Study on the Influence of Airgun Excitation Conditions on Airgun Signals and Travel Time Variation Measurements
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摘要
Because of the different excitation conditions of the airgun source, there will be subtle differences in airgun signals. Travel time variation of airgun signals often mix into source information which can't fully reflect the evolution of the medium. This article uses the airgun signals from the Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station to analyze the airgun signal′s characteristics of phase and correlation. We conducted a comparative analysis of the effects of the pair difference method and the deconvolution method on eliminating the influence of the excitation conditions in travel time variation. The results show that:(1) The pressure pulse and its subsequent wave of airgun source wavelet are less affected by excitation conditions that we can use it to obtain high-precision excitation moments.(2) Deconvolution can improve the correlation of the airgun signal.(3) The pair difference method can't eliminate the influence of excitation conditions in travel time variation. Deconvolution can reduce excitation condition interference and the influence of the excitation condition in the travel time variation after deconvolution of the vertical signal is significantly reduced.
Because of the different excitation conditions of the airgun source, there will be subtle differences in airgun signals. Travel time variation of airgun signals often mix into source information which can't fully reflect the evolution of the medium. This article uses the airgun signals from the Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station to analyze the airgun signal′s characteristics of phase and correlation. We conducted a comparative analysis of the effects of the pair difference method and the deconvolution method on eliminating the influence of the excitation conditions in travel time variation. The results show that:(1) The pressure pulse and its subsequent wave of airgun source wavelet are less affected by excitation conditions that we can use it to obtain high-precision excitation moments.(2) Deconvolution can improve the correlation of the airgun signal.(3) The pair difference method can't eliminate the influence of excitation conditions in travel time variation. Deconvolution can reduce excitation condition interference and the influence of the excitation condition in the travel time variation after deconvolution of the vertical signal is significantly reduced.
Because of the different excitation conditions of the airgun source, there will be subtle differences in airgun signals. Travel time variation of airgun signals often mix into source information which can't fully reflect the evolution of the medium. This article uses the airgun signals from the Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station to analyze the airgun signal′s characteristics of phase and correlation. We conducted a comparative analysis of the effects of the pair difference method and the deconvolution method on eliminating the influence of the excitation conditions in travel time variation. The results show that:(1) The pressure pulse and its subsequent wave of airgun source wavelet are less affected by excitation conditions that we can use it to obtain high-precision excitation moments.(2) Deconvolution can improve the correlation of the airgun signal.(3) The pair difference method can't eliminate the influence of excitation conditions in travel time variation. Deconvolution can reduce excitation condition interference and the influence of the excitation condition in the travel time variation after deconvolution of the vertical signal is significantly reduced.
引文
Aggarwal Y.P.,Sykes L.R.,Armbruster J.,Sbar M.L.Premonitory changes in seismic velocities and prediction of earthquakes[J].Nature,1973,241(5385):101-104.
Aggarwal Y.P.,Sykes L.R.,Simpson D.W.,Richards P.G.Spatial and temporal variations in tS/tP and in P wave residuals at Blue Mountain Lake,New York:application to earthquake prediction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1975,80(5):718-732.
Chen Huifang,Lin Binhua,Jin Xing,Wu Lihua,Cai Huiteng.An experimental study on optimization of large-volume airgun source excitation conditions in a reservoir[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):355-363.
Chen Siwen,Wang Baoshan,Tian Xiaofeng,Wang Fuyun,Liu Baofeng,Li Lu.Crustal structure from Yunxian-Ninglang wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction profile in northwestern Yunnan,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2016,38(1):91-106 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Yong,Zhang Xiankang,Qiu Xuelin,Ge Hongkui,Liu Baojin,Wang Baoshan.A new way to generate seismic waves for continental crustal exploration[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(16):2264-2268.
Chen Yong,Liu Lanbo,Ge Hongkui,Liu Baojun,Qiu Xuelin.Using an airgun array in a land reservoir as the seismic source for seismotectonic studies in northern China:experiments and preliminary results[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2008,56(4):601-612.
Chen Yong,Wang Baoshan.Preface to the special issue on advances in seismic exploration and monitoring with active sources in China[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):281-283.
Helmberger D.,Wiggins R.A.Upper mantle structure of midwestern United States[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1971,76(14):3229-3245.
Hu Jiupeng,Wang Baoshan,Chen Yong.The influence of water shape on land airgun triggered signals[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2017,40(4):543-549.
Huang Yilei,Yun Naidan,Zhou Shiyong.A study on “pair difference” method to improve precision of signal travel time drift under low signal-noise ratio[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2017,40(4):595-604 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Zifeng,Su Youjin,Wang Baoshan,Wang Bin,Yang Jun,Li Xiaobin.Study on analysis of travel time variation of seismic wave of active source in Binchuan[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2015,38(4):591-597.
