1960―2015年长江流域风速的时空变化特征
|
摘要
基于1960―2015年长江流域128个站点的月风速观测数据,结合地形特点将长江流域分成5个子区域,并运用一元线性回归、相关分析和修正的Mann-Kendall(MMK)检验对长江流域风速变化趋势的时空特征进行研究,结果表明:1)1960―2015年长江流域年平均风速以-0.006 5 m/s·a的速率显著下降,5个子区域中,区域中下游丘陵与平原区(R1)下降最显著,上游青藏高原区(R5)次之,上游盆地区(R3)变化最小。2)季节上,全区风速春季下降最快,夏季最慢。而子区域除R1冬季降幅最大外,其余区域季节风速变化速率也为春季降幅最大,夏季最小。逐月变化上,流域整体风速3月下降最快,8月最慢,各子区域风速最大降幅也集中在3月。3)空间分布上,长江流域年平均风速降幅呈现东部大、中部小、西部较大的特点,全区50%的站点下降趋势显著,且这些站点集中分布于R1地区。此外,4个季节风速与年风速的变化趋势呈现相似的空间分布特征。4)长江流域风速下降与北极涛动(AO)指数上升、区域气候变暖和城市化加速等有关。
Based on the monthly wind speed data of 128 meteorological stations during 1960-2015 in the Yangtze River Basin, and five divided sub-regions according to the terrain, the temporal and spatial characteristics of wind speed variation in the Basin are analyzed by using the linear regression estimation, correlation analysis and modified Mann-Kendall(MMK) trend test. The results are as follows: 1) There is a significant weakening trend over the Yangtze River Basin with the average decreasing rate of-0.006 5 m/s·a in annual mean wind speed. The highest annual mean wind speed over the Basin is 2.17 m/s which occurred in 1969, and the least is 1.63 m/s which occurred in 2002. For the five sub-regions, the most significant downward trend occurs in sub-region R1(hilly and plain areas in the middle and lower reaches), followed by R5(Qinghai-Tibet Plateau areas in the upper reaches), and the last one is R3(the basin areas in the upper reaches). 2) Seasonally, in the whole basin, the most significant weakening is found in spring and the least in summer. The trends in the sub-regions are also found that the most weakening is in spring and the least is in summer except for R1 where the most weakening occurs in winter. Furthermore, the non-significantly slightly increasing trends in summer are found in the sub-regions R2 and R3. Monthly, in the Yangtze River Basin, the most significant weakening of wind speed occurs in March, while the most non-significant one is in August. The most significant weakening monthly is also in March in all sub-regions. 3) Spatially, the annual wind speed and its decreasing trend exhibit similar spatial patterns with being the largest in the eastern basin, larger in the western and the smallest in the central, which means that those stations with higher average annual wind speed in Yangtze River Basin also have larger declining rate of wind speed. There are 50% of stations showing the most significant decline that are located in the east of the basin, especially in R1. In addition, there is a similar spatial distribution in trends with respect to seasonal and annual wind speeds. 4) The decrease of mean annual, spring and winter wind speed over the Yangtze River Basin and its sub-regions R1 and R2 is related to the increase of Arctic Oscillation(AO). Over the whole basin and its sub-regions R1 and R2, the correlation coefficients between annual mean wind speed and AO are-0.25,-0.30 and-0.27, respectively, the correlation coefficients between spring wind speed and AO are-0.28,-0.27 and-0.30, respectively, and the correlation coefficients between winter wind speed and AO are-0.29,-0.30 and-0.25, respectively. Besides, the decrease of pressure gradient force in coastal areas may play a role in the decline of winter wind speed in R1. The non-significantly slightly increasing trend in summer in sub-region R3 is possibly caused by an almost unchanged long-term temperature in this area. Moreover, the regional climate warming and urbanization acceleration have also impacts on the decrease of wind speed in the basin
