强精煎治疗少弱精子症的临床疗效及其抗氧化与调控能量代谢的机理研究
|
摘要
[目的]
男性不育症是影响人类健康及子孙繁衍的重大疾病,常常表现为少弱精子症,其中过度氧化与能量代谢障碍可能是其关键病理生理学机制。目前,缺乏对少弱精子症的有效治疗药物。前期研究发现,具有健脾益肾功效的中药验方强精煎可抑制生精功能障碍大鼠生精细胞凋亡,并恢复睾丸的生精功能,但具体机制尚未清楚。本项目基于中医学对少弱精子症脾肾两虚的病机认识,在前期研究的基础上临床观察强精煎治疗脾肾两虚少弱精子症患者的疗效,并应用奥硝唑诱导建立少弱精子症大鼠模型,进一步探讨强精煎对该模型大鼠精子质量的影响,观察强精煎对少弱精子症模型大鼠睾丸及附睾组织病理组织、超微结构、抗氧化作用、能量代谢、氧化损伤调控效应因子(Nrf2)和能量代谢调控酶琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)基因表达的影响,探讨强精煎治疗少弱精子症的作用机制。
[方法]
1.临床观察：将符合脾肾两虚的男性不育少弱精子症患者120例随机分为对照组(黄精赞育胶囊组)与治疗组(强精煎组)。治疗组给予口服强精煎治疗,对照组给予口服黄精赞育胶囊治疗,疗程3个月。治疗结束后检测精子密度、活力、活率、精子形态率、精子膜表面抗精子抗体等指标,以及评价其安全性。
2.动物实验：将SPF级实验动物100只雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液组、强精煎组,每组20只。正常组每天给予生理盐水灌胃；模型组予奥硝唑ORN(800mg/kg·d)灌胃；黄精赞育胶囊组予ORN(800mg/kg·d)+黄精赞育胶囊(200mg/kg·d)灌胃；左卡尼汀口服溶液组大鼠给予ORN(800mg/kg·d)+左卡尼汀口服溶液(100mg/kg·d)灌胃；强精煎组大鼠每天给予ORN (800mg/kg-d)+强精煎配方颗粒(10g/kg·d)灌胃。黄精赞育胶囊、左卡尼汀口服溶液、强精煎均溶于生理盐水,疗程4周。治疗结束后,观察大鼠睾丸、附睾组织病理及其超微结构,分析附睾精子密度和活率,以及检测附睾组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、a-葡糖苷酶、果糖浓度等指标,并采用Real-time PCR法检测大鼠附睾组织Nrf2和SDHmRNA水平。
[结果]
1.临床研究：①与对照组相比,强精煎显著提高a级和a+b级精子活力、精子密度及精子形态率(P<0.05),总有效率也明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。②强精煎未见明显毒副作用及不良反应。
2.动物实验：①模型组大鼠附睾的精子密度及活动率明显低于正常组(P<0.05),而强精煎组、黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液组的精子密度和活动率则明显高于模型组(P<0.05),并且强精煎组与正常组相类似(P<0.05)；②病理研究显示,模型组大鼠睾丸生精小管管腔内可见脱落的各级生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目明显减少,有较多的非精子细胞成分,而强精煎组、黄精赞育胶囊组及左卡尼汀口服溶液组大鼠睾丸、附睾均未见明显改变,睾丸生精小管内及附睾管腔均可见大量精子；超微结构显示模型组附睾管壁变薄,管腔内精子明显减少,不能充满管腔,排列紊乱,附睾管腔问间隙增大；与模型组相比,强精煎组、黄精赞育胶囊组及左卡尼汀口服溶液组附睾管壁较厚,精子充满管腔,排列较为规则,呈团簇样,管腔间隙较紧密,均与正常组类似。③模型组SOD和GSH-Px含量明显低于正常组(P<0.05),而MDA含量则明显高于正常组(P<0.05)；与模型组相比,黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液组和强精煎组SOD、GSH-Px明显高于模型组(P<0.05),而MDA含量明显低于模型组(P<0.05)；强精煎组SOD、MDA和GSH-Px含量与正常组相类似(P>0.05)。Real-time PCR结果显示,模型组Nrf2mRNA比正常组明显下降(P<0.05)；与模型组比较,黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液细和强精煎组Nrf2mRNA明显升高(P<0.05),也高于正常组(P<0.05),并且强精煎组表达量明显高于黄精赞育胶囊组或左卡尼汀口服溶液组(P<0.05)。④与正常组相比,模型组a-葡糖苷酶、果糖浓度明显下降(P<0.05),而LDH明显高于正常组(P<0.05)；与模型组相比,黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液资组和强精煎组a-葡糖苷酶、果糖浓度明显高于模型组(P<0.05),而LDH则明显低于模型组(P<0.05)；强精煎组LDH、a-葡糖苷酶和果糖浓度都与正常组相类似(P>0.05)。Real-time PCR结果显示,模型组SDHmRNA明显低于正常组(P<0.05)；与模型组比较,黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液细和强精煎组SDHmRNA明显升高(P<0.05),也高于正常组(P<0.05),并且强精煎组表达量明显高于黄精赞育胶囊组或左卡尼汀口服容液组(P<0.05)。
[结论]
1.强精煎可以明显提高人精子质量,改善精子活力及活率、精子形态率,并且无毒副作用。
2.奥硝唑可诱导大鼠产生弱少精子症,并且与氧化过度和能量代谢障碍密切相关。
3.强精煎可以改善甚至逆转奥硝唑诱导产生的弱少精子症。
4.强精煎可以改善奥硝唑诱导附睾和睾丸的病理组织结构与超微结构。
5.抗氧化作用和改善能量代谢很可能是强精煎治疗弱少精子症的机制。
Objective
Male infertility, a critical disease involving human health and the generations of descendants, often shows oligospermia and asthenospermia, and the key pathophysiology mechanisms may refer to excessive oxidation and dysfunction of energy metabolism. At present, the effective drugs for oligospermia and asthenospermia are lack. Previous studies revealed that Qianjing decoction, a Chinese prescription performing to invigorate spleen and kidney, inhibits apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in rats with spermatogenic dysfunction and recovers the function, but the potential mechanisms remain unclear. Based on the interpretation of asthenia of both the spleen and kidney for oligospermia and asthenospermia according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the previous researches, the present study aimed to investigate the curative effects of Qianjing decoction on the patients with oligospermia and/or asthenospermia who were consistent with asthenia of both the spleen and kidney, and on the sperm quality in ornidazole-induced rats with oligospermia and asthenospermia. Moreover, the study was conducted to observe the effects of the decoction on the testicle and epididymal tissue pathology, ultrastructure, antioxidation, energy metabolism, and the gene expression of SDH and Nrf2which involve in antioxidation and energy metabolism respectively in rats with oligospermia and asthenospermia, which would reveal the mechanisms of Qiangjing decoction in treating the disease.
Methods
1. Clinical trial:One hundred and twenty patients with oligospermia and/or asthenospermia who were consistent with asthenia of both the spleen and kidney according to TCM were randomly assigned to the control (Huangzanyu capsule, n=60) and the treated(Qiangjing decoction, n=60) groups. The former was received Huangzanyu capsule, while the latter was given Qiangjing decoction. The course lasted3months. After treatment, the indexes including sperm concentration, motility and viability, the rate of teratosperm, and antisperm antibody were checked, and the safety was also evaluated.
2. Animal experimental design:One hundred SPF male rats were randomly divided into5groups:the normal group (n=20) receiving saline solution by intragastric administration, the model group (n=20) receiving ornidazole (800mg/kg.d), the huangjingzanyu capsule group (n=20) receiving ornidazole (800mg/kg.d) and huangjingzanyu capsule (200mg/kg.d), the levocarnitine group (n=20) receiving ornidazole (800mg/kg.d) and levocarnitine (100mg/kg.d), and the Qiangjing decoction group (n=20) receiving ornidazole (800mg/kg.d) and Qiangjing decoction (10g/kg.d). The treatment continued4weeks. After treatment, the pathology and ultrastructure of testis and epididymal tissue were investigated, sperm concentration and motility were detected, and the indexes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a-glucosidase, and fructose in the epididymal homogenate were also determined.Moreover, the mRNA levels of Nrf2and SDH in the epididymal tissue were measured using Real-time PCR.
Results
1. Clinical trial:1) Compared to the control group, Qiangjing decoction efficiently enhanced class a and a+b sperm motility and sperm concentration, improved sperm morphology (all P<0.05), and total effective rate in Qiangjing decoction was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05).2) Qiangjing decoction had few side effects and adverse reactions.
2. Animal trial:1) Both of sperm concentration and motility in the model group were obvious lower than that in the normal group (P<0.05), while the indexes in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group were significant higher than that in the model group (P＜0.05), and the indexes in the Qiangjing decoction group were similar to the normal group (P>0.05).2) According to the pathology studies, there were different spermatogenic cells which were dropped in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, and a lot of non-sperm cell components in the epididymal lumens with decreased sperm cells in the model group. Compared to the normal group, there were few changes in the testis and epididymis with a great many of sperm cells in the Qiangjing decoction group, the huangjingzanyu capsule group, and the levocarnitine group. In ultrastructure, the epididymal lumens wall was thin with decreased sperm cells in epididymal lumens in the model group, and the epididymal lumens were in disorder, the gap between epididymal lumens were increased. Compared to the model group, the epididymal lumens wall was thick with full sperm cells in epididymal lumens in the Qiangjing decoction group, the huangjingzanyu capsule group, and the levocarnitine group, and the epididymal lumens were in order, the gap between epididymal lumens were smaller, which were all similar to the normal group.3) SOD and GSH-Px in the model group were much lower than that in the normal group (P＜0.05), while MDA higher than normal group (P＜0.05). Compared to the model group, the indexes of SOD and GSH-Px in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group were obviously increased (P<0.05), but MDA was lower than that in the model group (P＜0.05). The three indexes in the Qiangjing decoction group were all similar to the normal group (P>0.05). Real-time PCR revealed that the mRNA level of Nrf2was significantly decreased compared to the normal group (P＜0.05). And the mRNA level in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group was markedly increased when compared to the model group or the normal group (P＜0.05). Moreover, the mRNA level in the Qiangjing decoction group was much higher than that in the huangjingzanyu capsule group or the levocarnitine group (P＜0.05).4) Compared to the normal group, a-glucosidase and fructose in the model group were decreased (P＜0.05), while LDH higher than normal group (P＜0.05). Compared to the model group, the indexes of a-glucosidase and fructose in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group were obviously increased (P＜0.05), but LDH was lower than that in the model group (P＜0.05). The three indexes in the Qiangjing decoction group were similar to the normal group (P>0.05). Real-time PCR revealed that the mRNA level of SDH was markedly decreased compared to the normal group (P＜0.05). And the mRNA level in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group was significantly increased when compared to the model group or the normal group (P＜0.05). Moreover, the mRNA level in the Oiangjing decoction group was much higher than that in the huangjingzanyu capsule group or the levocarnitine group.
Conclusions
X.Qiangjing decoction significantly enhances sperm quality, improves the sperm motility and viability, and the rate of teratosperm in the patients with oligospermia and/or asthenospermia.
2.Ornidazole induces oligospermia and asthenospermia in rats, which has close relationship with excessive oxidation and dysfunction of energy metabolism.
3.Qiangjing decoction improves and even reverses ornidazole-induced oligospermia and asthenospermia in rats.
4.Qiangjing decoction improves the pathology structure and ultrastructure of testis and epididymal tissue in ornidazole-induced rats.
5.Antioxidation and improvement of energy metabolism are likely the mechanisms of Qiangjing decoction in treating oligospermia and asthenospermia.