Luan Yi,Yang Hongfeng,Wang Baoshan.Large volume air-gun waveform data processing (1):Binchuan,Yunnan[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,32(2):305-318 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Niu Fengli,Silver P.G.,Daley T.M.,Chen Xin,Majer E.L.Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source monitoring at the Parkfield SAFOD drill site[J].Nature,2008,454(7201):204-208.
Qiu Xuelin,Zhao Minghui,Ye Chunming,Wang Tiankai,Wang Ping,Zhang Yixiang,Xia Kanyuan,Lee C.S.Ocean bottom seismometer and onshore-offshore seismic experiment in northeastern south China Sea[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2003,27(4):295-300 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Qiu Xuelin,Chen Yong,Zhu Rixiang,Xu Huilong,Shi Xiaobin,Ye Chunming,Zhao Minghui,Xia Shaohong.The application of large volume airgun sources to the onshore-offshore seismic surveys:implication of the experimental results in northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(4):553-560.
Reasenberg P.,Aki K.A precise,continuous measurement of seismic velocity for monitoring in situ stress[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1974,79(2):399-406.
Savarensky E.F.On the prediction of earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,1968,6(1):17-27.
She Yuyang,Yao Huajian,Zhai Qiushi,Wang Fuyun,Tian Xiaofeng.Shallow crustal structure of the middle-lower Yangtze River region in eastern China from surface-wave tomography of a large volume airgun-shot experiment[J].Seismological Research Letters,2018,89(3):1003-1013.
Tian Xiaofeng,Wang Fuyun,Liu Baofeng,Yang Zhuoxin,Zheng Chenglong,Gao Zhanyong.Upper crustal velocity structure along the Yangtze River from Ma’anshan to Anqing[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):430-438.
Wang Baoshan,Zhu Ping,Chen Yong,Niu Fenglin,Wang Bin.Continuous subsurface velocity measurement with coda wave interferometry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(B12):B12313.
Wang Baoshan,Yang Wei,Yuan Songyong,Guo Shijun,Ge Hongkui,Xu Ping,Chen Yong.An experimental study on the excitation of large volume airguns in a small volume body of water[J].Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2010,7(4):388-394.
Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,Yang Wei,Wang Weitao,Wang Bin,Wu Guohua,Su Youjin.Transmitting seismic station monitors fault zone at depth[J].EOS,Transactions American Geophysical Union,2012,93(5):49-50.
Wang Baoshan,Tian Xiaofeng,Zhang Yunpeng,Li Yulan,Yang Wei,Zhang Bo,Wang Weitao,Yang Jun,Li Xiaobin.Seismic signature of an untuned large-volume airgun array fired in a water reservoir[J].Seismological Research Letters,2018,89(3):983-991.
Wang Bin,Wu Guohua,Su Youjin,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,Jin Mingpei,Yang Jun,Zhang Qiming,Li Tao,Liu Jiwu.Site selection and construction process of Binchuan earthquake signal transmitting seismic station and its preliminary observation result[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2015,38(1):1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Bin,Li Xiaobin,Liu Zifeng,Yang Jun,Yang Runhai,Wang Baoshan,Yang Wei.The source and observation system of Binchuan earthquake signal transmitting seismic station and its preliminary observation results[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):316-325.
Wang Weitao,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,Chen Yong,Yuan Songyong,Yang Wei,Li Yijin.Using active source to monitor velocity variation in shallow sediment caused by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in China,2009,25(3):223-233 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Weitao,Wang Baoshan,Jiang Shengmiao,Hu Jiupeng,Zhang Yuansheng.A perspective review of seismological investigation on the crust at regional scale using the active airgun source[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2017,40(4):514-524,677 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wei Bin,Su Jinbo,Wang Haitao,Zheng Liming,Wang Qiong,Zhang Wenlai,Yuan Shun,Wei Yunyun,Chen Hao.Site selection and construction of Hutubi airgun source signal transmitting seismic station and its characteristic of source[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,32(2):222-230 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xia Ji.Study on the Characteristics of Large Volume Air-gun Source[D].Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration,2017 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Runhai,Wang Bin,Zheng Dingchang,Pang Weidong,Min Zhaoxu,Qin Jiazheng,Wu Guohua,Xu Yaji.Variation of wave velocity and strong earthquake preparation in Yunnan region[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2011,34(4):420-427 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Wei,Ge Hongkui,Wang Baoshan,Yuan Songyong,Song Lili,Jia Yuhua,Li Yijin.Velocity changes observed by the precisely controlled active source for the Mianzhu MS5.6 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2010,53(5):1149-1157 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhai Qiushi,Wang Baoshan,Yao Huajian.Study on the deconvolution method and processing flow of airgun source data[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):394-404.
