输电线路绝缘子（串）交流污闪特性及放电过程的研究
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摘要
污秽闪络是影响输电线路外绝缘设计和安全运行的重要因素之一,国内外学者对绝缘子的污闪特性和机理已进行了大量研究。但由于污闪机理的复杂性和各地气象、地理、污秽的多样性,污闪事故依然频繁,对绝缘子的污闪研究仍需深入进行。本文根据交流人工污秽试验,研究盐密和灰密对输电线路绝缘子交流污闪电压的综合影响,分析不同型式输电线路绝缘子交流污闪特性和放电过程的差异,并对高海拔现场人工染污绝缘子的试验结果进行了分析;根据真型绝缘子的放电过程,建立绝缘子交流污秽放电模型。本文的研究有助于更深入地认识绝缘子交流污闪特性和机理,对“西电东送、南北互供、全国联网”和超、特高压输电线路的建设和运行具有一定的参考意义。
在国内外研究成果基础上,本文在实验室和高海拔现场对多种型式的输电线路绝缘子进行了大量的交流人工污秽试验。根据高速摄像机拍摄的放电过程和多种因素对污闪电压的影响,本文对绝缘子交流污闪特性和机理进行了深入分析。本文得到的主要结论有:
在同样的污秽度下,外伞型绝缘子的污闪电压梯度较低,而钟罩型绝缘子的有效爬电系数较高,复合绝缘子由于其材料表面的憎水性,具有较高的污闪电压。比较硅藻土和高岭土两种不溶性物质对绝缘子污闪电压的影响,由于高岭土更易吸收水分且在湿润过程中不易流失,因此以高岭土为不溶性物质的绝缘子污闪电压比硅藻土为不溶性物质的要低。
盐密和灰密对绝缘子交流污闪电压的影响规律均满足负指数幂函数关系,使用最小二乘法分析污闪试验数据,得到了盐密、灰密综合影响下的绝缘子交流污闪电压计算公式。
高海拔地区绝缘子交流污闪电压是染污程度和大气环境综合作用的结果。在表面均为亲水性的状态下,不同型式绝缘子的气压影响特征指数在0.507～0.587之间,与绝缘子材质和结构没有明显关系;绝缘子表面湿污层的电导率受到环境温度的影响,污闪电压的环境温度影响特征指数在0.21左右。
染污绝缘子局部电弧的发展主要取决于静电力和热浮力的平衡,泄漏电流的增大将使得热浮力作用增加,从而导致了飘弧现象。静电力和热浮力随着气压的改变而变化,气压越低,热浮力的作用越明显,低气压下严重的飘弧是造成绝缘子污闪电压下降的主要原因之一。对常压下不同型式绝缘子(串)污秽放电过程的比较和分析显示:标准型绝缘子局部电弧的发展紧贴着绝缘子表面,其爬电距离得到了较充分地利用;外伞型绝缘子的伞裙间易发生飘弧现象,使其爬电距离利用率降低;钟罩型绝缘子伞下的深棱抑制了局部电弧的发展,其爬电距离利用率较高。放电过程的差异验证了人工污秽试验的结果。
绝缘子交流污秽放电过程中,局部电弧由沿面电弧和飘弧导致的空气间隙电弧二部分组成,沿面电弧和空气间隙电弧可用一个合成电弧表征,由此建立污秽绝缘子的交流放电模型。对于常压下的交流放电,空气间隙电弧可以忽略,而在高海拔条件下必须考虑空气间隙电弧的作用。根据试验数据,可使用统计方法得到合成电弧的电弧常数。
Pollution flashover is one of the key issues affecting the external insulation design and safety operation of transmission lines, and there have been many studies of flashover performance and mechanism of polluted insulators in China as well as other countries. However, because of the complexity of flashover mechanism and the diversity of weather, geography and pollutants in various areas, the pollution flashover accidents still occurred continually and the study need to be putted up more. Based on the AC artificial pollution tests, this thesis aims to study the combined effect of salt deposit density and non-soluble deposit density on AC pollution flashover voltages and analyze the difference of AC pollution flashover performances and discharge processes for various types of transmission line insulators, as well as, analyze the AC flashover performances of artificial polluted insulators at high altitude sites. At the same time, based on the discharge process of insulators,the AC pollution discharge model is discussed. The studies in the thesis will make to understand the AC pollution flashover performance and mechanism, as well as, will contribute to the West-to-East Power Transmission, South-and-North Transaction and Nationwide Electricity Interconnection and will be of significant referenced values to the constructions and operations of EHV and UHV transmission lines.
