Impact of Surface Potential Vorticity Density Forcing over the Tibetan Plateau on the South China Extreme Precipitation in January 2008. Part Ⅰ:Data Analysis
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摘要
The external source/sink of potential vorticity(PV) is the original driving force for the atmospheric circulation. The relationship between surface PV generation and surface PV density forcing is discussed in detail in this paper.Moreover, a case study of the extreme winter freezing rain/snow storm over South China in January 2008 is performed, and the surface PV density forcing over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) has been found to significantly affect the precipitation over South China in this case. The TP generated PV propagated eastward in the middle troposphere. The associated zonal advection of positive absolute vorticity resulted in the increasing of cyclonic relative vorticity in the downstream region of the TP. Ascending air and convergence in the lower troposphere developed, which gave rise to the development of the southerly wind. This favored the increasing of negative meridional absolute vorticity advection in the lower troposphere, which provided a large-scale circulation background conducive to ascending motion such that the absolute vorticity advection increased with height. Consequently, the ascending air further strengthened the southerly wind and the vertical gradient of absolute vorticity advection between the lower and middle troposphere in turn. Under such a situation, the enhanced ascending, together with the moist air transported by the southerly wind, formed the extreme winter precipitation in January 2008 over South China.
The external source/sink of potential vorticity(PV) is the original driving force for the atmospheric circulation. The relationship between surface PV generation and surface PV density forcing is discussed in detail in this paper.Moreover, a case study of the extreme winter freezing rain/snow storm over South China in January 2008 is performed, and the surface PV density forcing over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) has been found to significantly affect the precipitation over South China in this case. The TP generated PV propagated eastward in the middle troposphere. The associated zonal advection of positive absolute vorticity resulted in the increasing of cyclonic relative vorticity in the downstream region of the TP. Ascending air and convergence in the lower troposphere developed, which gave rise to the development of the southerly wind. This favored the increasing of negative meridional absolute vorticity advection in the lower troposphere, which provided a large-scale circulation background conducive to ascending motion such that the absolute vorticity advection increased with height. Consequently, the ascending air further strengthened the southerly wind and the vertical gradient of absolute vorticity advection between the lower and middle troposphere in turn. Under such a situation, the enhanced ascending, together with the moist air transported by the southerly wind, formed the extreme winter precipitation in January 2008 over South China.
The external source/sink of potential vorticity(PV) is the original driving force for the atmospheric circulation. The relationship between surface PV generation and surface PV density forcing is discussed in detail in this paper.Moreover, a case study of the extreme winter freezing rain/snow storm over South China in January 2008 is performed, and the surface PV density forcing over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) has been found to significantly affect the precipitation over South China in this case. The TP generated PV propagated eastward in the middle troposphere. The associated zonal advection of positive absolute vorticity resulted in the increasing of cyclonic relative vorticity in the downstream region of the TP. Ascending air and convergence in the lower troposphere developed, which gave rise to the development of the southerly wind. This favored the increasing of negative meridional absolute vorticity advection in the lower troposphere, which provided a large-scale circulation background conducive to ascending motion such that the absolute vorticity advection increased with height. Consequently, the ascending air further strengthened the southerly wind and the vertical gradient of absolute vorticity advection between the lower and middle troposphere in turn. Under such a situation, the enhanced ascending, together with the moist air transported by the southerly wind, formed the extreme winter precipitation in January 2008 over South China.
引文
Bao,Q.,Y.M.Yang,Y.M.Liu,et al.,2010:Roles of anomalous Tibetan Plateau warming on the severe 2008 winter storm in central-southern China.Mon.Wea.Rev.,138,2375-2384,doi:10.1175/2009MWR2950.1.
Bracegirdle,T.J.,and S.L.Gray,2009:The dynamics of a polar low assessed using potential vorticity inversion.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,135,880-893,doi:10.1002/qj.411.
Chen,S.J.,and L.Dell’osso,1984:Numerical prediction of the heavy rainfall vortex over eastern Asia monsoon region.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,62,730-747,doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.62.5_730.
Chen,Y.R.,Y.Q.Li,and T.L.Zhao,2015:Cause analysis on eastward movement of Southwest China vortex and its induced heavy rainfall in South China.Adv.Meteor.doi:10.1155/2015/481735.