男性不育症是影响人类健康及子孙繁衍的重大疾病,常常表现为少弱精子症,其中过度氧化与能量代谢障碍可能是其关键病理生理学机制。目前,缺乏对少弱精子症的有效治疗药物。前期研究发现,具有健脾益肾功效的中药验方强精煎可抑制生精功能障碍大鼠生精细胞凋亡,并恢复睾丸的生精功能,但具体机制尚未清楚。本项目基于中医学对少弱精子症脾肾两虚的病机认识,在前期研究的基础上临床观察强精煎治疗脾肾两虚少弱精子症患者的疗效,并应用奥硝唑诱导建立少弱精子症大鼠模型,进一步探讨强精煎对该模型大鼠精子质量的影响,观察强精煎对少弱精子症模型大鼠睾丸及附睾组织病理组织、超微结构、抗氧化作用、能量代谢、氧化损伤调控效应因子(Nrf2)和能量代谢调控酶琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)基因表达的影响,探讨强精煎治疗少弱精子症的作用机制。
[方法]
1.临床观察：将符合脾肾两虚的男性不育少弱精子症患者120例随机分为对照组(黄精赞育胶囊组)与治疗组(强精煎组)。治疗组给予口服强精煎治疗,对照组给予口服黄精赞育胶囊治疗,疗程3个月。治疗结束后检测精子密度、活力、活率、精子形态率、精子膜表面抗精子抗体等指标,以及评价其安全性。
2.动物实验：将SPF级实验动物100只雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液组、强精煎组,每组20只。正常组每天给予生理盐水灌胃；模型组予奥硝唑ORN(800mg/kg·d)灌胃；黄精赞育胶囊组予ORN(800mg/kg·d)+黄精赞育胶囊(200mg/kg·d)灌胃；左卡尼汀口服溶液组大鼠给予ORN(800mg/kg·d)+左卡尼汀口服溶液(100mg/kg·d)灌胃；强精煎组大鼠每天给予ORN (800mg/kg-d)+强精煎配方颗粒(10g/kg·d)灌胃。黄精赞育胶囊、左卡尼汀口服溶液、强精煎均溶于生理盐水,疗程4周。治疗结束后,观察大鼠睾丸、附睾组织病理及其超微结构,分析附睾精子密度和活率,以及检测附睾组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、a-葡糖苷酶、果糖浓度等指标,并采用Real-time PCR法检测大鼠附睾组织Nrf2和SDHmRNA水平。
[结果]
1.临床研究：①与对照组相比,强精煎显著提高a级和a+b级精子活力、精子密度及精子形态率(P<0.05),总有效率也明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。②强精煎未见明显毒副作用及不良反应。
2.动物实验：①模型组大鼠附睾的精子密度及活动率明显低于正常组(P<0.05),而强精煎组、黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液组的精子密度和活动率则明显高于模型组(P<0.05),并且强精煎组与正常组相类似(P<0.05)；②病理研究显示,模型组大鼠睾丸生精小管管腔内可见脱落的各级生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目明显减少,有较多的非精子细胞成分,而强精煎组、黄精赞育胶囊组及左卡尼汀口服溶液组大鼠睾丸、附睾均未见明显改变,睾丸生精小管内及附睾管腔均可见大量精子；超微结构显示模型组附睾管壁变薄,管腔内精子明显减少,不能充满管腔,排列紊乱,附睾管腔问间隙增大；与模型组相比,强精煎组、黄精赞育胶囊组及左卡尼汀口服溶液组附睾管壁较厚,精子充满管腔,排列较为规则,呈团簇样,管腔间隙较紧密,均与正常组类似。③模型组SOD和GSH-Px含量明显低于正常组(P<0.05),而MDA含量则明显高于正常组(P<0.05)；与模型组相比,黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液组和强精煎组SOD、GSH-Px明显高于模型组(P<0.05),而MDA含量明显低于模型组(P<0.05)；强精煎组SOD、MDA和GSH-Px含量与正常组相类似(P>0.05)。Real-time PCR结果显示,模型组Nrf2mRNA比正常组明显下降(P<0.05)；与模型组比较,黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液细和强精煎组Nrf2mRNA明显升高(P<0.05),也高于正常组(P<0.05),并且强精煎组表达量明显高于黄精赞育胶囊组或左卡尼汀口服溶液组(P<0.05)。④与正常组相比,模型组a-葡糖苷酶、果糖浓度明显下降(P<0.05),而LDH明显高于正常组(P<0.05)；与模型组相比,黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液资组和强精煎组a-葡糖苷酶、果糖浓度明显高于模型组(P<0.05),而LDH则明显低于模型组(P<0.05)；强精煎组LDH、a-葡糖苷酶和果糖浓度都与正常组相类似(P>0.05)。Real-time PCR结果显示,模型组SDHmRNA明显低于正常组(P<0.05)；与模型组比较,黄精赞育胶囊组、左卡尼汀口服溶液细和强精煎组SDHmRNA明显升高(P<0.05),也高于正常组(P<0.05),并且强精煎组表达量明显高于黄精赞育胶囊组或左卡尼汀口服容液组(P<0.05)。
[结论]
1.强精煎可以明显提高人精子质量,改善精子活力及活率、精子形态率,并且无毒副作用。
2.奥硝唑可诱导大鼠产生弱少精子症,并且与氧化过度和能量代谢障碍密切相关。
3.强精煎可以改善甚至逆转奥硝唑诱导产生的弱少精子症。
4.强精煎可以改善奥硝唑诱导附睾和睾丸的病理组织结构与超微结构。
5.抗氧化作用和改善能量代谢很可能是强精煎治疗弱少精子症的机制。
Objective
Male infertility, a critical disease involving human health and the generations of descendants, often shows oligospermia and asthenospermia, and the key pathophysiology mechanisms may refer to excessive oxidation and dysfunction of energy metabolism. At present, the effective drugs for oligospermia and asthenospermia are lack. Previous studies revealed that Qianjing decoction, a Chinese prescription performing to invigorate spleen and kidney, inhibits apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in rats with spermatogenic dysfunction and recovers the function, but the potential mechanisms remain unclear. Based on the interpretation of asthenia of both the spleen and kidney for oligospermia and asthenospermia according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the previous researches, the present study aimed to investigate the curative effects of Qianjing decoction on the patients with oligospermia and/or asthenospermia who were consistent with asthenia of both the spleen and kidney, and on the sperm quality in ornidazole-induced rats with oligospermia and asthenospermia. Moreover, the study was conducted to observe the effects of the decoction on the testicle and epididymal tissue pathology, ultrastructure, antioxidation, energy metabolism, and the gene expression of SDH and Nrf2which involve in antioxidation and energy metabolism respectively in rats with oligospermia and asthenospermia, which would reveal the mechanisms of Qiangjing decoction in treating the disease.
Methods
1. Clinical trial:One hundred and twenty patients with oligospermia and/or asthenospermia who were consistent with asthenia of both the spleen and kidney according to TCM were randomly assigned to the control (Huangzanyu capsule, n=60) and the treated(Qiangjing decoction, n=60) groups. The former was received Huangzanyu capsule, while the latter was given Qiangjing decoction. The course lasted3months. After treatment, the indexes including sperm concentration, motility and viability, the rate of teratosperm, and antisperm antibody were checked, and the safety was also evaluated.
2. Animal experimental design:One hundred SPF male rats were randomly divided into5groups:the normal group (n=20) receiving saline solution by intragastric administration, the model group (n=20) receiving ornidazole (800mg/kg.d), the huangjingzanyu capsule group (n=20) receiving ornidazole (800mg/kg.d) and huangjingzanyu capsule (200mg/kg.d), the levocarnitine group (n=20) receiving ornidazole (800mg/kg.d) and levocarnitine (100mg/kg.d), and the Qiangjing decoction group (n=20) receiving ornidazole (800mg/kg.d) and Qiangjing decoction (10g/kg.d). The treatment continued4weeks. After treatment, the pathology and ultrastructure of testis and epididymal tissue were investigated, sperm concentration and motility were detected, and the indexes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a-glucosidase, and fructose in the epididymal homogenate were also determined.Moreover, the mRNA levels of Nrf2and SDH in the epididymal tissue were measured using Real-time PCR.
Results
1. Clinical trial:1) Compared to the control group, Qiangjing decoction efficiently enhanced class a and a+b sperm motility and sperm concentration, improved sperm morphology (all P<0.05), and total effective rate in Qiangjing decoction was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05).2) Qiangjing decoction had few side effects and adverse reactions.
2. Animal trial:1) Both of sperm concentration and motility in the model group were obvious lower than that in the normal group (P<0.05), while the indexes in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group were significant higher than that in the model group (P＜0.05), and the indexes in the Qiangjing decoction group were similar to the normal group (P>0.05).2) According to the pathology studies, there were different spermatogenic cells which were dropped in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, and a lot of non-sperm cell components in the epididymal lumens with decreased sperm cells in the model group. Compared to the normal group, there were few changes in the testis and epididymis with a great many of sperm cells in the Qiangjing decoction group, the huangjingzanyu capsule group, and the levocarnitine group. In ultrastructure, the epididymal lumens wall was thin with decreased sperm cells in epididymal lumens in the model group, and the epididymal lumens were in disorder, the gap between epididymal lumens were increased. Compared to the model group, the epididymal lumens wall was thick with full sperm cells in epididymal lumens in the Qiangjing decoction group, the huangjingzanyu capsule group, and the levocarnitine group, and the epididymal lumens were in order, the gap between epididymal lumens were smaller, which were all similar to the normal group.3) SOD and GSH-Px in the model group were much lower than that in the normal group (P＜0.05), while MDA higher than normal group (P＜0.05). Compared to the model group, the indexes of SOD and GSH-Px in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group were obviously increased (P<0.05), but MDA was lower than that in the model group (P＜0.05). The three indexes in the Qiangjing decoction group were all similar to the normal group (P>0.05). Real-time PCR revealed that the mRNA level of Nrf2was significantly decreased compared to the normal group (P＜0.05). And the mRNA level in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group was markedly increased when compared to the model group or the normal group (P＜0.05). Moreover, the mRNA level in the Qiangjing decoction group was much higher than that in the huangjingzanyu capsule group or the levocarnitine group (P＜0.05).4) Compared to the normal group, a-glucosidase and fructose in the model group were decreased (P＜0.05), while LDH higher than normal group (P＜0.05). Compared to the model group, the indexes of a-glucosidase and fructose in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group were obviously increased (P＜0.05), but LDH was lower than that in the model group (P＜0.05). The three indexes in the Qiangjing decoction group were similar to the normal group (P>0.05). Real-time PCR revealed that the mRNA level of SDH was markedly decreased compared to the normal group (P＜0.05). And the mRNA level in the huangjingzanyu capsule group, the levocarnitine group, and the Qiangjing decoction group was significantly increased when compared to the model group or the normal group (P＜0.05). Moreover, the mRNA level in the Oiangjing decoction group was much higher than that in the huangjingzanyu capsule group or the levocarnitine group.
Conclusions
X.Qiangjing decoction significantly enhances sperm quality, improves the sperm motility and viability, and the rate of teratosperm in the patients with oligospermia and/or asthenospermia.
2.Ornidazole induces oligospermia and asthenospermia in rats, which has close relationship with excessive oxidation and dysfunction of energy metabolism.
3.Qiangjing decoction improves and even reverses ornidazole-induced oligospermia and asthenospermia in rats.
4.Qiangjing decoction improves the pathology structure and ultrastructure of testis and epididymal tissue in ornidazole-induced rats.
5.Antioxidation and improvement of energy metabolism are likely the mechanisms of Qiangjing decoction in treating oligospermia and asthenospermia.
引文
[1]Dada R,upta NP,ucherla K.Molecular screening for Yq mierodeletion in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia and azoospermia[J]. Biosci,2003,28(2): 163-168.
[2]张树成,王洪毅.1981～1996年我国有生育力男性精液质量的变化分析[J]. 生殖与避孕,1999,19(1)：27-33.
[3]Zhu H,Itoh K,Yamamoto M,et al.Role of Nrf2 signaling in regulation of antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes in cardiac fibroblasts:protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced cell injury[J].FEBS Lett,2005,579(14):3029-3036.
[4]Surh YJ,Kundu JK,Na HK.Nrf2 as a master redox switch in turning on the cellular signaling involved in the induction of cytoprotective genes by some chemopreventive phytochemicals [J]. Planta Med,2008,74(13):1526-1539.
[5]Jung KA,Kwak MK.The Nrf2 system as a potential target for the development of indirect antioxidants.Molecules[J].2010,15(10):7266-7291.
[6]Paul C,Teng S,Saunders PT.A single, mild,transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes,which induces germ cell death[J].Biol Reprod,2009,80(5):913-919.
[7]郑芸鹤,黄璐,侯旭剑,等.二甲基甲酰胺对小鼠睾丸组织结构和睾丸酶的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2008,25(9)：779-781.
[8]世界卫生组织.男子不育标准化诊疗手册[M].李铮,等,译.上海：第二届亚太男科学术论坛暨男性不育规范化培训讲义,2006.
[9]徐福松.男科临证指要[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2008.
[10]徐福松.徐福松实用中医男科学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2009.
[11]戚广崇.男子不育证治八法[J].上海中医药杂志,1989,7：16-17.
[12]王劲松,曾庆琪,徐福松.精液不液化致不育症辨治六法[J].辽宁中医杂志,2008.1：53-54.
[13]王劲松,曾庆琪,徐福松.男子不育症辨治9法[J].四川中医,2008,26(4)：12-13.
[14]郑毅春,何清湖,卢芳国.中西医结合治疗解脲脲原体感染性不育症56例[J].中医药学刊,2002,20(11)：109-110.
[15]黄建松,何清湖.中医药治疗男性免疫性不育的规律研究[J].湖南中医药大学学报,2009,29(3)：72-74.
[16]赵建业,何清湖.从微观辨证谈虫类药在男科疾病中的应用[J].吉林中医药,2011,31(3)：258-259.
[17]何清湖,秦国政.中西医结合男科学[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[18]秦国政.中医男科学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2012,06.
[19]曹开镛.男性不育症的治疗[J].男科学报,1998,4(40)：224-230.
[20]曹开镛.中医男科诊断治疗学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2007.
[21]何清湖,郑毅春,李儇羽.金匮肾气丸治男性不育症临床观察[J].天津中医药,2003,20(1)：18-20.