Zhang Yuansheng,Guo Xiao,Qin Manzhong,Liu Xuzhou,Wei Congxin,Shen Xuzhang,Yan Wenhua,Zou Rui,Yin Liang,Wang Yahong,Sun Dianfeng,Feng Hongwu,Zhang Lifeng,Guo Yingxia.The construction of active source repeated monitoring in the Qilian Mountain,Gansu Province[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):333-341.
Zhang Yuansheng,Wang Baoshan,Chen Yong,Wang Lanmin,Zou Rui,Qin Manzhong,Guo Xiao,Shen Xuzhang,Wei Congxin,Liu Xuzhou,Wang Yahong,Sun Dianfeng,Guo Yingxia,Yin Liang.Travel-time variations before and after two major earthquakes derived from active-source seismic data[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2017,60(10):3815-3822 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Yunpeng,Li Xiaobin,Wang Weitao,Wang Baoshan,Ye Beng,Yang Jun,Wang Bin.Data service system and data quality assessment for mobile observation of transmitting seismic stations in Binchuan,Yunnan[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2017,40(4):525-533 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Baohua,Liu Weibei.The development and application of air-gun source[J].Equipment for Geophysical Prospecting,1998a,8(1):1-6,50 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Baohua,Liu Weibei.The development and application of air-gun source (2)[J].Equipment for Geophysical Prospecting,1998b,8(2):1-5,9 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Qingyun,Chen Junlei.Influence of different triggering conditions of airgun source on travel time changes[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2018,41(2):264-272 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Aggarwal Y.P.,Sykes L.R.,Simpson D.W.,Richards P.G.Spatial and temporal variations in tS/tP and in P wave residuals at Blue Mountain Lake,New York:application to earthquake prediction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1975,80(5):718-732.
Chen Huifang,Lin Binhua,Jin Xing,Wu Lihua,Cai Huiteng.An experimental study on optimization of large-volume airgun source excitation conditions in a reservoir[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):355-363.
Chen Siwen,Wang Baoshan,Tian Xiaofeng,Wang Fuyun,Liu Baofeng,Li Lu.Crustal structure from Yunxian-Ninglang wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction profile in northwestern Yunnan,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2016,38(1):91-106 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Yong,Zhang Xiankang,Qiu Xuelin,Ge Hongkui,Liu Baojin,Wang Baoshan.A new way to generate seismic waves for continental crustal exploration[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(16):2264-2268.
Chen Yong,Liu Lanbo,Ge Hongkui,Liu Baojun,Qiu Xuelin.Using an airgun array in a land reservoir as the seismic source for seismotectonic studies in northern China:experiments and preliminary results[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2008,56(4):601-612.
Chen Yong,Wang Baoshan.Preface to the special issue on advances in seismic exploration and monitoring with active sources in China[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):281-283.
Helmberger D.,Wiggins R.A.Upper mantle structure of midwestern United States[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1971,76(14):3229-3245.
Hu Jiupeng,Wang Baoshan,Chen Yong.The influence of water shape on land airgun triggered signals[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2017,40(4):543-549.
Huang Yilei,Yun Naidan,Zhou Shiyong.A study on “pair difference” method to improve precision of signal travel time drift under low signal-noise ratio[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2017,40(4):595-604 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Zifeng,Su Youjin,Wang Baoshan,Wang Bin,Yang Jun,Li Xiaobin.Study on analysis of travel time variation of seismic wave of active source in Binchuan[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2015,38(4):591-597.
Luan Yi,Yang Hongfeng,Wang Baoshan.Large volume air-gun waveform data processing (1):Binchuan,Yunnan[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,32(2):305-318 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Niu Fengli,Silver P.G.,Daley T.M.,Chen Xin,Majer E.L.Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source monitoring at the Parkfield SAFOD drill site[J].Nature,2008,454(7201):204-208.
Qiu Xuelin,Zhao Minghui,Ye Chunming,Wang Tiankai,Wang Ping,Zhang Yixiang,Xia Kanyuan,Lee C.S.Ocean bottom seismometer and onshore-offshore seismic experiment in northeastern south China Sea[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2003,27(4):295-300 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Qiu Xuelin,Chen Yong,Zhu Rixiang,Xu Huilong,Shi Xiaobin,Ye Chunming,Zhao Minghui,Xia Shaohong.The application of large volume airgun sources to the onshore-offshore seismic surveys:implication of the experimental results in northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(4):553-560.
Reasenberg P.,Aki K.A precise,continuous measurement of seismic velocity for monitoring in situ stress[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1974,79(2):399-406.
Savarensky E.F.On the prediction of earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,1968,6(1):17-27.
She Yuyang,Yao Huajian,Zhai Qiushi,Wang Fuyun,Tian Xiaofeng.Shallow crustal structure of the middle-lower Yangtze River region in eastern China from surface-wave tomography of a large volume airgun-shot experiment[J].Seismological Research Letters,2018,89(3):1003-1013.