Based on the monthly wind speed data of 128 meteorological stations during 1960-2015 in the Yangtze River Basin, and five divided sub-regions according to the terrain, the temporal and spatial characteristics of wind speed variation in the Basin are analyzed by using the linear regression estimation, correlation analysis and modified Mann-Kendall(MMK) trend test. The results are as follows: 1) There is a significant weakening trend over the Yangtze River Basin with the average decreasing rate of-0.006 5 m/s·a in annual mean wind speed. The highest annual mean wind speed over the Basin is 2.17 m/s which occurred in 1969, and the least is 1.63 m/s which occurred in 2002. For the five sub-regions, the most significant downward trend occurs in sub-region R1(hilly and plain areas in the middle and lower reaches), followed by R5(Qinghai-Tibet Plateau areas in the upper reaches), and the last one is R3(the basin areas in the upper reaches). 2) Seasonally, in the whole basin, the most significant weakening is found in spring and the least in summer. The trends in the sub-regions are also found that the most weakening is in spring and the least is in summer except for R1 where the most weakening occurs in winter. Furthermore, the non-significantly slightly increasing trends in summer are found in the sub-regions R2 and R3. Monthly, in the Yangtze River Basin, the most significant weakening of wind speed occurs in March, while the most non-significant one is in August. The most significant weakening monthly is also in March in all sub-regions. 3) Spatially, the annual wind speed and its decreasing trend exhibit similar spatial patterns with being the largest in the eastern basin, larger in the western and the smallest in the central, which means that those stations with higher average annual wind speed in Yangtze River Basin also have larger declining rate of wind speed. There are 50% of stations showing the most significant decline that are located in the east of the basin, especially in R1. In addition, there is a similar spatial distribution in trends with respect to seasonal and annual wind speeds. 4) The decrease of mean annual, spring and winter wind speed over the Yangtze River Basin and its sub-regions R1 and R2 is related to the increase of Arctic Oscillation(AO). Over the whole basin and its sub-regions R1 and R2, the correlation coefficients between annual mean wind speed and AO are-0.25,-0.30 and-0.27, respectively, the correlation coefficients between spring wind speed and AO are-0.28,-0.27 and-0.30, respectively, and the correlation coefficients between winter wind speed and AO are-0.29,-0.30 and-0.25, respectively. Besides, the decrease of pressure gradient force in coastal areas may play a role in the decline of winter wind speed in R1. The non-significantly slightly increasing trend in summer in sub-region R3 is possibly caused by an almost unchanged long-term temperature in this area. Moreover, the regional climate warming and urbanization acceleration have also impacts on the decrease of wind speed in the basin
引文
AZORIN-MOLINA C,VICENTE-SERRANO S M,MCVICAR T R,JEREZ S,SANCHEZ-LORENZO A,LO′PEZ-MORENO J,REVUELTO J,TRIGO R M,LOPEZ-BUSTINS J and ESPI′RITO-SANTO11 F.2014.Homogenization and assessment of observed nearsurface wind speed trends over Spain and Portugal,1961-2011.Journal of Climate,27(10):3692-3712.
陈超,庞艳梅,张玉芳.2010.近50年来四川盆地气候变化特征研究.西南大学学报(自然科学版),32(9):115-120.[CHEN Chao,PANGYanmei and ZHANG Yvfang.2010.On the characteristics of climate change in Sichuan Basin in the recent 50 years.Journal of Southwest University,32(9):115-120.]
陈练.2013.气候变暖背景下中国风速(能)变化及其影响因子研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学.[CHEN Lian.2013.Changes and their impact factors of wind speed(energy)over China under background of climate[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology.]
GUO H,XU M and HU Q.2010.Changes in near-surface wind speed in China:1969-2005.International Journal of Climatology,31(3):349-358.
HAMED K H and RAO A R.1998.A modified Mann-Kendall trend test for autocorrelated data.Journal of Hydrology,204(1/4):182-196.
何毅,杨太保,陈杰,冀琴,王凯.2015.1960―2013年南北疆风速变化特征分析.干旱区地理,38(2):249-259.[HE Yi,YANG Taibao,CHEN Jie,JI Qin and WANG Kai.2015.Wind speed change in north and south Xinjiang from 1960 to 2013.Arid Land Geography,38(2):249-259.]
HUI W,WANG X L and SWAIL V R.2010.Homogenization and trend analysis of Canadian near-surface wind speeds.Journal of Climate,23(5):1209-1225.