[22]朱玉芬.中医辨证分型治疗男性不育少精子症158例[J].国医论坛,2002,17(4)：20-21.
[23]王喜志.少弱精子症的辨病和辨证治疗分析[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2003,10(6)：65-66.
[24]周巧艳,郭凤月,李兴华,等.五子衍宗丸和金匮肾气丸化裁辨证治疗少弱精子症141例[J].河北中医,2011,33(12)：1838-1840.
[25]宾彬,王杰.从“脾肾两虚兼湿热瘀毒”论治少弱精子症[J].甘肃中医,2010,23(7)：36-37.
[26]郑怀南,徐福松.聚精汤治疗男性不育症50例疗效观察[J].中医药研究,2002,18(4)：88.
[27]梁显标.灵芪五子汤治疗少弱精子症60例[J].光明中医,2008,23(10)：1517-1518.
[28]黎杰运,洪志明,陈德宁,等.从肝论治少、弱精子症的临床研究及作用机理探讨[J].中医药学吧,2009,37(3):55-57.
[29]刘建荣,王怀秀.精索静脉曲张性不育的中西医治疗[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2007,7(11)：971.
[30]胡那顺,包玉荣,郎四海.补肾生精中药辩证治疗少、弱精子症疗效分析[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,3：181-182.
[31]刘铁,苏家文.清利湿热结合补益生精法治疗不育症的临床观察[J].中国性科学,2010,19(9)：18-20.
[32]王瑞,张卫星,王祖龙,等.益肾生精冲剂治疗少精弱精症1276例[J].郑州大学学报(医学版),2009,44(3)：501-503.
[33]朱玲仙,毛金观.活力泉合剂的制备与临床疗效观察[J].实用药物与临床,2007,10(2)：119-121.
[34]武小强,武凯歌,杨宇,等.加味六味地黄汤治疗少、弱精男性不育症疗效分析[J].中国医药导报,2012,9(3)：106-108.
[35]沈蓉蓉.夏治平针药结合治疗特发性少弱精子症[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2011,17(4)：257-258.
[36]石秀峰.针灸与中药治疗男性不育少、弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国当代医药,2009,16(15)：115-116.
[37]陈麟,谢彬,吕绍光,等.隔姜温针灸结合自拟益精方治疗肾虚型不育症临床观察[J].针灸临床杂志,2011,27(10)：6-8.
[38]刘莉,岳宗相,浦玮,等.育子汤配合电针刺激对弱精症患者精浆锌的影响[J].现代临床医学,2011,37(4)：251-252.
[39]张振卿,刘新军.十子生精散合它莫昔芬治疗特发性少精子症临床观察[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(9)：67-68.
[40]杨文涛,李群生,乔飞,等.中西医结合治疗重度少弱精症55例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2011,38(1)：121-123.
[41]吴镝.中西医结合治疗男性少弱精症的临床疗效观察[J].中华全科医学2012,10(3)：429-430.
[42]张树成,贺斌,王尚明,等.五子衍宗丸和金匮肾气丸对动物生精功能影响的比较研究[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2009,7：401-404.
[43]李静,赖新生,涂成文.电针治疗对睾丸功能损害雄性大鼠精子数量和质量的影响[J].广州中医药大学学报,2006,23(4)：315-316.
[44]邓平荟,曾金雄,王如瑶.补肾益精方对实验性生精障碍大鼠精子质量及血清NO的影响[J].中国性科学,2006,15(9)：20-23.
[45]王旭初,刘文轩,王国华,等.育子丸治疗大鼠雄性不育[J].中国生育健康杂志,2006,17(4)：233-235.
[46]黄宇烽,潘连军,黄卫东.男科医师手册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2009.
[47]王琦.王琦男科学[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社,2007.
[48]何清湖,秦国政.中西医结合男科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2005.
[49]黄宇烽,李宏军.实用男科学[M].北京：科学出版社,2009.
[50]贾金铭.中国中西医结合男科学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2005.
[51]郭应禄,胡礼泉.男科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004.
[52]冯明.男性不育症患者生殖道分泌物检测结果分析(附278例报道)[J].中国医药 指南,2012,10(5)：139-140.
[53]赵劲松,钟玲玲,高绪锋.500例男性不育症患者精液检查结果分析[J].内科,2011,6(1)：46.-47.
[54]郭桂林,张影.男性不育症常见原因分析[J].医学检验,2011,18(28)：82-83.
[55]孟小波.男性不育患者抗精子抗体检测及临床应用[J].中国社区医生·医学专业,2011,13(28)：232.
[56]刘柳,陈锋,李杨亮.男性不育患者血清生殖激素水平检测及其临床意义[J].标记免疫分析与临床,2011,18(3)：195-196.
[57]唐文豪,姜辉,马潞林,等.男性不育患者精子形态学分析与生殖激素关系的研究[J].中华男科学杂志,2012,18(3)：243-247.
[58]王海旭,周党侠,李砚,等.现代泌尿外科杂志,2012,17(2)：125-128.
[59]孙祥,魏永,张芹,等.精索静脉曲张患者精浆生化指标测定及临床意义[J].中华男科学杂志,2012,18(1)：74-75.
[60]吕逸清,陈斌.精索静脉曲张致不育机制研究进展[J].中华男科学杂志,2008,14(5)：454-458.
[61]王芳,杨尧,何玺玉.208例男性不育遗传学病因分析研究[J].中国优生与遗传杂志,2011,19(3)：34-36.
[62]周明君.男性不育症患者细胞遗传学分析与临床研究[J].中国优生与遗传杂志,2011,19(12)：56-59.
[63]宾彬,姚重华,王杰,等.强精煎对模型小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡影响的实验研究[J].中药药理与临床,2008,24(2)：91-92.
[64]宾彬,王杰,陈定雄,等.强精煎对小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡相关基因表达影响的研究[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2011,13(6)：10-12.
[65]刘贺亮,陈长生,秦军,等.金匮肾气丸对肾阳虚证雄性大鼠生精细胞中凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的影响[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2011,15(11)：2038-2041.
[66]南亚昀,王宗仁,卢兹凡,等.菟丝子提取物对肾阳虚大鼠睾丸P450arom、CYP19表达及性激素和精子的影响[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2012,14(2)： 20-25.
[67]马亮,贾敏,南亚昀,等.金匮肾气丸对腺嘌呤致雄性不育模型大鼠精子质量与性激素含量的影响[J].中国实验方剂学杂,2011,17(8)：184-186.
[68]舒劲松,曹继刚,周安方,等.调免毓麟汤对免疫性不育大鼠精液酸性磷酸酶、抗精 子抗体及合笼后雌鼠妊娠率的影响[J].亚太传统医药,2010,8(1)：3-5.
[69]刘茜,武松,,王望九等.昆明种小鼠H2-Eb位点多态性与免疫性不孕不育的相关性研究[J].安徽医科大学学报,2012,47(2)：130-132.
[70]曲晓伟,单中杰,韩前河,等.强精胶囊对精索静脉曲张大鼠附睾氧化/抗氧化系统的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2011,17(11)：1039-1042.
[71]贾月峰,王新生,马征,等.实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸氧化应激水平的检测[J].齐鲁医学杂志,2010,25(3)：251-253.
[72]庞保珍,赵焕云.针刺治疗少精不育128例[J].黑龙江中医药,2004,(1)：42-43.
[73]李文华.温针对男性精子质量影响的临床观察[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2008,21(21)：1633.
[74]王志强,黄耀全,梁兵.电针与中药治疗男性不育少、弱精子症临床观察[J].中国针灸,2008,28(11)：805-807.
[75]Dohle GR,Smit M.Microsurgical vasovasostomy at the Erasmus MC,1998-2002:results and predictive factors[J].Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd,2005, 149(49):2743-2747.
[76]袁茂云.“还精煎”治疗少精、弱精症26例[J].中医男科,2002,24(1)：24.
[77]Rubiolo JA,Mithieux G,Vega FV.Resveratrol protects primary rat hepato-cytes against oxidative stress damage:activation of the Nrf2 Transcriptionfactor and augmented activities of antioxidant enzymes[J]. Eur JPharmacol,2008,591(1-3):66-72.
[78]Shiraishi K,Naito K.Increased expression of Leydig cell heme oxygena-se-1 preserves spermatogenesis in varicocele[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(9):2608-2613.
[79]陈骁春.少精子症及弱精子症的药物治疗[J].医学新知杂,2008,18(1)：12-15.
[80]房磊臣,刘嫱,幸贵邦,等.小剂量雄激素治疗特发性少弱精子症的临床研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2012,26(2)：44-47.
[81]李铮,陈国武,商学军,等.左旋肉碱和乙酰左旋肉碱合用治疗少弱精子症有效性与安全性的多中心随机对照临床研究[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(10)：761-764.
[82]程怀瑾,陈廷.左旋肉碱和乙酰左旋肉碱复合制剂对特发性弱精子症精子质量的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2008,14(2)：149-151.
[83]嵇文田,田洪志,赵增涛,等.锌硒宝联合左卡尼汀治疗特发性弱精子症120例分析[J].生殖与避孕,,2008,28(10)：634,639.
[84]王界宇.左卡尼汀口服液治疗少弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国误诊学杂志,2012,12(8)：1854-1855.
[85]王海涛,张全,高磊,等.锌硒宝对少弱精子症的疗效观察[J].中国男科学杂志,2005,19(4)：58.
[86]王世礼,卢少明,安茂伟,等.己酮可可碱治疗少、弱精子症72例临床观察[J].山东医药,2006,46(17)：53.
[87]卢少明,李晓,张浩波,等.克罗米芬联合己酮可可碱治疗特发性少、弱精子症的临床研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2008,22(5)：39-41.
[88]Ebisch IM,ThomasCM, PetersWH, et al.The important of folate,zinc and antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention ofsubfertil-ity[J].Hum Reprod Update,2007,13(2):163-174.
[89]AvdemirB,Onaran I,KizilerAR,et al.Increased oxidative damage of sperm and seminal plasma in men with idiopathic infertility is higher in patients-with glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 null grno-type[J].Asian JAndra,2007,9(1):108-115.
[1]世界卫生组织.人类精液与精子-宫颈黏液相互作用实验室检查手册[S].第三版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2001.
[2]中华人民共和国卫生部.中药新药临床研究指导原则[S].北京：中华人民共和国卫生部,1993：10-13.
[3]时景璞.临床研究中样本量的估计方法[J].中国临床康复,2003,7(1)：1569-1571.
[4]杨南松,孙照普,张亚强.黄精赞育胶囊治疗男性不育症的临床观察[J].江苏药学与临床研究,2003,11(1)：31-33.
[5]世界卫生组织.不育夫妇标准检查与诊断手册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1994：19.
[6]Morisky DE,Green LW,Levine DM.Concurrent and predictive validuty of a self-report measure of medication adherence[J].Med Care,1986,24:67-74.
[7]蔡淑芬,邱伟兰.健康教育对高血压患者服药依从性的影响[J].现代临床护理,2006,5(3)：71.
[8]王权胜,潘恩山,范黎柏.郑泽棠教授辨证论治男性不育症[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2009,11(12)：84-85.
[9]王权胜,宾彬,唐乾利,等.从“脾肾两虚”论治少弱精子症58例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2012,39(5)：889-890.
[10]宾彬.男科辩治心悟[J].新中医,2007,39(3)：84-85.
[11]宾彬,姚重华.强精煎治疗少弱精子症62例疗效观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,2007,34(11)：1586-1587.
[12]黄兆胜.中药学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2002,417.
[13]李贵荣,杨胜圆.党参多糖的提取及其对活性氧自由基的清除作用[J].化学世界,2001,42(8)：421-423.
[14]陈敏,熊元君,李晓瑾,等.新疆党参和路党参对小鼠脑SOD、MDA的影响[J].中草药,2000,31(4)：280-281.
[15]黄春林,朱晓新主编.中药药理与临床手册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006,12：653.
[16]魏睦新,谢立群.中医临床合理用药手册(第一版)[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2007：5522.
[17]黄晓兰,杨明亮,吴晓,等.枸杞多糖对大鼠生殖系统保护作用的机制探讨[J].武汉大学学报(医学版),2004,25(1)：29-31.
[18]李费荣.枸杞多糖的提取及其对活性氧自由基的清除作用[J].中国现代应用药学杂志,2002,19(2)：94-96.
[19]杨欣,丁彩飞,张永华,等.菟丝子水提取物对人精子顶体和超微结构的保护作用[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(5)：422-425.
[20]门红军,刘立,谢海泉,等.北五味子粗多糖对大鼠自由基代谢的影响[J].吉林中医药,2003,23(7)：48.
[21]朱燕飞.枸杞子药理作用概述[J].浙江中西医结合杂志,2005,15(5)：322-323.
[22]夏泉,张平,李绍平,等.当归的药理作用研究进展[J].时珍国医国药,2004,15(3)：164-165.
[23]邓红娟,郭延生,刁鹏飞,等.当归水提液和醇提液体外清除自由基的研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2009,44(4)：58-61.
[24]郝林琳,刘松财,夏青娟,等.鹿茸多肽的生物学活性研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2006,28(3)：285-288.