Based on the existing studies in China as well as other countries, a mass of AC artificial pollution tests of some types of transmission line insulators have been carried out in the laboratory and at the high altitude sites. The AC pollution flashover performance and mechanism is analyzed through the flashover processes gained by a high speed frame camera and the combined effects of multi factors on the pollution flashover voltage. The main conclusions in the thesis are as following:
Under the same pollution grade, the pollution flashover voltage gradients of the outer-rib type insulators are lower while the effectiveness of leakage distances of the insulators with the long ridges are higher. The flashover voltages of composite insulators are higher because of the hydrophobicity on its material surfaces. Comparing two types of non-soluble materials, kieselguhr and kaolin, the pollution flashover voltage of insulators polluted with kaolin is lower than that of insulators with kieselguhr because that kaolin on the insulators surfaces will absorb more water and the water is not easily run off in the wetting process.
There is a power function relationship between the pollution flashover voltage and equivalent salt deposit density or non-soluble deposit density. By using the least square method to analyze the test data, the calculational formula of pollution flashover voltages at the combined effect of equivalent salt deposit density and non-soluble deposit density is gained.
The flashover voltages in high altitude areas are combined affected by the pollution grades and air conditions. If the surface property is hydrophilic, the exponent characterizing the effect of air pressure varies between 0.507 and 0.587 for various insulators, which is not immediately related with the materials and configurations of insulators, and the exponent characterizing the effect of ambient temperature is about 0.21 because the conductivity of the wetting pollution layer is affected by the ambient temperature.
The propagation of the partial arc on the polluted insulator surface mainly depends on the balance of electrostatic force and thermal buoyand force, the effect of latter is more obvious for the bigger leakage current, which results in the arc-floating. The electrostatic force and thermal buoyand force will change with the changing of the air pressure, and the lower the air pressure is, the more obvious the effect of the thermal buoyand force is. The serious arc-floating is one of the main reasons for the reducing of the pollution flashover voltages. The comparison and analysis of the pollution discharge processes of the various insulator strings in the plains show that the partial arc develops along the surfaces of the standard insulators and their leakage distances are used well, the leakage distances of the outer-rib type insulators are not used well because of the arc-floating between their sheds, and the effectiveness of leakage distances of the anti-fog insulators because their long ridges retrain the development of the partial arc. The differences of the discharge processes verify the artificial pollution test results.
In the AC pollution discharge process of insulators, the partial arc includes surface arcs and air-gap arcs begot by arc-floating. The surface arc and air-gap arc can be characterized by a combined arc, so a discharge model of polluted insulators is introduced. The air-gap arc can be neglected for AC pollution flashover in the plains while its effect on the flashover voltages must be considered under the high altitude conditions. The statistical arc constants of the combined arc are gained by the tested results.
在国内外研究成果基础上,本文在实验室和高海拔现场对多种型式的输电线路绝缘子进行了大量的交流人工污秽试验。根据高速摄像机拍摄的放电过程和多种因素对污闪电压的影响,本文对绝缘子交流污闪特性和机理进行了深入分析。本文得到的主要结论有:
在同样的污秽度下,外伞型绝缘子的污闪电压梯度较低,而钟罩型绝缘子的有效爬电系数较高,复合绝缘子由于其材料表面的憎水性,具有较高的污闪电压。比较硅藻土和高岭土两种不溶性物质对绝缘子污闪电压的影响,由于高岭土更易吸收水分且在湿润过程中不易流失,因此以高岭土为不溶性物质的绝缘子污闪电压比硅藻土为不溶性物质的要低。
盐密和灰密对绝缘子交流污闪电压的影响规律均满足负指数幂函数关系,使用最小二乘法分析污闪试验数据,得到了盐密、灰密综合影响下的绝缘子交流污闪电压计算公式。
高海拔地区绝缘子交流污闪电压是染污程度和大气环境综合作用的结果。在表面均为亲水性的状态下,不同型式绝缘子的气压影响特征指数在0.507～0.587之间,与绝缘子材质和结构没有明显关系;绝缘子表面湿污层的电导率受到环境温度的影响,污闪电压的环境温度影响特征指数在0.21左右。
染污绝缘子局部电弧的发展主要取决于静电力和热浮力的平衡,泄漏电流的增大将使得热浮力作用增加,从而导致了飘弧现象。静电力和热浮力随着气压的改变而变化,气压越低,热浮力的作用越明显,低气压下严重的飘弧是造成绝缘子污闪电压下降的主要原因之一。对常压下不同型式绝缘子(串)污秽放电过程的比较和分析显示:标准型绝缘子局部电弧的发展紧贴着绝缘子表面,其爬电距离得到了较充分地利用;外伞型绝缘子的伞裙间易发生飘弧现象,使其爬电距离利用率降低;钟罩型绝缘子伞下的深棱抑制了局部电弧的发展,其爬电距离利用率较高。放电过程的差异验证了人工污秽试验的结果。
绝缘子交流污秽放电过程中,局部电弧由沿面电弧和飘弧导致的空气间隙电弧二部分组成,沿面电弧和空气间隙电弧可用一个合成电弧表征,由此建立污秽绝缘子的交流放电模型。对于常压下的交流放电,空气间隙电弧可以忽略,而在高海拔条件下必须考虑空气间隙电弧的作用。根据试验数据,可使用统计方法得到合成电弧的电弧常数。