蒋冲,王飞,刘焱序,穆兴民,李锐.2013.秦岭南北风速时空变化及突变特征分析.地理科学,33(2):244-250.[JIANG Chong,WANGFei,LIU Yanxu,MU Xingmin and LI Rui.2013.Spatial-temporal variation and mutation of wind speed in the northern and southern regions of the Qinling Mountains.Scientia Geographica Sinica,33(2):244-250.]
江滢,罗勇,赵宗慈,陶树旺.2007.近50年中国风速变化及原因分析.广州:中国气象学会年会.[JIANG Ying,LUO Yong,ZHAO Zongci and TAO Shuwang.2007.Analysis of wind speed changes and causes in China in the past 50 years.Guangzhou:Chinese Meteorological Society.]
JIANG Y,LUO Y,ZHAN Z and TAO S.2010.Changes in wind speed over China during 1956-2004.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,99(3/4):421.
金巍,任国玉,曲岩,刘晓玲.2012.1971―2010年东北三省平均地面风速变化.干旱区研究,29(4):648-653.[JIN Wei,REN Guoyu,QU Yan and LIU Xiaoling.2012.Change in surface mean wind speed of northeast China during the period of 1971-2010.Arid Zone Research,29(4):648-653.]
KENDALL M G.1934.Rank correlation methods.British Journal of Psychology,25(1):86-91.
李艳,耿丹,董新宁,朱焱.2010.1961―2007年重庆风速的气候变化特征.大气科学学报,33(3):336-340.[LI Yan,GENG Dan,DONG Xinning and ZHU Yan.2010.Climate change of wind speed in Chong Qing from 1961 to 2007.Transaction of Atmosphere Sciences,33(3):336-340.]
LIN C,YANG K,QIN J and FU R.2013.Observed coherent trends of surface and upper-air wind speed over China since 1960.Journal of Climate,26(9):2891-2903.
刘苏峡,邱建秀,莫兴国.2009.华北平原1951年至2006年风速变化特征分析.资源科学,31(9):1486-1492.[LIU Suxia,QIU Jianxiu and MO Xingguo.2009.Wind velocity variation from 1951 to 2006 in the North China Plain.Resources Science,31(9):1486-1492.]
刘学锋,梁秀慧,任国玉,任芝花.2012.台站观测环境改变对我国近地面风速观测资料序列的影响.高原气象,31(6):1645-1652.[LIUXuefeng,LIANG Xiuhui,REN Guoyu and REN Zhihua.2012.Impact of the Observational Environment Change on Surface Wind Speed in China.Plateau Meteorology,31(6):1645-1652.]
刘宇,朱源.2016.20世纪80年代以来长江流域植被变化的速度和格局.三峡生态环境监测,1(2):39-43.[LIU Yu and ZHU Yuan.2016.Vegetation change of Yangtze River Basin since 1980s:pattern and change rate.Ecology and Environmental Monitoring of Three Gorges,1(2):39-43.]
马芹,张晓萍,万龙,马瞳宇,孙艳萍,徐金鹏,雷泳南.2012.1957―2009年黄土高原地区风速变化趋势.自然资源学报,27(12):2123-2134.[MA Qin,ZHANG Xiaoping,WAN Long,MA Tongyu,SUNYanping,XU Jinpeng and LEI Yongnan.2012.Spatial and temporal trends of wind speed on the Loess Plateau during 1957-2009.Journal of Natural Resources,27(12):2123-2134.]
MANN H B.1945.Nonparametric test against trend.Econometrica,13(3):245-259.
MCVICAR T R,VAN NIEL T G,RODERICK M L,LI T L,MO X G,ZIMMERMANN N E and SCHMATZ D R.2010.Observational evidence from two mountainous regions that near-surface wind speeds are declining more rapidly at higher elevations than lower elevations:1960-2006.Geophysical Research Letters,37(37):460-472.
MCVICAR T R,RODERICK M L,DONOHUE R J,LI L T,VAN NIELT G,THOMAS A,GRIESER J,JHAJHARIA D,HIMRI Y,MAHOWALD N M,MESCHERSKAYA A V,KRUGER A C,REHMAN S and DINPASHOH Y.2012.Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds:Implications for evaporation.Journal of Hydrology,416(3):182-205.