[25]葛斌,许爱霞,杨社华.黄芪多糖抗衰老作用机制的研究[J].中国医院药学杂志,2004,24(10)：610-612.
[26]梁培育,李浩勇,肖劲逐,等.添加不同浓度黄芪注射液对人精子运动参数的影响[J].中国现代医学杂志,2004,14(2)：62-66.
[27]王本祥主编.现代中药药理与临床[M].天津：天津科技翻译出版公司,2004.
[28]关艳冰,梁慕兰,程军平.黄精赞育胶囊治疗精液异常致不育症57例临床观察[J].新中医,2004,36(3)：26-27.
[29]周辉,程学军,陈众,等.畸精症患者黄精赞育胶囊治疗前后精浆中活性氧浓度的变化[J].南方医科大学学报,2008,28(8)：1514-1516.
[30]王战军,王品.生精种子汤合海鹿散治疗男性不育症188例临床疗效观察[J].中医临床研究,2012,04(1)：86-88.
[31]武小强,武凯歌,杨宇,等.加味六味地黄汤治疗少、弱精男性不育症疗效分析[J].中国医药导报,2012,09(3)：106-108.
[32]王万春,封俊光,严张仁,等.强精汤治疗少弱精症临床疗效观察[J].时珍国医国药,2009,20(3)：730-731.
[33]王雷,钟广伟,汤清明.补肾生精法治疗男性不育少精症146例临床疗效分析[J].湖南师范大学学报(医学版),2010,7(4)：50-52.
[34]丁彩飞,孙中明,鲍严钟.生精1号治疗精液异常男性不育151例临床分析[J].浙江中医学院学报,2005,29(2)：44-45.
[35]邹强,欧阳洪根,金冠羽,等.虎杖丹参饮治疗男性抗精子抗体阳性不育症50例疗效观察[J].新中医,2005,37(3)：43-44.
[36]安新涛.复方玄驹胶囊治疗抗精子抗体阳性男性不育的疗效观察[J].中国性科学,2012,21(4)：39-41.
[37]郑毅春,肖宗辉,朱照平,等.补肾活血化瘀法抑制抗精子抗体作用临床观察[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2008,15(6)：77-80.
[38]杨凤敏.补肾益气汤治疗抗精子抗体阳性85例临床分析[J].河北医学,2011,17(10)：1411-1413.
[39]祁天寿,李国庆,徐责江,等.自拟消抗种子方治疗抗精子抗体阳性男性不育的临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2007,27(11)：983-985.
[40]熊芬,李高,庞雪冰,等.奥硝唑对雄性大鼠生育功能的影响[J].生殖与避孕,2006,26(2)：81-85.
[41]张稳,刘清珍,商学军,等.L-肉碱对奥硝唑所致弱精子症大鼠的治疗作用[J].中华男科学杂志,2009,15(7)：604-607.
[42]刘清珍,商学军,邵永,等.L-肉碱在奥硝唑致雄性大鼠生殖系统氧化损伤中的作用[J].生殖与避孕,2008,28(11)：656-659.
[43]商学军,刘清珍,康宁,等.L-肉碱在奥硝唑所致大鼠睾丸和附睾损伤中的保护作用[J].中华男科学杂志,2009,15(12)：1090-1094.
[44]庞雪冰,朱洋,李红钢,等.奥硝唑对大鼠精子的影响及作用机制探讨[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(1)：26-28.
[45]熊芬,庞雪冰.奥硝唑对大鼠睾丸和附睾超微结构的影响[J].今日药学,2009,19(11)：23-27.
[46]郭应禄,李宏军.男性不育症[M].北京：人民军医出版社,2003：38.
[47]Dohle GR,ColpiG M,Hargreave TB,et aL.EAU guidelines on male Infertility [J].Eururol JT-European urology,2005,48(5):730-7311.
[48]MAKKER K,AGARWAL,SHARMA R.Oxidative stress & maleinfertility[J]. Indian J Med Res,2009,129(4):357-367.
[49]李红,杨学农,赵萌,等.不育男性的精子DNA完整性与活性氧及尿酸的关系[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2010,18(3)：149-151.
[50]吕逸清,陈斌,胡凯,等.不育症患者精子凋亡率与精浆活性氧水平检测及 相关性分析[J].上海交通大学学报(医学版),2009,29(6)：705-708.
[51]吕逸清,陈斌,胡凯,等.精子凋亡率与精子密度、活率、活力及活性氧关系探讨[J].中国男科学杂志,2009,23(2)：34-37.
[52]陈俊清,罗胜萍,黄诚刚.精浆活性氧水平与男性不育的相关性研究[J].国际检验医学杂志,2011,32(9)：1002-1004.
[53]刘居理,罗明.活性氧检测在男性不育中的应用价值[J].现代诊断与治疗,2009,20(4)：223-226.
[54]程学军,郭新宇,谢小萍,等.畸精症患者中活性氧浓度监测[J].实用医学杂志,2007,23(8)：2894-2895.
[55]商学军,李克,叶章群,等.应用高效液相色谱法检测男性不育患者精浆丙二醛水平[J].生殖与避孕,2004,24(2)：90-93.
[56]陈寅生,孙大林,金保方,等.益心康泰胶囊对少弱精子症患者的精液质量和精浆MDA、SOD的影响[J].南京中医药大学学报,2011,27(5)：481-483.
[57]操日亮,汪中扬,梁晓燕,等.精浆中丙二醛测定在评估不育男性精液质量中的意义[J].广东医学,2012,33(3)：351-353.
[58]吕海宁,滕晓明.左卡尼汀治疗男性少、弱精子症临床观察[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(6)：470,476.
[59]王亚轩,杨书文,蔡文清,等.左卡尼汀联合他莫昔芬治疗少弱精子症[J].中国男科学杂志,2010,24(5)：55-57.
[60]李厚龙.复方玄驹胶囊与维生素E、C并用治疗少弱精症102例临床观察[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报,2012,33(2)：210.
[61]郭应禄,胡礼泉.男科学[M].第1版,北京：人民卫生出版社,2004,942-967.
[62]Fabro QRovasio RA,Civalero S,et al.Chemotaxis of capacitated rabbitspermatozoa to follicular fluid revealed by a novel directionality-based assay[J].Biol Reprod,2002,67(5):1565-1571.
[63]丁晓芳,熊承良.尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子在精子趋化运动中的作用初探[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(6)：409-412.
[64]Cardullo RA, Baltz JM.Metabolic regulation in mammalian sperm:mitoch-ondrial volume determines sperm length and flagellar beat frequency[J]. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton,1991,19 (3):180-188.
[65]丁晓芳,商学军,李红钢,等.尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子对小鼠获能精子线粒体膜电位的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2007,13(5)：391-395.
[66]Lesauskaite V & Ivanoviene L.Programmed cell death:molecular mechanism sand detection. Medicina(Kaunas),2002,38(9):869-875.
[67]郭应禄,辛钟成.男子生殖医学[M].第1版,北京：科学出版社,2005,28-71.
[68]宾彬,王杰,陈定雄,等.强精煎抑制实验小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的机制研究[J].时珍国医国药,2010,21(4)：907-908.
[69]宾彬,莫秋柏,陈定雄,等.强精煎对实验小鼠睾丸Bcl-2及Bax蛋白表达影响研究[J].实用中医药杂志,2010,26(8)：524-525.
[70]安立文,隋勇,张景欣,等.生精冲剂对精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精功能保护作用的研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2006,20(2)：39-42.
[71]袁瑞,潘晓燕,王正朝,等.温肾生精饮治疗生精障碍的实验研究[J].四川中医,2010,8(6)：9-12.
[72]张长城,贾亮亮,许佳,等.五子衍宗汤对环磷酰胺致小鼠生精障碍保护作用的研究[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2010,16(7)：570-572.
[73]孙少敏,李光植,魏晓东.川断对衰老小鼠肝的总抗氧化能力和丙二醛含量的影响[J].黑龙江医学科学,2000,23(2)：18-19.
[74]谭迎春,陈子江.补肾活血中药对弱精子症大鼠抗氧化作用的研究[J].南京中医药大学学报,2006,22(4)：231-233.
[75]黄宇烽,许瑞吉.男科诊断学[M].上海：第二军医大学出版社,1999,205-219.
[76]陈秀玲,韩艳君,钱聪,等.不育男性精浆果糖含量与精子参数的关系[J].实用医学杂志,2009,25(12)：1975-1977.
[77]陈敏,陈新钱丁显平.精浆果糖与男性生育[J].检验医学与临床,2005,2(2)：86-87.
[78]Zhu H,Itoh K,Yamamoto M,et al. Role of Nrf2 signaling in regulation of antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes in cardiac fibroblasts:protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced cell injury[J]. FEBS Lett, 2005,579(14):3029-3036.
[79]Surh YJ,Kundu JK,Na HK.Nrf2 as a master redox switch in turning on the cellular signaling involved in the induction of cytoprotective genes by some. chemopreventive phytochemicals[J]. Planta Med,2008,74(13):1526-1539.
[80]Jung KA,K wak MK-The Nrf2 system as a potential target for the develop-ment of indirect antioxidants.Molecules[J].2010,15(10):7266-7291.
[81]Paul C,Teng S,Saunders PT.A single,mild,transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes, which induces germ cell death[J].Biol Reprod,2009,80(5):913-919.
[82]Rubiolo JA,Mithieux QVega FV.Resveratrol protects primary rat hepato-cytes against oxidative stress damage:activation of the Nrf2 transcriptionfactor and augmented activities of antioxidant enzymes[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2008,591(1-3):66-72.
[83]Shiraishi K,Naito K.Increased expression of Leydig cell heme oxygenase-lpreserves spermatogenesis in varicocele[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(9):2608-2613.
[84]郑芸鹤,黄璐,侯旭剑,等.二甲基甲酰胺对小鼠睾丸组织结构和睾丸酶的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2008,25(9)：779-781.
[1]Check JH.Treatment of male infertility [J].Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol,2007,34(4): 201-206.
[2]王晶,尚丽新,徐黎明,等.109对不育症夫妇相关因素调查分析[J].生殖医学杂志,2009,6：555-557.
[3]世界卫生组织.男子不育标准化诊疗手册[M].李铮,等,译.上海：第二届亚太男科学术论坛暨男性不育规范化培训讲义,2006.
[4]郭桂林,张影.男性不育症常见原因分析[J].医学检验,2011,18(28)：82-83.
[5]黄伟玲.325例不孕不育症原因分析[J].吉林医学,2011,32(36)：7749-7750.
[6]何清湖,秦国政.中西医结合男科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2005.
[7]孙自学,陈建设.王琦教授治疗男性不育经验介绍[J].四川中医,2004,22(1)：7-8.
[8]徐福松.论中医男科之诊治思路[J].南京中医药大学学报,2008,24(5)：289-291.
[9]高永金,金保方.徐福松教授辨治特发性少精液症的经验[J].国际中医中药杂志,2012,34(2)：183-185.
[10]宾彬,王杰.从“脾肾两虚兼湿热瘀毒”论治少弱精子症[J].甘肃中医,2010,23(7)：36-37.
[11]宾彬,王杰,陈定雄,等.强精煎治疗少弱精子症临床疗效及安全性研究[J].西部中医药,2012,25(4)：5-7.
[12]曹开镰.中医男科诊断治疗学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2007.
[13]绕和平.柴胡生精汤治疗精液异常不育症疗效分析[J].中国中医药信息杂志, 2009,16(9)：66-67.
[14]董名松.解脲支原体感染与男性不育的关系进展[J].中国医药指南,2012,,2(10)：57-59.
[15]Zhang ZH,Zhang HG,Dong Y,et al.Ureaplasma urealyticum in male infertility in Jilin Province,North-east China,and its relation-ship with sperm morphology[J].J Int Med Res,2011,39(1):33-40.
[16]Ochsendorf FR.Sexually transmitted infections:impact on ale fertility[J]. mAndrologia,2008,40(2):72-75.
[17]刘莉,马萍,岳宗相,等.解脲支原体感染对男性不育患者精液参数的影响[J].中国医学创新,2012,9(6)：7-10.
[18]涂剑.男性不育患者解脲支原体感染状况及治疗研究[J].中外医疗,2012,(3)：17,19.
[19]冯明.男性不育症患者生殖道分泌物检测结果分析(附278例报道)[J].中国医药指南,2012,10(5)：139-140.
[20]李协照,丘勇超,符卓韬.精索静脉曲张合并不育症的中西医结合临床研究进展[J].临床医学工程,2011,18(12)：1981-1983.
[21]李德忠,陈清.男性不育患者Y染色体无精子因子微缺失的检测[J].中国基层医药,2006,13(9)：1516-1518.
[22]杨国宗,曾宏翔,黄凌,等.男性不育患者细胞因子水平的检测及意义[J].中国实验诊断学,2009,13(6)：794.
[23]黄海斌,叶松道.精浆IL-2、IL-4水平与男性精子运动功能的相关性[J].中国现代医生,2012,50(4)：1-4.
