Characteristics of urban boundary layer in heavy haze process based on Beijing 325m tower data
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摘要
2015年11月24日至2015年12月2日北京市经历了一次严重的雾霾污染过程。本文利用这次过程期间北京325米气象塔的观测资料,对重污染天气条件下的边界层风场、温度场、湿度场和湍流特征进行了分析研究。本次污染过程并未发布红色预警,但是实际的污染形势被低估了,本文也对低估原因进行了分析。结果表明:北京地区这次污染过程主要是由偏东风和偏南风引起的,11月29日高层(280米)风速增加而低层(15m)风速并未增加,且次日高层风速大幅减小,导致了对于这次污染形势的低估。风速、湍动动能和摩擦速度与PM2.5浓度呈反相关关系。在晴天,风速随高度的增加而显著增加,但在污染严重的时期,风速从近地层到塔顶的变化不是很大。湍流动能从近地层到铁塔高层的变化并不是很明显。雾霾过程通常伴随有逆温层的出现,边界层内温度的日变化很小。在严重污染时,相对湿度接近100%,此时感热通量和水汽通量也都减小,湍流活动受到抑制,湍流活动强度的减弱又会进一步加重污染形势。
Beijing experienced serious haze pollution from 24 November 2015 to 2 December 2015. To investigate the planetary boundary layer characteristics, especially turbulence characteristics, the authors analyzed the wind, temperature, humidity, and turbulence characteristics during heavily polluted weather by using the observational data of the 325-m meteorological tower in Beijing.The results indicate that the pollution was mainly caused by the easterly and southerly winds.There were negative correlations between wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, friction velocity,and the PM2.5 concentration. During clean days, the wind speed greatly enhanced with height;however, during the period of heavy pollution, the wind speed changed a little from the nearsurface layer to the top of the tower. In contrast, the spatial variability of TKE from the nearsurface layer to the upper layer was not so obvious. The heavy haze pollution in this study was often characterized by the emergence of an inversion layer; therefore, the diurnal variation of the boundary layer temperature was very small. At the time of serious pollution, the relative humidity was near 100%. The diurnal variations of sensible heat ?ux and water vapor ?ux were signi?cantly reduced when severe pollution occurred.
Beijing experienced serious haze pollution from 24 November 2015 to 2 December 2015. To investigate the planetary boundary layer characteristics, especially turbulence characteristics, the authors analyzed the wind, temperature, humidity, and turbulence characteristics during heavily polluted weather by using the observational data of the 325-m meteorological tower in Beijing.The results indicate that the pollution was mainly caused by the easterly and southerly winds.There were negative correlations between wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, friction velocity,and the PM2.5 concentration. During clean days, the wind speed greatly enhanced with height;however, during the period of heavy pollution, the wind speed changed a little from the nearsurface layer to the top of the tower. In contrast, the spatial variability of TKE from the nearsurface layer to the upper layer was not so obvious. The heavy haze pollution in this study was often characterized by the emergence of an inversion layer; therefore, the diurnal variation of the boundary layer temperature was very small. At the time of serious pollution, the relative humidity was near 100%. The diurnal variations of sensible heat ?ux and water vapor ?ux were signi?cantly reduced when severe pollution occurred.
引文
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Lin,J.T.,D.Pan,and R.X.Zhang.2013.“Trend and Interannua Variability of Chinese Air Pollution since 2000 in Association with Socioeconomic Development:A Brief Overview.”Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 6(2):84-89doi:10.1080/16742834.2013.11447061.
Liu,H.P.,and J.C.L.Chan.2002.“Boundary Layer Dynamics Associated with a Severe Air-Pollution Episode in Hong Kong.”Atmospheric Enrironment 36(12):2013-2025doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00138-3.
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Wei,Y.,J.Li,Z.-F.Wang,H.-S.Chen,Q.-Z.Wu,J.-J.Li,Y.-LWang,and W.Wang.2017.“Trends of Surface PM2.5 Over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in 2013-2015 and Their Causes Emission Controls Vs.Meteorological Conditions.”Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 10(4):276-283doi:10.1080/16742834.2017.1315631.
Wen,X.,S.Wei,Y.Y.Zhang,X.J.Liu,L.Zhang,Y.H.Zhao,D.YLiu,et al.2016.“Air Quality Improvement in a Megacity Implications from 2015 Beijing Parade Blue Pollution Control Actions.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(1)1-45.doi:10.5194/acp-17-31-2017.