MINOLA L,AZORIN-MOLINA C and CHEN D.2016.Homogenization and assessment of observed near-surface wind speed trends across Sweden,1956-2013.Journal of Climate,29(20):7397-7415.
潘建华.2006.四川盆地气温的时空分布变化分析.高原山地气象研究,26(2):19-21.[PAN Jianhua.2006.Analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of temperature in Sichuan basin.Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research,26(2):19-21.]
VAUTARD R,CATTIAUX J,YIOU P,THEPAUT J and CIAIS P.2010.Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness.Nature Geoscience,3(11):756-761.
王会军,范可.2013.东亚季风近几十年来的主要变化特征.大气科学,37(2):313-318.[WANG Huijun and FAN Ke.2013.Recent changes in the East Asian monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,37(2):313-318.]
WEATHERHEAD E C,REINSEL G C,TIAO G C,MENG X,CHOI D,CHEANG W,KELLER T,DELUISI J,WUEBBLES D J,KERR JB,MILLER A J,OLTMANS SAMUEL and FREDERICK J E.1998.Factors affecting the detection of trends:Statistical considerations and applications to environmental data.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1031(D14):17149-17162.
武炳义,卞林根,张人禾.2004.冬季北极涛动和北极海冰变化对东亚气候变化的影响.极地研究,16(3):211-220.[WU Binyi,BIANLingen and ZHANG Renhe.2004.Effects of the winter AO and the Arcticsea ice variations on climate variation over East Asia.Chinese Journal of Polar Research,16(3):211-220.]
XU M,CHANG C,FU C,FU C,QI Y,ROBOCK A,ROBINSON D and ZHANG H.2006.Steady decline of east Asian monsoon winds,1969-2000:Evidence from direct ground measurements of wind speed.Journal of Geophysical Research,111(D24):906-910.
张克新,潘少明,曹立国.2014.1961―2010年河西地区平均风速时空变化趋势分析.地理科学,34(11):1404-1408.[ZHANG Kexin,PAN Shaoming and CAO Liguo.2014.Spatial and temporal trends of average wind speed in Hexi Area in 1961-2010.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34(11):1404-1408.]
张志斌,杨莹,张小平,陈志杰.2014.我国西南地区风速变化及其影响因素.生态学报,34(2):471-481.[ZHANG Zhibin,YANG Ying,ZHANG Xiaping and CHEN Zhijie.2014.Wind speed changes and its influencing factors in Southwestern China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(2):471-481.]
赵宗慈,罗勇,江滢,黄健斌.2016.近50年中国风速减小的可能原因.气象科技进展,6(3):106-109.[ZHAO Zongci,LUO Yong,JIANGYing and HUANG Jianbin.2016.Possible reasons of wind speed decline in China for the last 50 years.Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology,6(3):106-109.]
钟晨晨,崔宁博,谭畅,冯禹.2016.近53a长江流域气温的时空变化特征分析.灌溉排水学报,35(12):88-96.[ZHONG Chenchen,CUI Ningbo,TAN Chang and FENG Yu.2016.Spatiotemporal of Yangtze River in 53 years.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,35(12):88-96.]
周德刚,黄荣辉,黄刚.2009.近几十年来长江上游流域气候和植被覆盖的变化.大气科学学报,32(3):377-385.[ZHOU Degang,HUANGRonghui and HUANG Gang.2009.Variations of climate and vegetation cover over the upper reaches of Yangtze River in the past decades.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences,32(3):377-385.]
陈超,庞艳梅,张玉芳.2010.近50年来四川盆地气候变化特征研究.西南大学学报(自然科学版),32(9):115-120.[CHEN Chao,PANGYanmei and ZHANG Yvfang.2010.On the characteristics of climate change in Sichuan Basin in the recent 50 years.Journal of Southwest University,32(9):115-120.]
陈练.2013.气候变暖背景下中国风速(能)变化及其影响因子研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学.[CHEN Lian.2013.Changes and their impact factors of wind speed(energy)over China under background of climate[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology.]
GUO H,XU M and HU Q.2010.Changes in near-surface wind speed in China:1969-2005.International Journal of Climatology,31(3):349-358.
