山东建大教授花园居住环境研究
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摘要
住宅空间的舒适程度是衡量人们生活质量最重要的标志之一,创造良好的居住环境是提升住宅小区整体质量、提高人们生活舒适性的一个方面。因此,如何营造环境条件更好的住宅小区,就成为小区的开发者、设计者和居住者普遍关心的问题。而居民建筑小区的空气质量状况直接受城市环境空气质量的影响。当工业废气排放源距离居住区较近时,这种污染对周围环境空气质量的影响,将直接影响到人们的身体健康。因此对小区进行环境综合评价具有重要意义。针对以上问题,本文开展了以下工作：
首先,为了研究不同因素对室外热环境的影响,总结环境变化规律,现场逐时实测了阳光区、草坪区、树荫区不同下垫面的温湿度,建筑物四面墙体的温度,并对草坪和树木对室外热环境的影响进行了CFD模拟分析研究。
其次,详述了适合风环境的湍流数学模型的选择、建立及相应的边界条件。在冬季北风最不利工况下、冬季风频率最高的北偏东60度、夏季风频率最高的西偏南60度工况下,对某实际复杂建筑小区的风速场进行了模拟,实现了理论与实践的结合。结果证明采用计算流体力学的方法并借助于商业软件PHOENICS可实现对建筑小区风环境的模拟,其对建筑小区风环境的优化设计有一定的指导意义。
第三,对居住区空气污染状况进行了理论计算和数值试验研究。运用PHOENICS数值模拟计算软件,计算了西北风下烟囱排出的SO2在小区内浓度的分布。
第四,本文利用济南气象观测站1951～2005年地面气象观测资料,对济南地区霾天气的气候特征、气象要素特征及其成因进行了分析。对小区霾个数浓度、粒径分布特征进行了测量及分析。
本文为以后综合评价小区室外环境奠定了基础,为指导居住小区规划设计、改善室外微环境指明了一条可行之路。
Whether the resident space is comfortable or not has been one of the important Standards to judge the living quality, building a good residential environment is one part to improve the entire quality of subdistrict. As the result, how to construct subdistrict with better environment becomes the focal point of developer, designer and resident. Further residential area air quality is directly influenced by urban ambient air quality, especially when the pollution source is located near the residential area, the effect of the waste air on ambient air quality will directly influence people's health. The are important to assess the outdoor microenvironment. In order to solve the above problems, some studies are carried out in this thesis:
Firstly, in order to study the different factor's effects on the outdoor thermal environment, summarize the environmental variation rule, a lot of experiments were carried out. Time variation of air temperature and humidity of the different ground surfaces of the sunlit area, the lawn area and the shaded area; the temperature of the east, west, south and north wall were tested. CFD simulation analysis is conducted and studied to the lawn and the trees on the outdoor thermal environment influence.
Secondly, the selection and establishment of the turbulence mathematical model suitable for wind environment and its boundary conditions are introduced in detail.the wind speed field around a real complex building cluster is simulated under the most unfavorable operation condition with the winter north wind, the monsoon operation condition with the winter 60 degrees north by east wind as well as the monsoon operation condition with the winter 60 degrees west by south wind, and this combines theory with practice commendably. The result is proved that the wind environment of building clusters can be simulated with the business software PHOENICS, which is very useful to the optimization design of the wind environment of building clusters.
Thirdly, Air quality of a residential community is researched through theoretical calculation and computational simulation in this paper. PHOENIS numerical simulation software is used to simulate the concentration distribution of SO2 on northwest wind.
Fourthly, the climatic characteristics and causes of hazy phenomena in Jinan were analyzed based on surface observations obtained from Jinan Meteorological Station from 1951 to 2005. The hazy number concentration and size distribution were measured.
The work of this thesis integrated evaluate the outdoor microenvironment for the later, and lets it possible to guide Residential District Planning and improves the outdoor microenvironment.