Cheng,X.L.,Y.Q.Li,and L.Xu,2016:An analysis of an extreme rainstorm caused by the interaction of the Tibetan Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex from an intensive observation.Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,128,373-399,doi:10.1007/s00703-015-0420-2.
Ding,Y.H.,Z.Y.Wang,and Y.F.Song,2008:Causes of the unprecedented freezing disaster in January 2008 and its possible association with the global warming.Acta Meteor.Sin-ica,66,808-825.(in Chinese)
Egger,J.,K.P.Hoinka,and T.Spengler,2015:Aspects of potential vorticity fluxes:Climatology and impermeability.J.At-mos.Sci.,72,3257-3267,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0196.1.
Ertel,H.,1942:Ein neuer hydrodynamische wirbelsatz.Meteor.Z.Braunschweig,59,33-49.
Fu,S.M.,J.H.Sun,S.X.Zhao,et al.,2011:A study of the impacts of the eastward propagation of convective cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau on the rainfall of the Yangtze-Huai River basin.Acta Meteor.Sinica,69,581-600.(in Chinese)
Gelaro,R.,W.McCarty,M.J.Suarez,et al.,2017:The MordernEra Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications,Version 2(MERRA-2).J.Climate,30,5419-5454,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1.
Griffiths,M.,A.J.Thorpe,and K.A.Browning,2000:Convective destabilization by a tropopause fold diagnosed using potential vorticity inversion.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,126,125-144,doi:10.1256/smsqj.56206.
Gu,L.,K.Wei,and R.H.Huang,2008:Severe disaster of blizzard,freezing rain and low temperature in January 2008 in China and its association with the anomalies of East Asian monsoon system.Climatic Environ.Res.,13,405-418.(in Chinese)
Guo,Z.,H.Lin,J.Jiang,et al.,2003:The features of MCS and their eastward moving and propagation over the Tibetan Plat-eau.J.Remote Sens.,7,350-357.(in Chinese)
Haynes,P.H.,and M.E.McIntyre,1987:On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces.J.Atmos.Sci.,44,828-841,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0828:OTEOVA>2.0.CO;2.
Held,I.M.,and T.Schneider,1999:The surface branch of the zonally averaged mass transport in the troposphere.J.Atmos.Sci.,56,1688-1697,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1688:TSBOTZ>2.0.CO;2.
Holton,J.R.,2004:An Introduction to Dynamic Meteology.Elsevier Academic Press,535 pp.
Hoskins,B.J.,1991:Towards a PV-θview of the general circulation.Tellus,43AB,27-35.
Hoskins,B.J.,1997:A potential vorticity view of synoptic development.Meteor.Appl.,4,325-334,doi:10.1017/S1350482797000716.
Hoskins,B.J.,M.E.McIntyre,and A.W.Robertson,1985:On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,111,877-946,doi:10.1002/qj.49711147002.
Huo,Z.,D.L.Zhang,and J.R.Gyakum,1999:Interaction of potential vorticity anomalies in extratropical cyclogenesis.Part I:Static piecewise inversion.Mon.Wea.Rev.,127,2546-2661,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<2546:IOPVAI>2.0.CO;2.
Jiang,J.X.,X.K.Xiang,and M.Z.Fan,1996:The spatial and temporal distributions of severe mesoscale convective system over Tibetan Plateau in summer.J.Appl.Meteor.Sci.,7,473-478.(in Chinese)
Koh,T.Y.,and R.Plumb,2004:Isentropic zonal average formalism and the near-surface circulation.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,130,1631-1653,doi:10.1256/qj.02.219.
Li,G.P.,and Q.Xu,2005:Effect of dynamic pumping in the boundary layer on the Tibetan Plateau vortices.Chinese J.At-mos.Sci.,29,965-972.(in Chinese)
Li,G.P.,T.Y.Duan,S.Haginoya,et al.,2001:Estimates of the bulk transfer coefficients and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau using AWS data.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,79,625-635,doi:10.2151/jmsj.79.625.
Li,L.F.,Y.M.Liu,and C.Y.Bo,2011:Impacts of diabatic heating anomalies on an extreme snow event over South China in January 2008.Climatic Environ.Res.,16,126-136.(in Chinese)
Li,Y.D.,Y.Wang,S.Yang,et al.,2008:Characteristics of summer convective systems initiated over the Tibetan Plateau.Part I:Origin,track,development,and precipitation.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,47,2679-2695,doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1695.1.