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Xu,W.Y.,C.S.Zhao,L.Ran,Z.Z.Deng,P.F.Liu,N.Ma,W.LLin,et al.2011.“Characteristics of Pollutants and Their Correlation to Meteorological Conditions at a Suburban Site in the North China Plain.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion 11(3):4353-4369.doi:10.5194/acp-11-4353-2011.
Yang,X.,W.J.Dong,and F.X.Liu.2011.“Impact of Air Pollution on Summer Surface Winds in Xi’an.”Acta Meteorologica Sinica 25(4):527-533.doi:10.1007/s13351-011-0411-2.
Zhang,R.,J.Jing,J.Tao,S.C.Hsu,G.Wang,J.Cao,C.S.L.Lee et al.2013.“Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2.5In Beijing:Seasonal Perspective.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(14):7053-7074doi:10.5194/acp-2018-548,2018.
Zhang,W.L.,F.C.You,X.L.Zhang,and S.Y.Fan.2016“Meteorological Characteristics Analysis of Severe Haze Process in Beijing in January 2013.”Meteorological and Environmental Sciences 39(2):46-54.doi:10.16765/j cnki.1673-7148.2016.02.007.
Zhao,B.,P.Wang,J.Z.Ma,S.Zhu,A.Pozzer,and W.Li.2012“A High-Resolution Emission Inventory of Primary Pollutants for the Huabei Region.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(1):20331-20374.doi:10.5194/acp-12-481-2012.
Zheng,C.,and C.Zhao.2017.“Analysis of Influential Factors for the Relationship between PM2.5 And AOD in Beijing.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19(21):1-57doi:10.5194/acp-17-13473-2017.
Chan,C.K.,and X.H.Yao.2007.“Air Pollution in Mega Cities in China.”Atmospheric Enrironment 42(1):1-42.doi:10.1016/j atmosenv.2007.09.003.
Chen,R.J.,Z.H.Zhao,and H.D.Kan.2013.“Heavy Smog and Hospital Visits in Beijing,China.”American Journal of Respiratory&Critical Care Medicine 188(9):1170-1171doi:10.1164/rccm.201304-0678LE.
Ding,A.J.,C.B.Fu,X.Q.Yang,J.N.Sun,T.Pet?j?,V.-MKerminen,T.Wang,et al.2013.“Intense Atmospheric Pollution Modifies Weather:A Case of Mixed Biomass Burning with Fossil Fuel Combustion Pollution in Eastern China.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(20):10545-10554.doi:10.5194/acp-13-10545-2013.
Guo,J.H.,X.J.Liu,Y.Zhang,J.L.Shen,W.X.Han,W.F.Zhang P.Christie,K.W.T.Goulding,P.M.Vitousek,and F.SZhang.2010.“Significant Acidification in Major Chinese Croplands.”Science 327(5968):1008-1010.doi:10.1126/science.1182570.
Hao,H.F.,T.Yang,Z.F.Wang,and H.T.Zheng.2018“Investigation of Relationship between Synoptic Pattern and Heavy Air Pollution during Heating from 2013 to2015 in Megacity Beijing,China.”Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 38(6):2201-2213.
Huang,R.J.,Y.Zhang,C.Bozzetti,K.F.Ho,J.J.Cao,Y.M.Han K.R.Daellenbach,et al.2014.“High Secondary Aeroso Contribution to Particulate Pollution during Haze Events in China.”Nature 514(7521):218-222.doi:10.1038/nature13774.
Huang,X.,A.J.Ding,L.X.Liu,Q.Liu,K.Ding,X.R.Niu,W.Nie et al.2016.“Effects of Aerosol-Radiation Interaction on Precipitation during Biomass-Burning Season in East China.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(15):10063-10082.doi:10.5194/acp-16-10063-2016.
Kmail,J.C.,and J.J.Finigan.1994.Atmospheric Boundary Flows,P254-256.New York,NY:Oxford University Press.
Lin,J.T.,D.Pan,and R.X.Zhang.2013.“Trend and Interannua Variability of Chinese Air Pollution since 2000 in Association with Socioeconomic Development:A Brief Overview.”Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 6(2):84-89doi:10.1080/16742834.2013.11447061.
Liu,H.P.,and J.C.L.Chan.2002.“Boundary Layer Dynamics Associated with a Severe Air-Pollution Episode in Hong Kong.”Atmospheric Enrironment 36(12):2013-2025doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00138-3.