首先,为了研究不同因素对室外热环境的影响,总结环境变化规律,现场逐时实测了阳光区、草坪区、树荫区不同下垫面的温湿度,建筑物四面墙体的温度,并对草坪和树木对室外热环境的影响进行了CFD模拟分析研究。
其次,详述了适合风环境的湍流数学模型的选择、建立及相应的边界条件。在冬季北风最不利工况下、冬季风频率最高的北偏东60度、夏季风频率最高的西偏南60度工况下,对某实际复杂建筑小区的风速场进行了模拟,实现了理论与实践的结合。结果证明采用计算流体力学的方法并借助于商业软件PHOENICS可实现对建筑小区风环境的模拟,其对建筑小区风环境的优化设计有一定的指导意义。
第三,对居住区空气污染状况进行了理论计算和数值试验研究。运用PHOENICS数值模拟计算软件,计算了西北风下烟囱排出的SO2在小区内浓度的分布。
第四,本文利用济南气象观测站1951～2005年地面气象观测资料,对济南地区霾天气的气候特征、气象要素特征及其成因进行了分析。对小区霾个数浓度、粒径分布特征进行了测量及分析。
本文为以后综合评价小区室外环境奠定了基础,为指导居住小区规划设计、改善室外微环境指明了一条可行之路。
Whether the resident space is comfortable or not has been one of the important Standards to judge the living quality, building a good residential environment is one part to improve the entire quality of subdistrict. As the result, how to construct subdistrict with better environment becomes the focal point of developer, designer and resident. Further residential area air quality is directly influenced by urban ambient air quality, especially when the pollution source is located near the residential area, the effect of the waste air on ambient air quality will directly influence people's health. The are important to assess the outdoor microenvironment. In order to solve the above problems, some studies are carried out in this thesis:
Firstly, in order to study the different factor's effects on the outdoor thermal environment, summarize the environmental variation rule, a lot of experiments were carried out. Time variation of air temperature and humidity of the different ground surfaces of the sunlit area, the lawn area and the shaded area; the temperature of the east, west, south and north wall were tested. CFD simulation analysis is conducted and studied to the lawn and the trees on the outdoor thermal environment influence.
Secondly, the selection and establishment of the turbulence mathematical model suitable for wind environment and its boundary conditions are introduced in detail.the wind speed field around a real complex building cluster is simulated under the most unfavorable operation condition with the winter north wind, the monsoon operation condition with the winter 60 degrees north by east wind as well as the monsoon operation condition with the winter 60 degrees west by south wind, and this combines theory with practice commendably. The result is proved that the wind environment of building clusters can be simulated with the business software PHOENICS, which is very useful to the optimization design of the wind environment of building clusters.
Thirdly, Air quality of a residential community is researched through theoretical calculation and computational simulation in this paper. PHOENIS numerical simulation software is used to simulate the concentration distribution of SO2 on northwest wind.
Fourthly, the climatic characteristics and causes of hazy phenomena in Jinan were analyzed based on surface observations obtained from Jinan Meteorological Station from 1951 to 2005. The hazy number concentration and size distribution were measured.
The work of this thesis integrated evaluate the outdoor microenvironment for the later, and lets it possible to guide Residential District Planning and improves the outdoor microenvironment.
引文
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[3]王菲.城市小区建筑热环境的模拟与评价[D].山东建筑大学硕十学位论文,2005.5
[4]马秀力.室外微环境对空调能耗影响的研究[D].山东建筑大学硕士学位论文,2006.5
[5]张爱社、顾明等.建筑群行人高度风环境的数值模拟[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(8)：1030～1033
[6]江明.居住小区风环境模拟与分析[J],山西建筑,2008,34(4)：38-39
[7]S.Murakami.A.Mochida.Three Dimensional Numerical of Airflow Around a Cubic Model By Means of Large Eddy Simulation.J. Wind EngrLondon. Aerodyn.,25:291-305(1987)
[8]Song.C.C.S, He.J.Evaluation of pedestrian winds in urban area by numerical approach. International Workshop on "CFD for Wind Climate in Cities":239～24
[9]R.Giridharan, SS.Y.Lau, S. Ganesan. Nocturnal heat island effect in urban residential developments of Hong Kong[J].Energy and Buildings.37(2005)964-971.
