zaojinxiang', and'Cardinal'presented resistance;'Monukka''Xinyu'and'Jingxiu'showedsusceptibility. For the Euro-America hybrids,'Kyoho'was highly resistant,'Fujiminori''Wase Taka-sumi''Jingyou''Jupiter'and'Neptune'were resistant. For the hybrids of V. vinifera ×V. amrensis, 00-1-10 was frost-avoiding, 00-1-5 was highly resistant,'Beichun'and'Zuoyouhong'were susceptible.【Conclusion】The resistance of Chinese wild Vitis and cultivars to late frost was complex. There werenot only highly resistant and resistant types, but also susceptible and highly susceptible types, while theAmerican wild Vitis species were highly resistant or resistant types. Among of them, V. quinquangula-ris, V. ficifolia, V. davidii var. cyanocarpa, V. pseudoreticulata, Vitis amurensis acc. Zuoshan-1, V. yen-shanensis, V. bashanica, V. baihensis, V. thunbergii, V. romanetii acc. Meixian-6, V. piasezkii acc. Guan-su-91, Liuba-8 and Liuba-6, V. davidii acc. Tangwei and Xuefeng, V. berlandieri, V. labrusca, V. cinereaas well as cultivars(or acc.)'Thompson Seedless','Kyoho', 00-1-10, 00-1-5 were the important resis-tant germplasm resources to late frost damage. The resistance of grape germplasm resources to late frostwas not completely consistent with the tolerance to winter cold.
【Objective】Late frost is a natural disaster leading to extensive crop losses for fruit producersin the world. Although grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.) has a wide environmental adaptability, the late frostis a serious threat to grape production in frost-prone viticultural regions. Selection of grape cultivarswith strong resistance is a reliable method for avoiding late frost damage. The objective of this studywas to understand the resistance of different grape germplasm resources to late frost and to provide areference for breeding resistant variety and rootstock.【Methods】A severe late frost occurred on 6 and 7 April, 2018, causing damage to young shoots and swollen buds of grapevine in a large area of North-west China. During the cold wave, the daily minimum temperature fell to 0 degrees C in Yangling dis-trict of Shaanxi province which is located in the western part of Guanzhong plain. The occurance of thelate frost provided an opportunity for us to evaluate the resistant performance of grape germplasm re-sources to late frost. The field natural identification was employed to evaluate the resistance of grapegermplasm resources to late frost injury. The third day after late frost(9 April), we carried out a identifi-cation of the late frost-resistance for 81 grape germplasm resources under field natural condition, includ-ing 56 accessions of 17 Chinese wild Vitis species or varieties and 8 accessions of 6 American wild Vitisspecies as well as 17 cultivars. All plants are above 5 years-old and are grown in the grape repository ofNorthwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Three plants of each grape var. or acc. were in-vestigated. According to the proportion of damaged tender shoots and swollen buds to total germinatedbuds, the injury severity of each vine was recorded, and then the average injury severity of three vinesof the same var. or acc. was calculated. Finally, according to the average injury severity of each grapevar. or acc., the resistant level of the tested grape germplasm resources to late frost damage was dividedinto four classes: high resistance, resistance, susceptibility and high susceptibility.【Results】As a resultof late frost damage, lots of tender shoots of some grapevines showed varying degrees of water stain,wilting, browning and even blackness, but other grapevines had no changes or no sprouting, implyingthat the different grape germplasm resources had different resistance performance to the late frost.Among the Chinese wild Vitis species, V. quinquangularis, V. ficifolia, V. davidii var. cyanocarpa, and V.pseudoreticulata were frost-avoiding; V. yenshanensis, V. hancockii, and V. bashanica showed high resis-tance; V. thunbergii was highly resistant or resistant; V. shenxiensis, V. liubaensis, and V. hancockii wereresistant; There were resistance variation in intraspecies of V. amurensis, V. romanetii, V. piasezkii, V. da-vidii, and V. qinlingensis, in which the phenotypes wree from highly resistant to highly susceptible; V.davidii var. ningqiangensis was highly susceptible. For the American wild Vitis species, V. berlandieriwas frost-avoiding; V. labrusca and V. cinerea were highly resistant; V. riparia, V. orizonica and V. rupes-tris showed resistance. For the V. vinifera cvs.,'Thompson Seedless' had high resistance;'Zaomei-gui','Zaojinxiang', and'Cardinal'presented resistance;'Monukka''Xinyu'and'Jingxiu'showedsusceptibility. For the Euro-America hybrids,'Kyoho'was highly resistant,'Fujiminori''Wase Taka-sumi''Jingyou''Jupiter'and'Neptune'were resistant. For the hybrids of V. vinifera ×V. amrensis, 00-1-10 was frost-avoiding, 00-1-5 was highly resistant,'Beichun'and'Zuoyouhong'were susceptible.【Conclusion】The resistance of Chinese wild Vitis and cultivars to late frost was complex. There werenot only highly resistant and resistant types, but also susceptible and highly susceptible types, while theAmerican wild Vitis species were highly resistant or resistant types. Among of them, V. quinquangula-ris, V. ficifolia, V. davidii var. cyanocarpa, V. pseudoreticulata, Vitis amurensis acc. Zuoshan-1, V. yen-shanensis, V. bashanica, V. baihensis, V. thunbergii, V. romanetii acc. Meixian-6, V. piasezkii acc. Guan-su-91, Liuba-8 and Liuba-6, V. davidii acc. Tangwei and Xuefeng, V. berlandieri, V. labrusca, V. cinereaas well as cultivars(or acc.)'Thompson Seedless','Kyoho', 00-1-10, 00-1-5 were the important resis-tant germplasm resources to late frost damage. The resistance of grape germplasm resources to late frostwas not completely consistent with the tolerance to winter cold.