Liao,Z.J.,and Y.C.Zhang,2013:Concurrent variation between the East Asian subtropical jet and polar front jet during persistent snowstorm period in 2008 winter over southern China.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118,6360-6373,doi:10.1002/jgrd.50558.
Ni,C.C.,G.P.Li,and X.Z.Xiong,2017:Analysis of a vortex precipitation event over Southwest China using AIRS and in situ measurements.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,34,559-570,doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5262-4.
Rossby,C.G.,1940:Planetary flow patterns in the atmosphere.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,66,68-87.
Schneider,T.,2005:Zonal momentum balance,potential vorticity dynamics,and mass fluxes on near-surface isentropes.J.At-mos.Sci.,62,1884-1900,doi:10.1175/JAS3341.1.
Schneider,T.,I.M.Held,and S.T.Garner,2003:Boundary effects in potential vorticity dynamics.J.Atmos.Sci.,60,1024-1040,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1024:BEIPVD>2.0.CO;2.
Shaw,S.N.,1930:Manual of Meteorology.Vol III:The Physical Processes of Weather.Cambridge University Press,86.
Shi,C.X.,J.X.Jiang,and Z.Y.Fang,2000:A study on the features of severe convective cloud clusters causing serious flooding over Changjiang River basin in 1998.Climatic Environ.Res.,5,279-286.(in Chinese)
Shi,N.,C.L.Bueh,L.R.Ji,et al.,2008:On the medium-range process of the rainy,snowy and cold weather of South China in early 2008.Part II:Characteristics of the western Pacific subtropical high.Climatic Environ.Res.,13,434-445.(in Chinese)
Sun,J.H.,and S.X.Zhao,2008:Quasi-stationary front and stratification structure of the freezing rain and snow storm over southern China in January 2008.Climatic Environ.Res.,13,368-384.(in Chinese)
Sun,J.H.,and S.X.Zhao,2010:The impacts of multiscale weather systems on freezing and snowstorms over southern China.Wea.Forecasting,25,388-407,doi:10.1175/2008WEF2222253.1.
Tao,S.Y.,and Y.H.Ding,1981:Observational evidence of the influence of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau on the occurrence of heavy rain and severe convective storms in China.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,62,23-30,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1981)062<0023:OEOTIO>2.0.CO;2.
Tao,S.Y.,and J.Wei,2008:Severe snow and freezing-rain in January 2008 in southern China.Climatic Environ.Res.,13,337-350.(in Chinese)
Tao,Z.Y.,Y.G.Zheng,and X.L.Zhang,2008:Southern China quasi-stationary front during ice-snow disaster of January 2008.Acta Meteor.Sinica,66,850-854.(in Chinese)
Wang,B.,and I.Orlanski,1987:Study of a heavy rain vortex formed over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau.Mon.Wea.Rev.,115,1370-1393,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<1370:SOAHRV>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,W.,Y.H.Kuo,and T.T.Warner,1993:A diabatically driven mesoscale vortex in the lee of the Tibetan Plateau.Mon.Wea.Rev.,121,2542-2561,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2542:ADDMVI>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,X.M.,and Y.Liu,2017:Causes of extreme rainfall in May2013 over Henan Province:The role of the southwest vortex and low-level jet.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,129,701-709,doi:10.1007/s00704-017-2054-4.
Wen,M.,S.Yang,A.Kumar,et al.,2009:An analysis of the large-scale climate anomalies associated with the snowstorms affecting China in January 2008.Mon.Wea.Rev.,137,1111-1131,doi:10.1175/2008MWR2638.1.
Wu,G.X.,Y.J.Zheng,and Y.M.Liu,2013:Dynamical and thermal problems in vortex development and movement.Part II:Generalized slantwise vorticity development.Acta Meteor.Sinica,27,15-25,doi:10.1007/s13351-013-0102-2.
Xiang,S.Y.,Y.Q.Li,D.Li,et al.,2013:An analysis of heavy precipitation caused by a retracing plateau vortex based on TRMM data.Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,122,33-45,doi:10.1007/s00703-013-0269-1.