HAMED K H and RAO A R.1998.A modified Mann-Kendall trend test for autocorrelated data.Journal of Hydrology,204(1/4):182-196.
何毅,杨太保,陈杰,冀琴,王凯.2015.1960―2013年南北疆风速变化特征分析.干旱区地理,38(2):249-259.[HE Yi,YANG Taibao,CHEN Jie,JI Qin and WANG Kai.2015.Wind speed change in north and south Xinjiang from 1960 to 2013.Arid Land Geography,38(2):249-259.]
HUI W,WANG X L and SWAIL V R.2010.Homogenization and trend analysis of Canadian near-surface wind speeds.Journal of Climate,23(5):1209-1225.
蒋冲,王飞,刘焱序,穆兴民,李锐.2013.秦岭南北风速时空变化及突变特征分析.地理科学,33(2):244-250.[JIANG Chong,WANGFei,LIU Yanxu,MU Xingmin and LI Rui.2013.Spatial-temporal variation and mutation of wind speed in the northern and southern regions of the Qinling Mountains.Scientia Geographica Sinica,33(2):244-250.]
江滢,罗勇,赵宗慈,陶树旺.2007.近50年中国风速变化及原因分析.广州:中国气象学会年会.[JIANG Ying,LUO Yong,ZHAO Zongci and TAO Shuwang.2007.Analysis of wind speed changes and causes in China in the past 50 years.Guangzhou:Chinese Meteorological Society.]
JIANG Y,LUO Y,ZHAN Z and TAO S.2010.Changes in wind speed over China during 1956-2004.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,99(3/4):421.
金巍,任国玉,曲岩,刘晓玲.2012.1971―2010年东北三省平均地面风速变化.干旱区研究,29(4):648-653.[JIN Wei,REN Guoyu,QU Yan and LIU Xiaoling.2012.Change in surface mean wind speed of northeast China during the period of 1971-2010.Arid Zone Research,29(4):648-653.]
KENDALL M G.1934.Rank correlation methods.British Journal of Psychology,25(1):86-91.
李艳,耿丹,董新宁,朱焱.2010.1961―2007年重庆风速的气候变化特征.大气科学学报,33(3):336-340.[LI Yan,GENG Dan,DONG Xinning and ZHU Yan.2010.Climate change of wind speed in Chong Qing from 1961 to 2007.Transaction of Atmosphere Sciences,33(3):336-340.]
LIN C,YANG K,QIN J and FU R.2013.Observed coherent trends of surface and upper-air wind speed over China since 1960.Journal of Climate,26(9):2891-2903.
刘苏峡,邱建秀,莫兴国.2009.华北平原1951年至2006年风速变化特征分析.资源科学,31(9):1486-1492.[LIU Suxia,QIU Jianxiu and MO Xingguo.2009.Wind velocity variation from 1951 to 2006 in the North China Plain.Resources Science,31(9):1486-1492.]
刘学锋,梁秀慧,任国玉,任芝花.2012.台站观测环境改变对我国近地面风速观测资料序列的影响.高原气象,31(6):1645-1652.[LIUXuefeng,LIANG Xiuhui,REN Guoyu and REN Zhihua.2012.Impact of the Observational Environment Change on Surface Wind Speed in China.Plateau Meteorology,31(6):1645-1652.]
刘宇,朱源.2016.20世纪80年代以来长江流域植被变化的速度和格局.三峡生态环境监测,1(2):39-43.[LIU Yu and ZHU Yuan.2016.Vegetation change of Yangtze River Basin since 1980s:pattern and change rate.Ecology and Environmental Monitoring of Three Gorges,1(2):39-43.]
马芹,张晓萍,万龙,马瞳宇,孙艳萍,徐金鹏,雷泳南.2012.1957―2009年黄土高原地区风速变化趋势.自然资源学报,27(12):2123-2134.[MA Qin,ZHANG Xiaoping,WAN Long,MA Tongyu,SUNYanping,XU Jinpeng and LEI Yongnan.2012.Spatial and temporal trends of wind speed on the Loess Plateau during 1957-2009.Journal of Natural Resources,27(12):2123-2134.]
MANN H B.1945.Nonparametric test against trend.Econometrica,13(3):245-259.