[10]Oman S. BaHammam Sustainable development of streetscape in the desert city of Riyadh-Saudi Arabia, Proceedings of International Conference on Sustainable Development in Building and Environment,2003, Vol.2
[11]]裴晶晶.废气污染对建筑小区空气质量影响的研究[D].天津大学硕士学位论文,2006.6
[12]金颖,周伟国,阮应君.烟气扩散的CFD数值模拟[J].安全与环境学报2002,Vol.2.No.1 21～23
[13]苗世光,蒋维嵋,王晓云等.城市小区气象与污染扩散数值模式建立的研究[J].环境科学学报2002,Vol.22,No.4479～453
[14]姚仁太.排放高度对建筑物尾流扩散影响的分析与蒙特卡罗模拟[J].辐射防护,2001,Vol.21 No.4219～226
[15]梁向丽,符永正等.空气动力阴影区对高层建筑周围污染物浓度分布的影响[J].工业安全与环保,2003 Vol(12)：21～23
[16]李莉.污染物对建筑小区影响的数值模拟[D].天津大学硕士学位论文,2006.2
[17]童尧青.南京地区霆天气及其污染特征分析[D].2008年南京信息工程大学研究生毕业论文,2008.5
[18]罗清泉.重庆主城区大气可吸入颗粒物与雾水污染特征研究[D].重庆大学博士论文,2005.5
[19]高建.大气颗粒物个数浓度、粒径分布及颗粒物生成—成长过程研究[D].山东大学博士论文,2008.4
[20]H.KAPLAN and N.DNIAR.ALAGRANGIAN DISPERSION MODEL FOR CALCLJLATING CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION WITH INA BUILT-UP DOMANI[J], Atmospheric Environment Vol.30.No.24, pp.41974207,1996
[21]M.Y.Tsai, K.S.Chen, Measurements and three dimensional modeling of air pollutant dispersion in an Urban Street Canyon[J], Atmospheric Environment 38(2004):5911-5924
[22]J.C.Chow.Measurement Methods to Determine Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Standards for Suspended Particles[J].JAWMA,1995,45(5):320-382.
[23]Dick W D, Saxena P, McMurry P H.Estimation of water uptake by organic compounds in submicron aerosols measured during the southeastern aerosol particles and visibility study[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research.2000,105D:471-1479.
[24]Dockery D W, Pope C A, Xu X.An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities[J]. New England Journal of Medicine.1993,329:1753-1759.
[25]Dusek, U., Frank, G.P., Hildebrand, L., et al..2006.Size Matters More Than Chemistry for cloud nucleating ability of aerosol Partieles. Science312,1375.
[26]Wehner, B., A.WiedensohlerT.M.Tuch, Z.J.Wu, M.Hu, J.Slanina, and C.S.Kiang(2004). Variability of the aerosol number size distribution in Beijing, China:New Partie formation, dust storm and high continental background, Geophys.Res.Lett,31, L22108, doii:10.1029/2004GL02159
[27]马克斯TA,英里斯E N.建筑物·气候·能量[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1990：158-166
[28]姜瑜君,桑建国,张伯寅.高层建筑的风环境评估[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),20061,42(1),68-73.
[29]TahirAyata ErolArcaklioglu.OsmanYildiz.Application of ANN to explore the potential use of natural ventilation in buildings in Turkey[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2007,27(1):12-20.
[30]C.Ghiausa, b,*, F.Allarda, M.Santamourisc, C.Georgakisc, F.Nicold.Urbanenvironment influence on natural ventilation potential[J].Building and Environment,2006(41):395-406.
[31]He J. Song C.C.S. Evaluation of pedestrian winds in urban area by numerical approach [J]. J. Wind EngrLondon Aerodyn,1999.81:295.
[32]Gosman A D.Developments in CFD for industrial and environ-mental applications in wind engineering [J]J Wind EngrLondon Aerodyn,1999.81:21.
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