[24]Lee R,Goldstein M,Ullery,et al.Value of serum antisperm antibodies in diagnosing obstructive azoospermia[J].J Urol,2009,181(1):264-269.
[25]Emin A,Konova E,Lichev,et al.The improtance of the presence of antisperm antibodies in serum and ejaculate of men with infertility[J].Akush Ginekol(Sofiia), 2008,47(2):26-30.
[26]Dissanayake D,Wijesinghe P,Ratnasooriya W,et al.Relationship Between seminal plasma zinc and semen quality in a subfertile population[J].J Hum Reprod Sci,2010, 3(3):124-128.
[27]Yamaguchi S,Miura C,Kikuchi K,et al.Zinc is an essential trace element for spermatogen-esis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(26):10859-10864.
[28]Abdul-Rasheed OF.The relationship between seminal plasma zinc levels and high molecular weight zinc binding protein and sperm motility in Iraqi infertile men[J]. Saudi Med J,2009,30(4):485-489.
[29]郑利平,朱旭,覃坚,等.不育症患者精液微量元素与精液质量之间的相关性分析[J].国际检验医学杂志,2012,33(6)：659-660.
[30]王浩飞,沈健.育之缘口嚼片治疗弱精子症的临床疗效观察[J].中国男科学杂志,2012,26(2)：55-56.
[31]O Kelly F,Manecksha RP,Cullen IM,et al.Electroejaculatory stimulation and its implications for male infertility in spinal cord injury:a short history through four decades of sperm retrieval(1975-2010)[J]. Urology,2011,77(6),1349-1352.
[32]王景阁.温补脾阳补肾填精方治疗弱精症20例临床观察[J].河北中医,2009,31(5)：792-793.
[33]许国恩,欧阳晓明,陈友元.生精逍遥散治疗少弱精子症疗效观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,2008,35(9)：1358-1359.
[34]罗少波,贾金铭,马卫国,等.益精方治疗少弱精症207例[J].陕西中医,2010,31(4)：410-413.
[35]曹继刚.周安方治疗不育症从精液微观辨证用药经验[J].湖北中医杂志,2009,31(3)：29-30.
[36]何清湖,郑毅春,李儇羽.金匮肾气丸治男性不育症临床观察[J].天津中医药,2003,20(1)：18-20.
[37]陈德宁,周文彬.男性不育症[M].广州：广东高等教育出版社,2001：64-69.
[38]朱玉芬.中医辨证分型治疗男性不育少精子症158例[J].国医论坛,2002,17(4)：20-21.
[39]王喜志.少弱精子症的辨病和辨证治疗分析[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2003,10(6)：65-66.
[40]孟小波,王晓然,马红.补肾生精中药中医辨治少弱精子症的效果观察[J].现代中西医结合杂志,2004,13(2)：164.
[41]张大成,张雷.补肾嗣子汤治疗男性不育少弱精子症177例临床观察[J].中医杂志,2009,50(增刊)：184-185.
[42]于月莲.少弱精子症的中医药辩证治疗效果观察[J].河南科技大学学报(医学版),2009,27(3)：213-214.
[43]周巧艳,郭凤月,李兴华,等五子衍宗丸和金匮肾气丸化裁辨证治疗少弱精子症141例[J].河北中医,2011,33(12)：1838-1840.
[44]王权胜,宾彬,唐乾利,等.从“脾肾两虚”论治少弱精子症58例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2012,39(5)：889-890.
[45]郑怀南,徐福松.聚精汤治疗男性不育症50例疗效观察[J].中医药研究,2002,18(4)：88.
[46]梁显标.灵芪五子汤治疗少弱精子症60例[J].光明中医,2008,23(10)：1517-1518.
[47]袁茂云.“还精煎”治疗少精、弱精症26例[J].中医男科,2002,24(1):24.
[48]黎杰运,洪志明,陈德宁,等.从肝论治少、弱精子症的临床研究及作用机理探讨[J].中医药学报,2009,37(3)：55-57.
[49]林应华,黄宝英,丁建新,等.五子衍宗汤加味治疗精液异常不育症120例[J].福建中医药,2009,40(3)：25-26.
[50]耿强,吕伯东,黄晓军,等.加味天雄散治疗少弱精子症的疗效观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2010,30(5)：496-.498.
[51]武小强,武凯歌,杨宇,等.加味六味地黄汤治疗少、弱精男性不育症疗效分析[J].中国医药导报,2012,9(3)：106-108.
[52]喻国华.自拟促精汤治疗脾肾阳虚型少精弱精症122例[J].中医杂志,2011,52(5)：419-420.
[53]黄小庆,龙云,吴江平,等.温肾生精汤治疗肾虚型少弱精子症患者疗效观察[J].新中医,2011,43(1)：71-72.
[54]熊付兴,莫晓彬.运用生精胶囊治疗男性不育症的疗效及安全性分析[J].中国医学创新,2012,9(12)：100-101.
[55]郭军,宋春生,耿强,等.六五生精汤治疗少、弱精子症不育的临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2007,27(11)：986-988.
[56]刘铁,苏家文.清利湿热结合补益生精法治疗不育症的临床观察[J].中国性科 学,2010,19(9)：18-20.
[57]刘静云.益气补血法治疗活动精子百分率低下81例临床观察[J].河北中医,2009,31(3)：461-463.
[58]祁天寿,丁昌华,刘茂功,等.泻补兼施法治疗少精弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国性科学,2007,16(8)：32-34.
[59]庞保珍,赵焕云.针刺治疗少精不育128例[J].黑龙江中医药,2004,(1)：42-43.
[60]李文华.温针对男性精子质量影响的临床观察[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2008,21(21)：1633.
[61]石秀峰.针灸与中药治疗男性不育少、弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国当代医药,2009,16(15)：115-116.
[62]王志强,黄耀全,梁兵.电针与中药治疗男性不育少、弱精子症临床观察[J].中国针灸,2008,28(11)：805-807.
[63]沈蓉蓉.夏治平针药结合治疗特发性少弱精子症[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2011,17(4)：257-258.
[64]陈麟,谢彬,吕绍光,等.隔姜温针灸结合自拟益精方治疗肾虚型不育症临床观察[J].针灸临床杂志,2011,27(10)：6-8.
[65]刘莉,岳宗相,浦玮,等.育子汤配合电针刺激对弱精症患者精浆锌的影响[J].现代临床医学,2011,37(4)：251-252.
[66]Dohle GR,Smit M.Microsurgical vasovasostomy at the Erasmus MC,1998-2002:results and predictive factors[J].Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd,2005,149 (49): 2743-2747.
[67]Meng MV,Greene KL,Turek PJ.Surgery or assisted reproduction Adecisionanalysis of treatment costs in male infertility[J]. J UroI,2005,174(5):1926-1931.
[68]Kumar R,Gautam G,Gupta NP.JUrol[J].2006,176(4Ptl):1307-1312.
[69]何学酉,李钢,张旭,等.小剂量雄激素治疗少弱精子症的临床研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2009,23(12)：42-48.
[70]李蓉,蔡志明.激素治疗男性不育症的现状和展望[J].生殖医学杂志,2004,13(3)：190-192.
[71]汤秀明,刘海宁,江秀丽,等.hMG联合hCG素治疗特发性少精子症[J].山东医药,2009,49(34)：71-72.
[72]李铮,陈国武,商学军,等.左旋肉碱和乙酰左旋肉碱合用治疗少弱精子症有效性与安全性的多中心随机对照临床研究[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(10)：761-764.
[73]程怀瑾,陈廷.左旋肉碱和乙酰左旋肉碱复合制剂对特发性弱精子症精子质量的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2008,14(2)：149-151.
[74]嵇文田,田洪志,赵增涛,等.锌硒宝联合左卡尼汀治疗特发性弱精子症120例分析[J].生殖与避孕,2008,28(10)：634,639.
[75]王界宇.左卡尼汀口服液治疗少弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国误诊学杂志,2012,12(8)：1854-1855.
[76]AKMAL.M,QADRI J Q AL-WAILI N S,et al.Improvement in humansemen quality after oral supplementation of vitamin C[J].J Med Food,2006,9(3):440-442.
[77]BALERCIA QMANCINI A,PAGGI F,et al.Coenzyme Q10 and male infertility [J] J ENDOCRINOL Invest,2009,32(7):626-632.
[78]SAFARINEJAD M R. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters,sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile men[J].J Urol,2009,182(1):237-248.
[79]CIFTCI H, Verit A,SAVAS M,et al.Effects of N-acety-lcysteine on semen parameters and oxidative/antioxidant status[J].Urology,2009,74(1):73-76.
[80]HEIDARY M,VAHHABI S,REZA N J,et al.Effect of saffron on semen parameters of infertile men[J].Urol J,2008,5(4):255-259.
[81]SAFARINEJAD MR,SHAFIEI N,SAFARINEJAD S.Aprospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of saffron(Crocus sativus Linn.)on semenparameters and seminal plasma antioxi-dant capacity in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasth enoteratoz-oospermia[J].phytother Res,2011,25 (4): 518-516.
[82]张睿.男性少弱精子症患者精浆锌含量分析[J].中国现代医生,2010,48(15)：29-30.
[83]董广楼,司军霞.锌硒宝对少弱精子症的临床疗效观察[J].基层医学论 坛,2009,13(12)：1094-1095.
[84]李彤,李汉忠,李宏军,等.己酮可可碱对精子活力的体外改善作用[J].中国男科学杂志,2005,19(3)：34-35.
[85]SAFARINEJAD M R.Effect of pentoxifylline on semen parameters, reproductive hormones,and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in men with idiopathic infertility:a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study[J].Int Urol Nehrol, 2011,43(2):315-328.
[86]卢少明,李晓,张浩波.克罗米芬联合己酮可可碱治疗特发性少、弱精子症的临床研究[J].中国男科学杂,2008,22(5)：39-41.
[87]Ebisch IM,ThomasCM, PetersWH,et al.The important of folate,zinc and antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention ofsubfertil-ity[J].Hum ReprodUpdate,2007,13 (2):163-174.
[88]AvdemirB,Onaran I,KizilerAR,et al. Increased oxidative damage of sperm and seminal plasma in men with idiopathic infertility is higher inpatientswith glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 null grno-type[J].Asian JAndra,2007,9(1):108-115.
[89]郑瑞芹,安会芹,刘晓芹,等.锌硒宝配伍生精丸治疗特发性少弱精子症临床疗效分析[J].生殖与避孕,2007,27(3)：237-238.
[90]张建国,薛宗勇,王蓓玲,等.联合用药治疗少弱精子症[J].中国男科学杂志,2006,20(11)：4344.
[91]杨宝贵,张本煌.自拟生精方合克罗米酚治疗少弱精子症不育80例[J].安徽中医临床杂志,2000,12(2)：92.
[92]许崇伟,丁明青,丁志勇.生精助育汤配合构椽酸克罗米酚治疗少弱精症[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2000,7(6)：69-70.
[93]程文超,冷亦煊.少精症、弱精症的中西药治疗疗效观察[J].实用全科医学,2008,6(6)：618.
[94]孙伟,张敏,崔薇.电针联合TDP对肾阳虚型不孕患者体外受精胚胎移植的疗效观察[J].山东中医药大学学报,2010,34(1)：56-58.
[95]张利,段晓明,徐计秀,等.左旋肉碱加五子衍宗丸治疗少弱精子症[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2010,16(5)：535-537.
[96]李大文,孟繁华,韩伟,等.自拟十子二仙汤合左卡尼汀治疗肾阳虚型弱精子症临床观察[J].广西中医学院学报,2010,13(3)：28-31.
[97]张云霞.生精胶囊与左旋卡尼汀并用治疗少弱精子症100例临床观察[J].中国男科学杂志,2010,24(6)：65-66.
[98]杨文涛,李群生,乔飞,等.中西医结合治疗重度少弱精症55例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2011,38(1)：121-123.
[99]吴镝.中西医结合治疗男性少弱精症的临床疗效观察[J].中华全科医学2012,10(3)：429-430.
[100]刘娟,谭宗建,张勇.中西医结合治疗男性精液异常疗效观察[J].中国实用医药,2012,7(14)：14-16.
[101]李厚龙.复方玄驹胶囊与维生素E、C并用治疗少弱精症102例临床观察[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报,2012,33(2)：210.
[102]唐乾利,张力主编.前列腺疾病一本通[M].北京：中国化工出版社·生物医药出版分社,2010,01：189-190.
[103]王权胜,宾彬,唐乾利,等.慢性前列腺炎患者的心理干预(附87例报告)[J].中华男科学杂志,2011,17(6)：562-563
[104]唐乾利,何清湖.中医发展现状与现代化的若干问题思考[J].中华中医药杂志,2011,26(11)：2728-2730.
[105]唐乾利,陈小平,覃文玺,何清湖.中国传统儒家文化对中医诊疗观形成与发展的影响[J].学术论坛,2011,34(10)：86-89.
[106]唐乾利,代波,王权胜,宾彬,黄欣.续断种子方治疗免疫性男性不育的疗效观察[J].中医药学报,2012,40(5)：68-70.