引文
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[3] MOLITOR D,CAFFARRA A,SINIGOJ P,PERTOT I,HOFF-MANN L,JUNK J. Late frost damage risk for viticulture underfuture climate conditions:a case study for the Luxembourgishwinegrowing region[J]. Australian Journal of Grape and WineResearch,2014,20(1):160-168.
[4] LIPE W N,BAUMHARDT L,WENDT C W,RAYBURN D J.Differential thermal-analysis of deacclimating chardonnay andCabernet Sauvignon grape buds as affected by evaporative cool-ing[J]. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1992,43(4):355-361.
[5] KOVACS L G,BYERS P L,KAPS M L,SAENZ J. Dormancy,cold hardiness,and spring frost hazard in Vitis amurensis hy-brids under continental climatic conditions[J]. American Journalof Enology and Viticulture,2003,54(1):8-14.
[6] WARMUND M R,GUINAN P,FEMANDEZ G. Temperaturesand cold damage to small fruit crops across the eastern UnitedStates associated with the April 2007 freeze[J]. Hortscience,2008,43(6):1643-1647.
[7] JONES J E,WILSON S J,LEE G,SMITH A M. Effect of frostdamage and pruning on current crop and return crop of PinotNoir[J]. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Sci-ence,2010,38(3):209-216.
[8] MARCON J L,ALLEBRANDT R,DE BEM B,MUDREI P I,MACEDO T A,SCHLEMPER C,LERIN S,OUTEMANE M,KRETZSCHMAR A A,RUFATO L. Damage to‘Cabernet Sau-vignon’after late frost in the southern Brazilian highlands[C]//XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture. Sus-taining Lives,Livelihoods and Landscarpes(IHC2014):IV In-ternational Symposium on Tropical Wines and InternationalSymposium on Grape and Wine Production in Diverse Regions.Brisbane,Australia:Acta Horticulturae,2016:211-2162.
[9] MEYER G D,TALAMINI J,BUENO M E,RUFATO L,KRETZSCHMAR A A,RUFATO A D. Gradual release ofgrowth regulators for a delay in budding and growth of‘Char-donnay’and‘Pinot Gris’in Southern Brazil[C]//XXIX Interna-tional Horticultural Congress on Horticulture. Sustaining Lives,Livelihoods and Landscarpes(IHC2014):IV International Sym-posium on Tropical Wines and International Symposium onGrape and Wine Production in Diverse Regions. Brisbane,Aus-tralia:Acta Horticulturae,2016:237-241.
[10] CHEN W,ZHANG Z W,DONG X P. Discusstion on character-istics of abnormal late frost and defensive measures of winegrape in Manasi county,Xinjiang[C]//Proceedings of the sev-enth International Symposium on Viticulture and Enology. 7thInternational Symposium on Viticulture and Enology. Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2011:142-147.
[11]郝燕,王玉安,张辉元. 2010年甘肃天水葡萄晚霜冻害调查[J].中国果树,2011(3):66-68.HAO Yan,WANG Yu’an,ZHANG Huiyuan. Investigation onfrost damage of grape in Tianshui region of Gansu province in2010[J]. China Fruits,2011(3):66-68.
[12]王正平,刘榆,刘效义,彭治铭,蒋廉勤.宁夏地区葡萄晚霜冻害调查报告[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2004(6):29-31.WANG Zhengping,LIU Yu,LIU Xiaoyi,PENG Zhiming,JI-ANG Lianqin. Investigation report of grape late frost damage inNingxia region[J]. Sino-Overseas Grapevine&Wine,2004(6):29-31.
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