Yasunari,T.,and T.Miwa,2006:Convective cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau and their impact on meso-scale disturbances in the Meiyu/Baiu frontal zonal.A case study in 1998.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,84,783-803,doi:10.2151/jmsj.84.783.
Yu,J.H.,Y.M.Liu,T.T.Ma,et al.,2019:Impact of surface potential vorticity density forcing over the Tibetan Plateau on the South China extreme precipitation in January 2008.Part II:Numerical simulation.J.Meteor.Res.,33,416-432,doi:10.1007/s13351-019-8606-z.
Zhang,C.Y.,and Y.C.Zhang,2013:The characteristics of East Asian jet stream in severe snow storm and freezing rain processes over southern China in early 2008.J.Trop.Meteor.,29,306-314.(in Chinese)
Zheng,Y.J.,G.X.Wu,and Y.M.Liu,2013:Dynamic and thermal problems in vortex development and movement.Part1:A PV-Q view.Acta Meteor.Sinica,27,1-14,doi:10.1007/s13351-013-0101-3.
Zhou,W.,J.C.L.Chan,W.Chen,et al.,2009:Synoptic-scale controls of persistent low temperature and icy weather over southern China in January 2008.Mon.Wea.Rev.,137,3978-3991,doi:10.1175/2009MWR2952.1.
Zhuo,G.,X.D.Xu,and L.S.Chen,2002:Instability of eastward movement and development of convective cloud clusters over Tibetan Plateau.J.Appl.Meteor.Sci.,13,448-456.(in Chinese)
Zuo,Q.J.,S.T.Gao,and X.G.Sun,2017:An effect study of the East Asian jet stream on the freezing rain and snowstorms event over southern China in early 2008 and possible reasons for the jet stream variation.Climatic Environ.Res.,22,381-391,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2016.16072.(in Chinese)
Bracegirdle,T.J.,and S.L.Gray,2009:The dynamics of a polar low assessed using potential vorticity inversion.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,135,880-893,doi:10.1002/qj.411.
Chen,S.J.,and L.Dell’osso,1984:Numerical prediction of the heavy rainfall vortex over eastern Asia monsoon region.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,62,730-747,doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.62.5_730.
Chen,Y.R.,Y.Q.Li,and T.L.Zhao,2015:Cause analysis on eastward movement of Southwest China vortex and its induced heavy rainfall in South China.Adv.Meteor.doi:10.1155/2015/481735.
Cheng,X.L.,Y.Q.Li,and L.Xu,2016:An analysis of an extreme rainstorm caused by the interaction of the Tibetan Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex from an intensive observation.Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,128,373-399,doi:10.1007/s00703-015-0420-2.
Ding,Y.H.,Z.Y.Wang,and Y.F.Song,2008:Causes of the unprecedented freezing disaster in January 2008 and its possible association with the global warming.Acta Meteor.Sin-ica,66,808-825.(in Chinese)
Egger,J.,K.P.Hoinka,and T.Spengler,2015:Aspects of potential vorticity fluxes:Climatology and impermeability.J.At-mos.Sci.,72,3257-3267,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0196.1.
Ertel,H.,1942:Ein neuer hydrodynamische wirbelsatz.Meteor.Z.Braunschweig,59,33-49.
Fu,S.M.,J.H.Sun,S.X.Zhao,et al.,2011:A study of the impacts of the eastward propagation of convective cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau on the rainfall of the Yangtze-Huai River basin.Acta Meteor.Sinica,69,581-600.(in Chinese)
Gelaro,R.,W.McCarty,M.J.Suarez,et al.,2017:The MordernEra Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications,Version 2(MERRA-2).J.Climate,30,5419-5454,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1.
Griffiths,M.,A.J.Thorpe,and K.A.Browning,2000:Convective destabilization by a tropopause fold diagnosed using potential vorticity inversion.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,126,125-144,doi:10.1256/smsqj.56206.
Gu,L.,K.Wei,and R.H.Huang,2008:Severe disaster of blizzard,freezing rain and low temperature in January 2008 in China and its association with the anomalies of East Asian monsoon system.Climatic Environ.Res.,13,405-418.(in Chinese)
Guo,Z.,H.Lin,J.Jiang,et al.,2003:The features of MCS and their eastward moving and propagation over the Tibetan Plat-eau.J.Remote Sens.,7,350-357.(in Chinese)
Haynes,P.H.,and M.E.McIntyre,1987:On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces.J.Atmos.Sci.,44,828-841,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0828:OTEOVA>2.0.CO;2.