MCVICAR T R,VAN NIEL T G,RODERICK M L,LI T L,MO X G,ZIMMERMANN N E and SCHMATZ D R.2010.Observational evidence from two mountainous regions that near-surface wind speeds are declining more rapidly at higher elevations than lower elevations:1960-2006.Geophysical Research Letters,37(37):460-472.
MCVICAR T R,RODERICK M L,DONOHUE R J,LI L T,VAN NIELT G,THOMAS A,GRIESER J,JHAJHARIA D,HIMRI Y,MAHOWALD N M,MESCHERSKAYA A V,KRUGER A C,REHMAN S and DINPASHOH Y.2012.Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds:Implications for evaporation.Journal of Hydrology,416(3):182-205.
MINOLA L,AZORIN-MOLINA C and CHEN D.2016.Homogenization and assessment of observed near-surface wind speed trends across Sweden,1956-2013.Journal of Climate,29(20):7397-7415.
潘建华.2006.四川盆地气温的时空分布变化分析.高原山地气象研究,26(2):19-21.[PAN Jianhua.2006.Analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of temperature in Sichuan basin.Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research,26(2):19-21.]
VAUTARD R,CATTIAUX J,YIOU P,THEPAUT J and CIAIS P.2010.Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness.Nature Geoscience,3(11):756-761.
王会军,范可.2013.东亚季风近几十年来的主要变化特征.大气科学,37(2):313-318.[WANG Huijun and FAN Ke.2013.Recent changes in the East Asian monsoon.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,37(2):313-318.]
WEATHERHEAD E C,REINSEL G C,TIAO G C,MENG X,CHOI D,CHEANG W,KELLER T,DELUISI J,WUEBBLES D J,KERR JB,MILLER A J,OLTMANS SAMUEL and FREDERICK J E.1998.Factors affecting the detection of trends:Statistical considerations and applications to environmental data.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1031(D14):17149-17162.
武炳义,卞林根,张人禾.2004.冬季北极涛动和北极海冰变化对东亚气候变化的影响.极地研究,16(3):211-220.[WU Binyi,BIANLingen and ZHANG Renhe.2004.Effects of the winter AO and the Arcticsea ice variations on climate variation over East Asia.Chinese Journal of Polar Research,16(3):211-220.]
XU M,CHANG C,FU C,FU C,QI Y,ROBOCK A,ROBINSON D and ZHANG H.2006.Steady decline of east Asian monsoon winds,1969-2000:Evidence from direct ground measurements of wind speed.Journal of Geophysical Research,111(D24):906-910.
张克新,潘少明,曹立国.2014.1961―2010年河西地区平均风速时空变化趋势分析.地理科学,34(11):1404-1408.[ZHANG Kexin,PAN Shaoming and CAO Liguo.2014.Spatial and temporal trends of average wind speed in Hexi Area in 1961-2010.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34(11):1404-1408.]
张志斌,杨莹,张小平,陈志杰.2014.我国西南地区风速变化及其影响因素.生态学报,34(2):471-481.[ZHANG Zhibin,YANG Ying,ZHANG Xiaping and CHEN Zhijie.2014.Wind speed changes and its influencing factors in Southwestern China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(2):471-481.]
赵宗慈,罗勇,江滢,黄健斌.2016.近50年中国风速减小的可能原因.气象科技进展,6(3):106-109.[ZHAO Zongci,LUO Yong,JIANGYing and HUANG Jianbin.2016.Possible reasons of wind speed decline in China for the last 50 years.Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology,6(3):106-109.]
钟晨晨,崔宁博,谭畅,冯禹.2016.近53a长江流域气温的时空变化特征分析.灌溉排水学报,35(12):88-96.[ZHONG Chenchen,CUI Ningbo,TAN Chang and FENG Yu.2016.Spatiotemporal of Yangtze River in 53 years.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,35(12):88-96.]
周德刚,黄荣辉,黄刚.2009.近几十年来长江上游流域气候和植被覆盖的变化.大气科学学报,32(3):377-385.[ZHOU Degang,HUANGRonghui and HUANG Gang.2009.Variations of climate and vegetation cover over the upper reaches of Yangtze River in the past decades.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences,32(3):377-385.]