[2]张树成,王洪毅.1981～1996年我国有生育力男性精液质量的变化分析[J]. 生殖与避孕,1999,19(1)：27-33.
[3]Zhu H,Itoh K,Yamamoto M,et al.Role of Nrf2 signaling in regulation of antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes in cardiac fibroblasts:protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced cell injury[J].FEBS Lett,2005,579(14):3029-3036.
[4]Surh YJ,Kundu JK,Na HK.Nrf2 as a master redox switch in turning on the cellular signaling involved in the induction of cytoprotective genes by some chemopreventive phytochemicals [J]. Planta Med,2008,74(13):1526-1539.
[5]Jung KA,Kwak MK.The Nrf2 system as a potential target for the development of indirect antioxidants.Molecules[J].2010,15(10):7266-7291.
[6]Paul C,Teng S,Saunders PT.A single, mild,transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes,which induces germ cell death[J].Biol Reprod,2009,80(5):913-919.
[7]郑芸鹤,黄璐,侯旭剑,等.二甲基甲酰胺对小鼠睾丸组织结构和睾丸酶的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2008,25(9)：779-781.
[8]世界卫生组织.男子不育标准化诊疗手册[M].李铮,等,译.上海：第二届亚太男科学术论坛暨男性不育规范化培训讲义,2006.
[9]徐福松.男科临证指要[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2008.
[10]徐福松.徐福松实用中医男科学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2009.
[11]戚广崇.男子不育证治八法[J].上海中医药杂志,1989,7：16-17.
[12]王劲松,曾庆琪,徐福松.精液不液化致不育症辨治六法[J].辽宁中医杂志,2008.1：53-54.
[13]王劲松,曾庆琪,徐福松.男子不育症辨治9法[J].四川中医,2008,26(4)：12-13.
[14]郑毅春,何清湖,卢芳国.中西医结合治疗解脲脲原体感染性不育症56例[J].中医药学刊,2002,20(11)：109-110.
[15]黄建松,何清湖.中医药治疗男性免疫性不育的规律研究[J].湖南中医药大学学报,2009,29(3)：72-74.
[16]赵建业,何清湖.从微观辨证谈虫类药在男科疾病中的应用[J].吉林中医药,2011,31(3)：258-259.
[17]何清湖,秦国政.中西医结合男科学[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[18]秦国政.中医男科学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2012,06.
[19]曹开镛.男性不育症的治疗[J].男科学报,1998,4(40)：224-230.
[20]曹开镛.中医男科诊断治疗学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2007.
[21]何清湖,郑毅春,李儇羽.金匮肾气丸治男性不育症临床观察[J].天津中医药,2003,20(1)：18-20.
[22]朱玉芬.中医辨证分型治疗男性不育少精子症158例[J].国医论坛,2002,17(4)：20-21.
[23]王喜志.少弱精子症的辨病和辨证治疗分析[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2003,10(6)：65-66.
[24]周巧艳,郭凤月,李兴华,等.五子衍宗丸和金匮肾气丸化裁辨证治疗少弱精子症141例[J].河北中医,2011,33(12)：1838-1840.
[25]宾彬,王杰.从“脾肾两虚兼湿热瘀毒”论治少弱精子症[J].甘肃中医,2010,23(7)：36-37.
[26]郑怀南,徐福松.聚精汤治疗男性不育症50例疗效观察[J].中医药研究,2002,18(4)：88.
[27]梁显标.灵芪五子汤治疗少弱精子症60例[J].光明中医,2008,23(10)：1517-1518.
[28]黎杰运,洪志明,陈德宁,等.从肝论治少、弱精子症的临床研究及作用机理探讨[J].中医药学吧,2009,37(3):55-57.
[29]刘建荣,王怀秀.精索静脉曲张性不育的中西医治疗[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2007,7(11)：971.
[30]胡那顺,包玉荣,郎四海.补肾生精中药辩证治疗少、弱精子症疗效分析[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,3：181-182.
[31]刘铁,苏家文.清利湿热结合补益生精法治疗不育症的临床观察[J].中国性科学,2010,19(9)：18-20.
[32]王瑞,张卫星,王祖龙,等.益肾生精冲剂治疗少精弱精症1276例[J].郑州大学学报(医学版),2009,44(3)：501-503.
[33]朱玲仙,毛金观.活力泉合剂的制备与临床疗效观察[J].实用药物与临床,2007,10(2)：119-121.
[34]武小强,武凯歌,杨宇,等.加味六味地黄汤治疗少、弱精男性不育症疗效分析[J].中国医药导报,2012,9(3)：106-108.
[35]沈蓉蓉.夏治平针药结合治疗特发性少弱精子症[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2011,17(4)：257-258.
[36]石秀峰.针灸与中药治疗男性不育少、弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国当代医药,2009,16(15)：115-116.
[37]陈麟,谢彬,吕绍光,等.隔姜温针灸结合自拟益精方治疗肾虚型不育症临床观察[J].针灸临床杂志,2011,27(10)：6-8.
[38]刘莉,岳宗相,浦玮,等.育子汤配合电针刺激对弱精症患者精浆锌的影响[J].现代临床医学,2011,37(4)：251-252.
[39]张振卿,刘新军.十子生精散合它莫昔芬治疗特发性少精子症临床观察[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(9)：67-68.
[40]杨文涛,李群生,乔飞,等.中西医结合治疗重度少弱精症55例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2011,38(1)：121-123.
[41]吴镝.中西医结合治疗男性少弱精症的临床疗效观察[J].中华全科医学2012,10(3)：429-430.
[42]张树成,贺斌,王尚明,等.五子衍宗丸和金匮肾气丸对动物生精功能影响的比较研究[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2009,7：401-404.
[43]李静,赖新生,涂成文.电针治疗对睾丸功能损害雄性大鼠精子数量和质量的影响[J].广州中医药大学学报,2006,23(4)：315-316.
[44]邓平荟,曾金雄,王如瑶.补肾益精方对实验性生精障碍大鼠精子质量及血清NO的影响[J].中国性科学,2006,15(9)：20-23.
[45]王旭初,刘文轩,王国华,等.育子丸治疗大鼠雄性不育[J].中国生育健康杂志,2006,17(4)：233-235.
[46]黄宇烽,潘连军,黄卫东.男科医师手册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2009.
[47]王琦.王琦男科学[M].郑州：河南科学技术出版社,2007.
[48]何清湖,秦国政.中西医结合男科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2005.
[49]黄宇烽,李宏军.实用男科学[M].北京：科学出版社,2009.
[50]贾金铭.中国中西医结合男科学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2005.
[51]郭应禄,胡礼泉.男科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004.
[52]冯明.男性不育症患者生殖道分泌物检测结果分析(附278例报道)[J].中国医药 指南,2012,10(5)：139-140.
[53]赵劲松,钟玲玲,高绪锋.500例男性不育症患者精液检查结果分析[J].内科,2011,6(1)：46.-47.
[54]郭桂林,张影.男性不育症常见原因分析[J].医学检验,2011,18(28)：82-83.
[55]孟小波.男性不育患者抗精子抗体检测及临床应用[J].中国社区医生·医学专业,2011,13(28)：232.
[56]刘柳,陈锋,李杨亮.男性不育患者血清生殖激素水平检测及其临床意义[J].标记免疫分析与临床,2011,18(3)：195-196.
[57]唐文豪,姜辉,马潞林,等.男性不育患者精子形态学分析与生殖激素关系的研究[J].中华男科学杂志,2012,18(3)：243-247.
[58]王海旭,周党侠,李砚,等.现代泌尿外科杂志,2012,17(2)：125-128.
[59]孙祥,魏永,张芹,等.精索静脉曲张患者精浆生化指标测定及临床意义[J].中华男科学杂志,2012,18(1)：74-75.
[60]吕逸清,陈斌.精索静脉曲张致不育机制研究进展[J].中华男科学杂志,2008,14(5)：454-458.
[61]王芳,杨尧,何玺玉.208例男性不育遗传学病因分析研究[J].中国优生与遗传杂志,2011,19(3)：34-36.
[62]周明君.男性不育症患者细胞遗传学分析与临床研究[J].中国优生与遗传杂志,2011,19(12)：56-59.
[63]宾彬,姚重华,王杰,等.强精煎对模型小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡影响的实验研究[J].中药药理与临床,2008,24(2)：91-92.
[64]宾彬,王杰,陈定雄,等.强精煎对小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡相关基因表达影响的研究[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2011,13(6)：10-12.
[65]刘贺亮,陈长生,秦军,等.金匮肾气丸对肾阳虚证雄性大鼠生精细胞中凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的影响[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2011,15(11)：2038-2041.
[66]南亚昀,王宗仁,卢兹凡,等.菟丝子提取物对肾阳虚大鼠睾丸P450arom、CYP19表达及性激素和精子的影响[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2012,14(2)： 20-25.
[67]马亮,贾敏,南亚昀,等.金匮肾气丸对腺嘌呤致雄性不育模型大鼠精子质量与性激素含量的影响[J].中国实验方剂学杂,2011,17(8)：184-186.
[68]舒劲松,曹继刚,周安方,等.调免毓麟汤对免疫性不育大鼠精液酸性磷酸酶、抗精 子抗体及合笼后雌鼠妊娠率的影响[J].亚太传统医药,2010,8(1)：3-5.
[69]刘茜,武松,,王望九等.昆明种小鼠H2-Eb位点多态性与免疫性不孕不育的相关性研究[J].安徽医科大学学报,2012,47(2)：130-132.
[70]曲晓伟,单中杰,韩前河,等.强精胶囊对精索静脉曲张大鼠附睾氧化/抗氧化系统的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2011,17(11)：1039-1042.
[71]贾月峰,王新生,马征,等.实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸氧化应激水平的检测[J].齐鲁医学杂志,2010,25(3)：251-253.
[72]庞保珍,赵焕云.针刺治疗少精不育128例[J].黑龙江中医药,2004,(1)：42-43.
[73]李文华.温针对男性精子质量影响的临床观察[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2008,21(21)：1633.
[74]王志强,黄耀全,梁兵.电针与中药治疗男性不育少、弱精子症临床观察[J].中国针灸,2008,28(11)：805-807.
[75]Dohle GR,Smit M.Microsurgical vasovasostomy at the Erasmus MC,1998-2002:results and predictive factors[J].Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd,2005, 149(49):2743-2747.
[76]袁茂云.“还精煎”治疗少精、弱精症26例[J].中医男科,2002,24(1)：24.
[77]Rubiolo JA,Mithieux G,Vega FV.Resveratrol protects primary rat hepato-cytes against oxidative stress damage:activation of the Nrf2 Transcriptionfactor and augmented activities of antioxidant enzymes[J]. Eur JPharmacol,2008,591(1-3):66-72.
[78]Shiraishi K,Naito K.Increased expression of Leydig cell heme oxygena-se-1 preserves spermatogenesis in varicocele[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(9):2608-2613.
[79]陈骁春.少精子症及弱精子症的药物治疗[J].医学新知杂,2008,18(1)：12-15.
[80]房磊臣,刘嫱,幸贵邦,等.小剂量雄激素治疗特发性少弱精子症的临床研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2012,26(2)：44-47.
[81]李铮,陈国武,商学军,等.左旋肉碱和乙酰左旋肉碱合用治疗少弱精子症有效性与安全性的多中心随机对照临床研究[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(10)：761-764.
[82]程怀瑾,陈廷.左旋肉碱和乙酰左旋肉碱复合制剂对特发性弱精子症精子质量的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2008,14(2)：149-151.
[83]嵇文田,田洪志,赵增涛,等.锌硒宝联合左卡尼汀治疗特发性弱精子症120例分析[J].生殖与避孕,,2008,28(10)：634,639.
[84]王界宇.左卡尼汀口服液治疗少弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国误诊学杂志,2012,12(8)：1854-1855.
[85]王海涛,张全,高磊,等.锌硒宝对少弱精子症的疗效观察[J].中国男科学杂志,2005,19(4)：58.
[86]王世礼,卢少明,安茂伟,等.己酮可可碱治疗少、弱精子症72例临床观察[J].山东医药,2006,46(17)：53.
[87]卢少明,李晓,张浩波,等.克罗米芬联合己酮可可碱治疗特发性少、弱精子症的临床研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2008,22(5)：39-41.
[88]Ebisch IM,ThomasCM, PetersWH, et al.The important of folate,zinc and antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention ofsubfertil-ity[J].Hum Reprod Update,2007,13(2):163-174.
[89]AvdemirB,Onaran I,KizilerAR,et al.Increased oxidative damage of sperm and seminal plasma in men with idiopathic infertility is higher in patients-with glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 null grno-type[J].Asian JAndra,2007,9(1):108-115.
[1]世界卫生组织.人类精液与精子-宫颈黏液相互作用实验室检查手册[S].第三版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2001.
[2]中华人民共和国卫生部.中药新药临床研究指导原则[S].北京：中华人民共和国卫生部,1993：10-13.
[3]时景璞.临床研究中样本量的估计方法[J].中国临床康复,2003,7(1)：1569-1571.