Tian Xiaofeng,Wang Fuyun,Liu Baofeng,Yang Zhuoxin,Zheng Chenglong,Gao Zhanyong.Upper crustal velocity structure along the Yangtze River from Ma’anshan to Anqing[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):430-438.
Wang Baoshan,Zhu Ping,Chen Yong,Niu Fenglin,Wang Bin.Continuous subsurface velocity measurement with coda wave interferometry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(B12):B12313.
Wang Baoshan,Yang Wei,Yuan Songyong,Guo Shijun,Ge Hongkui,Xu Ping,Chen Yong.An experimental study on the excitation of large volume airguns in a small volume body of water[J].Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2010,7(4):388-394.
Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,Yang Wei,Wang Weitao,Wang Bin,Wu Guohua,Su Youjin.Transmitting seismic station monitors fault zone at depth[J].EOS,Transactions American Geophysical Union,2012,93(5):49-50.
Wang Baoshan,Tian Xiaofeng,Zhang Yunpeng,Li Yulan,Yang Wei,Zhang Bo,Wang Weitao,Yang Jun,Li Xiaobin.Seismic signature of an untuned large-volume airgun array fired in a water reservoir[J].Seismological Research Letters,2018,89(3):983-991.
Wang Bin,Wu Guohua,Su Youjin,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,Jin Mingpei,Yang Jun,Zhang Qiming,Li Tao,Liu Jiwu.Site selection and construction process of Binchuan earthquake signal transmitting seismic station and its preliminary observation result[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2015,38(1):1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Bin,Li Xiaobin,Liu Zifeng,Yang Jun,Yang Runhai,Wang Baoshan,Yang Wei.The source and observation system of Binchuan earthquake signal transmitting seismic station and its preliminary observation results[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):316-325.
Wang Weitao,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,Chen Yong,Yuan Songyong,Yang Wei,Li Yijin.Using active source to monitor velocity variation in shallow sediment caused by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in China,2009,25(3):223-233 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Weitao,Wang Baoshan,Jiang Shengmiao,Hu Jiupeng,Zhang Yuansheng.A perspective review of seismological investigation on the crust at regional scale using the active airgun source[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2017,40(4):514-524,677 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wei Bin,Su Jinbo,Wang Haitao,Zheng Liming,Wang Qiong,Zhang Wenlai,Yuan Shun,Wei Yunyun,Chen Hao.Site selection and construction of Hutubi airgun source signal transmitting seismic station and its characteristic of source[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,32(2):222-230 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xia Ji.Study on the Characteristics of Large Volume Air-gun Source[D].Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration,2017 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Runhai,Wang Bin,Zheng Dingchang,Pang Weidong,Min Zhaoxu,Qin Jiazheng,Wu Guohua,Xu Yaji.Variation of wave velocity and strong earthquake preparation in Yunnan region[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2011,34(4):420-427 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Wei,Ge Hongkui,Wang Baoshan,Yuan Songyong,Song Lili,Jia Yuhua,Li Yijin.Velocity changes observed by the precisely controlled active source for the Mianzhu MS5.6 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2010,53(5):1149-1157 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhai Qiushi,Wang Baoshan,Yao Huajian.Study on the deconvolution method and processing flow of airgun source data[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):394-404.
Zhang Yuansheng,Guo Xiao,Qin Manzhong,Liu Xuzhou,Wei Congxin,Shen Xuzhang,Yan Wenhua,Zou Rui,Yin Liang,Wang Yahong,Sun Dianfeng,Feng Hongwu,Zhang Lifeng,Guo Yingxia.The construction of active source repeated monitoring in the Qilian Mountain,Gansu Province[J].Earthquake Research in China,2016,30(3):333-341.
Zhang Yuansheng,Wang Baoshan,Chen Yong,Wang Lanmin,Zou Rui,Qin Manzhong,Guo Xiao,Shen Xuzhang,Wei Congxin,Liu Xuzhou,Wang Yahong,Sun Dianfeng,Guo Yingxia,Yin Liang.Travel-time variations before and after two major earthquakes derived from active-source seismic data[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2017,60(10):3815-3822 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Yunpeng,Li Xiaobin,Wang Weitao,Wang Baoshan,Ye Beng,Yang Jun,Wang Bin.Data service system and data quality assessment for mobile observation of transmitting seismic stations in Binchuan,Yunnan[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2017,40(4):525-533 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Baohua,Liu Weibei.The development and application of air-gun source[J].Equipment for Geophysical Prospecting,1998a,8(1):1-6,50 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Baohua,Liu Weibei.The development and application of air-gun source (2)[J].Equipment for Geophysical Prospecting,1998b,8(2):1-5,9 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Qingyun,Chen Junlei.Influence of different triggering conditions of airgun source on travel time changes[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2018,41(2):264-272 (in Chinese with English abstract).