Pollution flashover is one of the key issues affecting the external insulation design and safety operation of transmission lines, and there have been many studies of flashover performance and mechanism of polluted insulators in China as well as other countries. However, because of the complexity of flashover mechanism and the diversity of weather, geography and pollutants in various areas, the pollution flashover accidents still occurred continually and the study need to be putted up more. Based on the AC artificial pollution tests, this thesis aims to study the combined effect of salt deposit density and non-soluble deposit density on AC pollution flashover voltages and analyze the difference of AC pollution flashover performances and discharge processes for various types of transmission line insulators, as well as, analyze the AC flashover performances of artificial polluted insulators at high altitude sites. At the same time, based on the discharge process of insulators,the AC pollution discharge model is discussed. The studies in the thesis will make to understand the AC pollution flashover performance and mechanism, as well as, will contribute to the West-to-East Power Transmission, South-and-North Transaction and Nationwide Electricity Interconnection and will be of significant referenced values to the constructions and operations of EHV and UHV transmission lines.
Based on the existing studies in China as well as other countries, a mass of AC artificial pollution tests of some types of transmission line insulators have been carried out in the laboratory and at the high altitude sites. The AC pollution flashover performance and mechanism is analyzed through the flashover processes gained by a high speed frame camera and the combined effects of multi factors on the pollution flashover voltage. The main conclusions in the thesis are as following:
Under the same pollution grade, the pollution flashover voltage gradients of the outer-rib type insulators are lower while the effectiveness of leakage distances of the insulators with the long ridges are higher. The flashover voltages of composite insulators are higher because of the hydrophobicity on its material surfaces. Comparing two types of non-soluble materials, kieselguhr and kaolin, the pollution flashover voltage of insulators polluted with kaolin is lower than that of insulators with kieselguhr because that kaolin on the insulators surfaces will absorb more water and the water is not easily run off in the wetting process.
There is a power function relationship between the pollution flashover voltage and equivalent salt deposit density or non-soluble deposit density. By using the least square method to analyze the test data, the calculational formula of pollution flashover voltages at the combined effect of equivalent salt deposit density and non-soluble deposit density is gained.
The flashover voltages in high altitude areas are combined affected by the pollution grades and air conditions. If the surface property is hydrophilic, the exponent characterizing the effect of air pressure varies between 0.507 and 0.587 for various insulators, which is not immediately related with the materials and configurations of insulators, and the exponent characterizing the effect of ambient temperature is about 0.21 because the conductivity of the wetting pollution layer is affected by the ambient temperature.
The propagation of the partial arc on the polluted insulator surface mainly depends on the balance of electrostatic force and thermal buoyand force, the effect of latter is more obvious for the bigger leakage current, which results in the arc-floating. The electrostatic force and thermal buoyand force will change with the changing of the air pressure, and the lower the air pressure is, the more obvious the effect of the thermal buoyand force is. The serious arc-floating is one of the main reasons for the reducing of the pollution flashover voltages. The comparison and analysis of the pollution discharge processes of the various insulator strings in the plains show that the partial arc develops along the surfaces of the standard insulators and their leakage distances are used well, the leakage distances of the outer-rib type insulators are not used well because of the arc-floating between their sheds, and the effectiveness of leakage distances of the anti-fog insulators because their long ridges retrain the development of the partial arc. The differences of the discharge processes verify the artificial pollution test results.
In the AC pollution discharge process of insulators, the partial arc includes surface arcs and air-gap arcs begot by arc-floating. The surface arc and air-gap arc can be characterized by a combined arc, so a discharge model of polluted insulators is introduced. The air-gap arc can be neglected for AC pollution flashover in the plains while its effect on the flashover voltages must be considered under the high altitude conditions. The statistical arc constants of the combined arc are gained by the tested results.
引文
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