[4]杨南松,孙照普,张亚强.黄精赞育胶囊治疗男性不育症的临床观察[J].江苏药学与临床研究,2003,11(1)：31-33.
[5]世界卫生组织.不育夫妇标准检查与诊断手册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1994：19.
[6]Morisky DE,Green LW,Levine DM.Concurrent and predictive validuty of a self-report measure of medication adherence[J].Med Care,1986,24:67-74.
[7]蔡淑芬,邱伟兰.健康教育对高血压患者服药依从性的影响[J].现代临床护理,2006,5(3)：71.
[8]王权胜,潘恩山,范黎柏.郑泽棠教授辨证论治男性不育症[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2009,11(12)：84-85.
[9]王权胜,宾彬,唐乾利,等.从“脾肾两虚”论治少弱精子症58例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2012,39(5)：889-890.
[10]宾彬.男科辩治心悟[J].新中医,2007,39(3)：84-85.
[11]宾彬,姚重华.强精煎治疗少弱精子症62例疗效观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,2007,34(11)：1586-1587.
[12]黄兆胜.中药学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2002,417.
[13]李贵荣,杨胜圆.党参多糖的提取及其对活性氧自由基的清除作用[J].化学世界,2001,42(8)：421-423.
[14]陈敏,熊元君,李晓瑾,等.新疆党参和路党参对小鼠脑SOD、MDA的影响[J].中草药,2000,31(4)：280-281.
[15]黄春林,朱晓新主编.中药药理与临床手册[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2006,12：653.
[16]魏睦新,谢立群.中医临床合理用药手册(第一版)[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2007：5522.
[17]黄晓兰,杨明亮,吴晓,等.枸杞多糖对大鼠生殖系统保护作用的机制探讨[J].武汉大学学报(医学版),2004,25(1)：29-31.
[18]李费荣.枸杞多糖的提取及其对活性氧自由基的清除作用[J].中国现代应用药学杂志,2002,19(2)：94-96.
[19]杨欣,丁彩飞,张永华,等.菟丝子水提取物对人精子顶体和超微结构的保护作用[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(5)：422-425.
[20]门红军,刘立,谢海泉,等.北五味子粗多糖对大鼠自由基代谢的影响[J].吉林中医药,2003,23(7)：48.
[21]朱燕飞.枸杞子药理作用概述[J].浙江中西医结合杂志,2005,15(5)：322-323.
[22]夏泉,张平,李绍平,等.当归的药理作用研究进展[J].时珍国医国药,2004,15(3)：164-165.
[23]邓红娟,郭延生,刁鹏飞,等.当归水提液和醇提液体外清除自由基的研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2009,44(4)：58-61.
[24]郝林琳,刘松财,夏青娟,等.鹿茸多肽的生物学活性研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2006,28(3)：285-288.
[25]葛斌,许爱霞,杨社华.黄芪多糖抗衰老作用机制的研究[J].中国医院药学杂志,2004,24(10)：610-612.
[26]梁培育,李浩勇,肖劲逐,等.添加不同浓度黄芪注射液对人精子运动参数的影响[J].中国现代医学杂志,2004,14(2)：62-66.
[27]王本祥主编.现代中药药理与临床[M].天津：天津科技翻译出版公司,2004.
[28]关艳冰,梁慕兰,程军平.黄精赞育胶囊治疗精液异常致不育症57例临床观察[J].新中医,2004,36(3)：26-27.
[29]周辉,程学军,陈众,等.畸精症患者黄精赞育胶囊治疗前后精浆中活性氧浓度的变化[J].南方医科大学学报,2008,28(8)：1514-1516.
[30]王战军,王品.生精种子汤合海鹿散治疗男性不育症188例临床疗效观察[J].中医临床研究,2012,04(1)：86-88.
[31]武小强,武凯歌,杨宇,等.加味六味地黄汤治疗少、弱精男性不育症疗效分析[J].中国医药导报,2012,09(3)：106-108.
[32]王万春,封俊光,严张仁,等.强精汤治疗少弱精症临床疗效观察[J].时珍国医国药,2009,20(3)：730-731.
[33]王雷,钟广伟,汤清明.补肾生精法治疗男性不育少精症146例临床疗效分析[J].湖南师范大学学报(医学版),2010,7(4)：50-52.
[34]丁彩飞,孙中明,鲍严钟.生精1号治疗精液异常男性不育151例临床分析[J].浙江中医学院学报,2005,29(2)：44-45.
[35]邹强,欧阳洪根,金冠羽,等.虎杖丹参饮治疗男性抗精子抗体阳性不育症50例疗效观察[J].新中医,2005,37(3)：43-44.
[36]安新涛.复方玄驹胶囊治疗抗精子抗体阳性男性不育的疗效观察[J].中国性科学,2012,21(4)：39-41.
[37]郑毅春,肖宗辉,朱照平,等.补肾活血化瘀法抑制抗精子抗体作用临床观察[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2008,15(6)：77-80.
[38]杨凤敏.补肾益气汤治疗抗精子抗体阳性85例临床分析[J].河北医学,2011,17(10)：1411-1413.
[39]祁天寿,李国庆,徐责江,等.自拟消抗种子方治疗抗精子抗体阳性男性不育的临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2007,27(11)：983-985.
[40]熊芬,李高,庞雪冰,等.奥硝唑对雄性大鼠生育功能的影响[J].生殖与避孕,2006,26(2)：81-85.
[41]张稳,刘清珍,商学军,等.L-肉碱对奥硝唑所致弱精子症大鼠的治疗作用[J].中华男科学杂志,2009,15(7)：604-607.
[42]刘清珍,商学军,邵永,等.L-肉碱在奥硝唑致雄性大鼠生殖系统氧化损伤中的作用[J].生殖与避孕,2008,28(11)：656-659.
[43]商学军,刘清珍,康宁,等.L-肉碱在奥硝唑所致大鼠睾丸和附睾损伤中的保护作用[J].中华男科学杂志,2009,15(12)：1090-1094.
[44]庞雪冰,朱洋,李红钢,等.奥硝唑对大鼠精子的影响及作用机制探讨[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(1)：26-28.
[45]熊芬,庞雪冰.奥硝唑对大鼠睾丸和附睾超微结构的影响[J].今日药学,2009,19(11)：23-27.
[46]郭应禄,李宏军.男性不育症[M].北京：人民军医出版社,2003：38.
[47]Dohle GR,ColpiG M,Hargreave TB,et aL.EAU guidelines on male Infertility [J].Eururol JT-European urology,2005,48(5):730-7311.
[48]MAKKER K,AGARWAL,SHARMA R.Oxidative stress & maleinfertility[J]. Indian J Med Res,2009,129(4):357-367.
[49]李红,杨学农,赵萌,等.不育男性的精子DNA完整性与活性氧及尿酸的关系[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2010,18(3)：149-151.
[50]吕逸清,陈斌,胡凯,等.不育症患者精子凋亡率与精浆活性氧水平检测及 相关性分析[J].上海交通大学学报(医学版),2009,29(6)：705-708.
[51]吕逸清,陈斌,胡凯,等.精子凋亡率与精子密度、活率、活力及活性氧关系探讨[J].中国男科学杂志,2009,23(2)：34-37.
[52]陈俊清,罗胜萍,黄诚刚.精浆活性氧水平与男性不育的相关性研究[J].国际检验医学杂志,2011,32(9)：1002-1004.
[53]刘居理,罗明.活性氧检测在男性不育中的应用价值[J].现代诊断与治疗,2009,20(4)：223-226.
[54]程学军,郭新宇,谢小萍,等.畸精症患者中活性氧浓度监测[J].实用医学杂志,2007,23(8)：2894-2895.
[55]商学军,李克,叶章群,等.应用高效液相色谱法检测男性不育患者精浆丙二醛水平[J].生殖与避孕,2004,24(2)：90-93.
[56]陈寅生,孙大林,金保方,等.益心康泰胶囊对少弱精子症患者的精液质量和精浆MDA、SOD的影响[J].南京中医药大学学报,2011,27(5)：481-483.
[57]操日亮,汪中扬,梁晓燕,等.精浆中丙二醛测定在评估不育男性精液质量中的意义[J].广东医学,2012,33(3)：351-353.
[58]吕海宁,滕晓明.左卡尼汀治疗男性少、弱精子症临床观察[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(6)：470,476.
[59]王亚轩,杨书文,蔡文清,等.左卡尼汀联合他莫昔芬治疗少弱精子症[J].中国男科学杂志,2010,24(5)：55-57.
[60]李厚龙.复方玄驹胶囊与维生素E、C并用治疗少弱精症102例临床观察[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报,2012,33(2)：210.
[61]郭应禄,胡礼泉.男科学[M].第1版,北京：人民卫生出版社,2004,942-967.
[62]Fabro QRovasio RA,Civalero S,et al.Chemotaxis of capacitated rabbitspermatozoa to follicular fluid revealed by a novel directionality-based assay[J].Biol Reprod,2002,67(5):1565-1571.
[63]丁晓芳,熊承良.尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子在精子趋化运动中的作用初探[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(6)：409-412.
[64]Cardullo RA, Baltz JM.Metabolic regulation in mammalian sperm:mitoch-ondrial volume determines sperm length and flagellar beat frequency[J]. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton,1991,19 (3):180-188.
[65]丁晓芳,商学军,李红钢,等.尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子对小鼠获能精子线粒体膜电位的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2007,13(5)：391-395.
[66]Lesauskaite V & Ivanoviene L.Programmed cell death:molecular mechanism sand detection. Medicina(Kaunas),2002,38(9):869-875.
[67]郭应禄,辛钟成.男子生殖医学[M].第1版,北京：科学出版社,2005,28-71.
[68]宾彬,王杰,陈定雄,等.强精煎抑制实验小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的机制研究[J].时珍国医国药,2010,21(4)：907-908.
[69]宾彬,莫秋柏,陈定雄,等.强精煎对实验小鼠睾丸Bcl-2及Bax蛋白表达影响研究[J].实用中医药杂志,2010,26(8)：524-525.
[70]安立文,隋勇,张景欣,等.生精冲剂对精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精功能保护作用的研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2006,20(2)：39-42.
[71]袁瑞,潘晓燕,王正朝,等.温肾生精饮治疗生精障碍的实验研究[J].四川中医,2010,8(6)：9-12.
[72]张长城,贾亮亮,许佳,等.五子衍宗汤对环磷酰胺致小鼠生精障碍保护作用的研究[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2010,16(7)：570-572.
[73]孙少敏,李光植,魏晓东.川断对衰老小鼠肝的总抗氧化能力和丙二醛含量的影响[J].黑龙江医学科学,2000,23(2)：18-19.
[74]谭迎春,陈子江.补肾活血中药对弱精子症大鼠抗氧化作用的研究[J].南京中医药大学学报,2006,22(4)：231-233.
[75]黄宇烽,许瑞吉.男科诊断学[M].上海：第二军医大学出版社,1999,205-219.
[76]陈秀玲,韩艳君,钱聪,等.不育男性精浆果糖含量与精子参数的关系[J].实用医学杂志,2009,25(12)：1975-1977.
[77]陈敏,陈新钱丁显平.精浆果糖与男性生育[J].检验医学与临床,2005,2(2)：86-87.
[78]Zhu H,Itoh K,Yamamoto M,et al. Role of Nrf2 signaling in regulation of antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes in cardiac fibroblasts:protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced cell injury[J]. FEBS Lett, 2005,579(14):3029-3036.
[79]Surh YJ,Kundu JK,Na HK.Nrf2 as a master redox switch in turning on the cellular signaling involved in the induction of cytoprotective genes by some. chemopreventive phytochemicals[J]. Planta Med,2008,74(13):1526-1539.
[80]Jung KA,K wak MK-The Nrf2 system as a potential target for the develop-ment of indirect antioxidants.Molecules[J].2010,15(10):7266-7291.
[81]Paul C,Teng S,Saunders PT.A single,mild,transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes, which induces germ cell death[J].Biol Reprod,2009,80(5):913-919.
[82]Rubiolo JA,Mithieux QVega FV.Resveratrol protects primary rat hepato-cytes against oxidative stress damage:activation of the Nrf2 transcriptionfactor and augmented activities of antioxidant enzymes[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2008,591(1-3):66-72.
[83]Shiraishi K,Naito K.Increased expression of Leydig cell heme oxygenase-lpreserves spermatogenesis in varicocele[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(9):2608-2613.
[84]郑芸鹤,黄璐,侯旭剑,等.二甲基甲酰胺对小鼠睾丸组织结构和睾丸酶的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2008,25(9)：779-781.
[1]Check JH.Treatment of male infertility [J].Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol,2007,34(4): 201-206.
[2]王晶,尚丽新,徐黎明,等.109对不育症夫妇相关因素调查分析[J].生殖医学杂志,2009,6：555-557.
[3]世界卫生组织.男子不育标准化诊疗手册[M].李铮,等,译.上海：第二届亚太男科学术论坛暨男性不育规范化培训讲义,2006.