Held,I.M.,and T.Schneider,1999:The surface branch of the zonally averaged mass transport in the troposphere.J.Atmos.Sci.,56,1688-1697,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1688:TSBOTZ>2.0.CO;2.
Holton,J.R.,2004:An Introduction to Dynamic Meteology.Elsevier Academic Press,535 pp.
Hoskins,B.J.,1991:Towards a PV-θview of the general circulation.Tellus,43AB,27-35.
Hoskins,B.J.,1997:A potential vorticity view of synoptic development.Meteor.Appl.,4,325-334,doi:10.1017/S1350482797000716.
Hoskins,B.J.,M.E.McIntyre,and A.W.Robertson,1985:On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,111,877-946,doi:10.1002/qj.49711147002.
Huo,Z.,D.L.Zhang,and J.R.Gyakum,1999:Interaction of potential vorticity anomalies in extratropical cyclogenesis.Part I:Static piecewise inversion.Mon.Wea.Rev.,127,2546-2661,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<2546:IOPVAI>2.0.CO;2.
Jiang,J.X.,X.K.Xiang,and M.Z.Fan,1996:The spatial and temporal distributions of severe mesoscale convective system over Tibetan Plateau in summer.J.Appl.Meteor.Sci.,7,473-478.(in Chinese)
Koh,T.Y.,and R.Plumb,2004:Isentropic zonal average formalism and the near-surface circulation.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,130,1631-1653,doi:10.1256/qj.02.219.
Li,G.P.,and Q.Xu,2005:Effect of dynamic pumping in the boundary layer on the Tibetan Plateau vortices.Chinese J.At-mos.Sci.,29,965-972.(in Chinese)
Li,G.P.,T.Y.Duan,S.Haginoya,et al.,2001:Estimates of the bulk transfer coefficients and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau using AWS data.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,79,625-635,doi:10.2151/jmsj.79.625.
Li,L.F.,Y.M.Liu,and C.Y.Bo,2011:Impacts of diabatic heating anomalies on an extreme snow event over South China in January 2008.Climatic Environ.Res.,16,126-136.(in Chinese)
Li,Y.D.,Y.Wang,S.Yang,et al.,2008:Characteristics of summer convective systems initiated over the Tibetan Plateau.Part I:Origin,track,development,and precipitation.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,47,2679-2695,doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1695.1.
Liao,Z.J.,and Y.C.Zhang,2013:Concurrent variation between the East Asian subtropical jet and polar front jet during persistent snowstorm period in 2008 winter over southern China.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,118,6360-6373,doi:10.1002/jgrd.50558.
Ni,C.C.,G.P.Li,and X.Z.Xiong,2017:Analysis of a vortex precipitation event over Southwest China using AIRS and in situ measurements.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,34,559-570,doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5262-4.
Rossby,C.G.,1940:Planetary flow patterns in the atmosphere.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,66,68-87.
Schneider,T.,2005:Zonal momentum balance,potential vorticity dynamics,and mass fluxes on near-surface isentropes.J.At-mos.Sci.,62,1884-1900,doi:10.1175/JAS3341.1.
Schneider,T.,I.M.Held,and S.T.Garner,2003:Boundary effects in potential vorticity dynamics.J.Atmos.Sci.,60,1024-1040,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1024:BEIPVD>2.0.CO;2.
Shaw,S.N.,1930:Manual of Meteorology.Vol III:The Physical Processes of Weather.Cambridge University Press,86.
Shi,C.X.,J.X.Jiang,and Z.Y.Fang,2000:A study on the features of severe convective cloud clusters causing serious flooding over Changjiang River basin in 1998.Climatic Environ.Res.,5,279-286.(in Chinese)
Shi,N.,C.L.Bueh,L.R.Ji,et al.,2008:On the medium-range process of the rainy,snowy and cold weather of South China in early 2008.Part II:Characteristics of the western Pacific subtropical high.Climatic Environ.Res.,13,434-445.(in Chinese)
Sun,J.H.,and S.X.Zhao,2008:Quasi-stationary front and stratification structure of the freezing rain and snow storm over southern China in January 2008.Climatic Environ.Res.,13,368-384.(in Chinese)
Sun,J.H.,and S.X.Zhao,2010:The impacts of multiscale weather systems on freezing and snowstorms over southern China.Wea.Forecasting,25,388-407,doi:10.1175/2008WEF2222253.1.