Luan,T.,X.L.Guo,L.J.Guo,and T.Zhang.2018.“Quantifying the Relationship between PM2.5 Concentration,Visibility and Planetary Boundary Layer Height for Long-Lasting Haze and Fog-Haze Mixed Events in Beijing.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(1):1-39.doi:10.5194/acp-18-203-2018.
Quan,J.,X.Tie,Q.Zhang,Q.Liu,X.Li,Y.Gao,and D.L.Zhao2014.“Characteristics of Heavy Aerosol Pollution during the2012-2013 Winter in Beijing,China.”Atmospheric Enrironment88(5):83-89.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.058.
Schichtel,B.A.,R.B.Husar,S.R.Falke,and W.E.Wilson.2001“Haze Trends over the United States,1980-1995.”Atmospheric Enrironment 35(30):5205-5210.doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00317-X.
Stull,R.B.1988.An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology,8.Dordrecht,the Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Sun,Y.,T.Song,G.Q.Tang,and Y.S.Wang.2013.“The Vertica Distribution of PM 2.5 And Boundary-Layer Structure during Summer Haze in Beijing.”Atmospheric Enrironment74(2):413-421.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.011.
Tang,B.Y.,J.Y.Xin,W.K.Gao,P.Shao,H.J.Su,T.X.Wen,TSong,G.-Z.Fan,S.-G.Wang,and Y.-S.Wang.2018“Characteristics of Complex Air Pollution in Typical Cities of North China.”Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 11(1):29-36.doi:10.1080/16742834.2018.1394158.
Tang,M.,D.S.Ji,W.K.Gao,Z.W.Yu,K.Chen,and W.Cao.2016“Characteristics of Air Quality in Tianjin during the Spring Festival Period of 2015.”Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 9(1):15-21.doi:10.1080/16742834.2015.1131948.
Wei,Y.,J.Li,Z.-F.Wang,H.-S.Chen,Q.-Z.Wu,J.-J.Li,Y.-LWang,and W.Wang.2017.“Trends of Surface PM2.5 Over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in 2013-2015 and Their Causes Emission Controls Vs.Meteorological Conditions.”Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 10(4):276-283doi:10.1080/16742834.2017.1315631.
Wen,X.,S.Wei,Y.Y.Zhang,X.J.Liu,L.Zhang,Y.H.Zhao,D.YLiu,et al.2016.“Air Quality Improvement in a Megacity Implications from 2015 Beijing Parade Blue Pollution Control Actions.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(1)1-45.doi:10.5194/acp-17-31-2017.
Wood,C.R.,A.Lacser,J.F.Barlow,A.Padhra,S.E.Belcher,ENemitz,C.Helfter,D.Famulari,and C.S.B.Grimmond.2010“Turbulent Flow at 190m Height above London during2006-2008:Aclimatology and the Applicability of Similarity Theory.”Boundary Layer Meteorol 137(1):77-96doi:10.1007/s10546-010-9516-x.
Xu,W.Y.,C.S.Zhao,L.Ran,Z.Z.Deng,P.F.Liu,N.Ma,W.LLin,et al.2011.“Characteristics of Pollutants and Their Correlation to Meteorological Conditions at a Suburban Site in the North China Plain.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion 11(3):4353-4369.doi:10.5194/acp-11-4353-2011.
Yang,X.,W.J.Dong,and F.X.Liu.2011.“Impact of Air Pollution on Summer Surface Winds in Xi’an.”Acta Meteorologica Sinica 25(4):527-533.doi:10.1007/s13351-011-0411-2.
Zhang,R.,J.Jing,J.Tao,S.C.Hsu,G.Wang,J.Cao,C.S.L.Lee et al.2013.“Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2.5In Beijing:Seasonal Perspective.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(14):7053-7074doi:10.5194/acp-2018-548,2018.
Zhang,W.L.,F.C.You,X.L.Zhang,and S.Y.Fan.2016“Meteorological Characteristics Analysis of Severe Haze Process in Beijing in January 2013.”Meteorological and Environmental Sciences 39(2):46-54.doi:10.16765/j cnki.1673-7148.2016.02.007.
Zhao,B.,P.Wang,J.Z.Ma,S.Zhu,A.Pozzer,and W.Li.2012“A High-Resolution Emission Inventory of Primary Pollutants for the Huabei Region.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(1):20331-20374.doi:10.5194/acp-12-481-2012.
Zheng,C.,and C.Zhao.2017.“Analysis of Influential Factors for the Relationship between PM2.5 And AOD in Beijing.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19(21):1-57doi:10.5194/acp-17-13473-2017.