Tao,S.Y.,and Y.H.Ding,1981:Observational evidence of the influence of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau on the occurrence of heavy rain and severe convective storms in China.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,62,23-30,doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1981)062<0023:OEOTIO>2.0.CO;2.
Tao,S.Y.,and J.Wei,2008:Severe snow and freezing-rain in January 2008 in southern China.Climatic Environ.Res.,13,337-350.(in Chinese)
Tao,Z.Y.,Y.G.Zheng,and X.L.Zhang,2008:Southern China quasi-stationary front during ice-snow disaster of January 2008.Acta Meteor.Sinica,66,850-854.(in Chinese)
Wang,B.,and I.Orlanski,1987:Study of a heavy rain vortex formed over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau.Mon.Wea.Rev.,115,1370-1393,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<1370:SOAHRV>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,W.,Y.H.Kuo,and T.T.Warner,1993:A diabatically driven mesoscale vortex in the lee of the Tibetan Plateau.Mon.Wea.Rev.,121,2542-2561,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2542:ADDMVI>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,X.M.,and Y.Liu,2017:Causes of extreme rainfall in May2013 over Henan Province:The role of the southwest vortex and low-level jet.Theor.Appl.Climatol.,129,701-709,doi:10.1007/s00704-017-2054-4.
Wen,M.,S.Yang,A.Kumar,et al.,2009:An analysis of the large-scale climate anomalies associated with the snowstorms affecting China in January 2008.Mon.Wea.Rev.,137,1111-1131,doi:10.1175/2008MWR2638.1.
Wu,G.X.,Y.J.Zheng,and Y.M.Liu,2013:Dynamical and thermal problems in vortex development and movement.Part II:Generalized slantwise vorticity development.Acta Meteor.Sinica,27,15-25,doi:10.1007/s13351-013-0102-2.
Xiang,S.Y.,Y.Q.Li,D.Li,et al.,2013:An analysis of heavy precipitation caused by a retracing plateau vortex based on TRMM data.Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,122,33-45,doi:10.1007/s00703-013-0269-1.
Yasunari,T.,and T.Miwa,2006:Convective cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau and their impact on meso-scale disturbances in the Meiyu/Baiu frontal zonal.A case study in 1998.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,84,783-803,doi:10.2151/jmsj.84.783.
Yu,J.H.,Y.M.Liu,T.T.Ma,et al.,2019:Impact of surface potential vorticity density forcing over the Tibetan Plateau on the South China extreme precipitation in January 2008.Part II:Numerical simulation.J.Meteor.Res.,33,416-432,doi:10.1007/s13351-019-8606-z.
Zhang,C.Y.,and Y.C.Zhang,2013:The characteristics of East Asian jet stream in severe snow storm and freezing rain processes over southern China in early 2008.J.Trop.Meteor.,29,306-314.(in Chinese)
Zheng,Y.J.,G.X.Wu,and Y.M.Liu,2013:Dynamic and thermal problems in vortex development and movement.Part1:A PV-Q view.Acta Meteor.Sinica,27,1-14,doi:10.1007/s13351-013-0101-3.
Zhou,W.,J.C.L.Chan,W.Chen,et al.,2009:Synoptic-scale controls of persistent low temperature and icy weather over southern China in January 2008.Mon.Wea.Rev.,137,3978-3991,doi:10.1175/2009MWR2952.1.
Zhuo,G.,X.D.Xu,and L.S.Chen,2002:Instability of eastward movement and development of convective cloud clusters over Tibetan Plateau.J.Appl.Meteor.Sci.,13,448-456.(in Chinese)
Zuo,Q.J.,S.T.Gao,and X.G.Sun,2017:An effect study of the East Asian jet stream on the freezing rain and snowstorms event over southern China in early 2008 and possible reasons for the jet stream variation.Climatic Environ.Res.,22,381-391,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2016.16072.(in Chinese)