[4]郭桂林,张影.男性不育症常见原因分析[J].医学检验,2011,18(28)：82-83.
[5]黄伟玲.325例不孕不育症原因分析[J].吉林医学,2011,32(36)：7749-7750.
[6]何清湖,秦国政.中西医结合男科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2005.
[7]孙自学,陈建设.王琦教授治疗男性不育经验介绍[J].四川中医,2004,22(1)：7-8.
[8]徐福松.论中医男科之诊治思路[J].南京中医药大学学报,2008,24(5)：289-291.
[9]高永金,金保方.徐福松教授辨治特发性少精液症的经验[J].国际中医中药杂志,2012,34(2)：183-185.
[10]宾彬,王杰.从“脾肾两虚兼湿热瘀毒”论治少弱精子症[J].甘肃中医,2010,23(7)：36-37.
[11]宾彬,王杰,陈定雄,等.强精煎治疗少弱精子症临床疗效及安全性研究[J].西部中医药,2012,25(4)：5-7.
[12]曹开镰.中医男科诊断治疗学[M].北京：中国医药科技出版社,2007.
[13]绕和平.柴胡生精汤治疗精液异常不育症疗效分析[J].中国中医药信息杂志, 2009,16(9)：66-67.
[14]董名松.解脲支原体感染与男性不育的关系进展[J].中国医药指南,2012,,2(10)：57-59.
[15]Zhang ZH,Zhang HG,Dong Y,et al.Ureaplasma urealyticum in male infertility in Jilin Province,North-east China,and its relation-ship with sperm morphology[J].J Int Med Res,2011,39(1):33-40.
[16]Ochsendorf FR.Sexually transmitted infections:impact on ale fertility[J]. mAndrologia,2008,40(2):72-75.
[17]刘莉,马萍,岳宗相,等.解脲支原体感染对男性不育患者精液参数的影响[J].中国医学创新,2012,9(6)：7-10.
[18]涂剑.男性不育患者解脲支原体感染状况及治疗研究[J].中外医疗,2012,(3)：17,19.
[19]冯明.男性不育症患者生殖道分泌物检测结果分析(附278例报道)[J].中国医药指南,2012,10(5)：139-140.
[20]李协照,丘勇超,符卓韬.精索静脉曲张合并不育症的中西医结合临床研究进展[J].临床医学工程,2011,18(12)：1981-1983.
[21]李德忠,陈清.男性不育患者Y染色体无精子因子微缺失的检测[J].中国基层医药,2006,13(9)：1516-1518.
[22]杨国宗,曾宏翔,黄凌,等.男性不育患者细胞因子水平的检测及意义[J].中国实验诊断学,2009,13(6)：794.
[23]黄海斌,叶松道.精浆IL-2、IL-4水平与男性精子运动功能的相关性[J].中国现代医生,2012,50(4)：1-4.
[24]Lee R,Goldstein M,Ullery,et al.Value of serum antisperm antibodies in diagnosing obstructive azoospermia[J].J Urol,2009,181(1):264-269.
[25]Emin A,Konova E,Lichev,et al.The improtance of the presence of antisperm antibodies in serum and ejaculate of men with infertility[J].Akush Ginekol(Sofiia), 2008,47(2):26-30.
[26]Dissanayake D,Wijesinghe P,Ratnasooriya W,et al.Relationship Between seminal plasma zinc and semen quality in a subfertile population[J].J Hum Reprod Sci,2010, 3(3):124-128.
[27]Yamaguchi S,Miura C,Kikuchi K,et al.Zinc is an essential trace element for spermatogen-esis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(26):10859-10864.
[28]Abdul-Rasheed OF.The relationship between seminal plasma zinc levels and high molecular weight zinc binding protein and sperm motility in Iraqi infertile men[J]. Saudi Med J,2009,30(4):485-489.
[29]郑利平,朱旭,覃坚,等.不育症患者精液微量元素与精液质量之间的相关性分析[J].国际检验医学杂志,2012,33(6)：659-660.
[30]王浩飞,沈健.育之缘口嚼片治疗弱精子症的临床疗效观察[J].中国男科学杂志,2012,26(2)：55-56.
[31]O Kelly F,Manecksha RP,Cullen IM,et al.Electroejaculatory stimulation and its implications for male infertility in spinal cord injury:a short history through four decades of sperm retrieval(1975-2010)[J]. Urology,2011,77(6),1349-1352.
[32]王景阁.温补脾阳补肾填精方治疗弱精症20例临床观察[J].河北中医,2009,31(5)：792-793.
[33]许国恩,欧阳晓明,陈友元.生精逍遥散治疗少弱精子症疗效观察[J].辽宁中医杂志,2008,35(9)：1358-1359.
[34]罗少波,贾金铭,马卫国,等.益精方治疗少弱精症207例[J].陕西中医,2010,31(4)：410-413.
[35]曹继刚.周安方治疗不育症从精液微观辨证用药经验[J].湖北中医杂志,2009,31(3)：29-30.
[36]何清湖,郑毅春,李儇羽.金匮肾气丸治男性不育症临床观察[J].天津中医药,2003,20(1)：18-20.
[37]陈德宁,周文彬.男性不育症[M].广州：广东高等教育出版社,2001：64-69.
[38]朱玉芬.中医辨证分型治疗男性不育少精子症158例[J].国医论坛,2002,17(4)：20-21.
[39]王喜志.少弱精子症的辨病和辨证治疗分析[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2003,10(6)：65-66.
[40]孟小波,王晓然,马红.补肾生精中药中医辨治少弱精子症的效果观察[J].现代中西医结合杂志,2004,13(2)：164.
[41]张大成,张雷.补肾嗣子汤治疗男性不育少弱精子症177例临床观察[J].中医杂志,2009,50(增刊)：184-185.
[42]于月莲.少弱精子症的中医药辩证治疗效果观察[J].河南科技大学学报(医学版),2009,27(3)：213-214.
[43]周巧艳,郭凤月,李兴华,等五子衍宗丸和金匮肾气丸化裁辨证治疗少弱精子症141例[J].河北中医,2011,33(12)：1838-1840.
[44]王权胜,宾彬,唐乾利,等.从“脾肾两虚”论治少弱精子症58例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2012,39(5)：889-890.
[45]郑怀南,徐福松.聚精汤治疗男性不育症50例疗效观察[J].中医药研究,2002,18(4)：88.
[46]梁显标.灵芪五子汤治疗少弱精子症60例[J].光明中医,2008,23(10)：1517-1518.
[47]袁茂云.“还精煎”治疗少精、弱精症26例[J].中医男科,2002,24(1):24.
[48]黎杰运,洪志明,陈德宁,等.从肝论治少、弱精子症的临床研究及作用机理探讨[J].中医药学报,2009,37(3)：55-57.
[49]林应华,黄宝英,丁建新,等.五子衍宗汤加味治疗精液异常不育症120例[J].福建中医药,2009,40(3)：25-26.
[50]耿强,吕伯东,黄晓军,等.加味天雄散治疗少弱精子症的疗效观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2010,30(5)：496-.498.
[51]武小强,武凯歌,杨宇,等.加味六味地黄汤治疗少、弱精男性不育症疗效分析[J].中国医药导报,2012,9(3)：106-108.
[52]喻国华.自拟促精汤治疗脾肾阳虚型少精弱精症122例[J].中医杂志,2011,52(5)：419-420.
[53]黄小庆,龙云,吴江平,等.温肾生精汤治疗肾虚型少弱精子症患者疗效观察[J].新中医,2011,43(1)：71-72.
[54]熊付兴,莫晓彬.运用生精胶囊治疗男性不育症的疗效及安全性分析[J].中国医学创新,2012,9(12)：100-101.
[55]郭军,宋春生,耿强,等.六五生精汤治疗少、弱精子症不育的临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2007,27(11)：986-988.
[56]刘铁,苏家文.清利湿热结合补益生精法治疗不育症的临床观察[J].中国性科 学,2010,19(9)：18-20.
[57]刘静云.益气补血法治疗活动精子百分率低下81例临床观察[J].河北中医,2009,31(3)：461-463.
[58]祁天寿,丁昌华,刘茂功,等.泻补兼施法治疗少精弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国性科学,2007,16(8)：32-34.
[59]庞保珍,赵焕云.针刺治疗少精不育128例[J].黑龙江中医药,2004,(1)：42-43.
[60]李文华.温针对男性精子质量影响的临床观察[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2008,21(21)：1633.
[61]石秀峰.针灸与中药治疗男性不育少、弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国当代医药,2009,16(15)：115-116.
[62]王志强,黄耀全,梁兵.电针与中药治疗男性不育少、弱精子症临床观察[J].中国针灸,2008,28(11)：805-807.
[63]沈蓉蓉.夏治平针药结合治疗特发性少弱精子症[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2011,17(4)：257-258.
[64]陈麟,谢彬,吕绍光,等.隔姜温针灸结合自拟益精方治疗肾虚型不育症临床观察[J].针灸临床杂志,2011,27(10)：6-8.
[65]刘莉,岳宗相,浦玮,等.育子汤配合电针刺激对弱精症患者精浆锌的影响[J].现代临床医学,2011,37(4)：251-252.
[66]Dohle GR,Smit M.Microsurgical vasovasostomy at the Erasmus MC,1998-2002:results and predictive factors[J].Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd,2005,149 (49): 2743-2747.
[67]Meng MV,Greene KL,Turek PJ.Surgery or assisted reproduction Adecisionanalysis of treatment costs in male infertility[J]. J UroI,2005,174(5):1926-1931.
[68]Kumar R,Gautam G,Gupta NP.JUrol[J].2006,176(4Ptl):1307-1312.
[69]何学酉,李钢,张旭,等.小剂量雄激素治疗少弱精子症的临床研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2009,23(12)：42-48.
[70]李蓉,蔡志明.激素治疗男性不育症的现状和展望[J].生殖医学杂志,2004,13(3)：190-192.
[71]汤秀明,刘海宁,江秀丽,等.hMG联合hCG素治疗特发性少精子症[J].山东医药,2009,49(34)：71-72.
[72]李铮,陈国武,商学军,等.左旋肉碱和乙酰左旋肉碱合用治疗少弱精子症有效性与安全性的多中心随机对照临床研究[J].中华男科学杂志,2005,11(10)：761-764.
[73]程怀瑾,陈廷.左旋肉碱和乙酰左旋肉碱复合制剂对特发性弱精子症精子质量的影响[J].中华男科学杂志,2008,14(2)：149-151.
[74]嵇文田,田洪志,赵增涛,等.锌硒宝联合左卡尼汀治疗特发性弱精子症120例分析[J].生殖与避孕,2008,28(10)：634,639.
[75]王界宇.左卡尼汀口服液治疗少弱精子症疗效观察[J].中国误诊学杂志,2012,12(8)：1854-1855.
[76]AKMAL.M,QADRI J Q AL-WAILI N S,et al.Improvement in humansemen quality after oral supplementation of vitamin C[J].J Med Food,2006,9(3):440-442.
[77]BALERCIA QMANCINI A,PAGGI F,et al.Coenzyme Q10 and male infertility [J] J ENDOCRINOL Invest,2009,32(7):626-632.
[78]SAFARINEJAD M R. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters,sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile men[J].J Urol,2009,182(1):237-248.
[79]CIFTCI H, Verit A,SAVAS M,et al.Effects of N-acety-lcysteine on semen parameters and oxidative/antioxidant status[J].Urology,2009,74(1):73-76.
[80]HEIDARY M,VAHHABI S,REZA N J,et al.Effect of saffron on semen parameters of infertile men[J].Urol J,2008,5(4):255-259.
[81]SAFARINEJAD MR,SHAFIEI N,SAFARINEJAD S.Aprospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of saffron(Crocus sativus Linn.)on semenparameters and seminal plasma antioxi-dant capacity in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasth enoteratoz-oospermia[J].phytother Res,2011,25 (4): 518-516.
[82]张睿.男性少弱精子症患者精浆锌含量分析[J].中国现代医生,2010,48(15)：29-30.
[83]董广楼,司军霞.锌硒宝对少弱精子症的临床疗效观察[J].基层医学论 坛,2009,13(12)：1094-1095.
[84]李彤,李汉忠,李宏军,等.己酮可可碱对精子活力的体外改善作用[J].中国男科学杂志,2005,19(3)：34-35.
[85]SAFARINEJAD M R.Effect of pentoxifylline on semen parameters, reproductive hormones,and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in men with idiopathic infertility:a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study[J].Int Urol Nehrol, 2011,43(2):315-328.
[86]卢少明,李晓,张浩波.克罗米芬联合己酮可可碱治疗特发性少、弱精子症的临床研究[J].中国男科学杂,2008,22(5)：39-41.
[87]Ebisch IM,ThomasCM, PetersWH,et al.The important of folate,zinc and antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention ofsubfertil-ity[J].Hum ReprodUpdate,2007,13 (2):163-174.
[88]AvdemirB,Onaran I,KizilerAR,et al. Increased oxidative damage of sperm and seminal plasma in men with idiopathic infertility is higher inpatientswith glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 null grno-type[J].Asian JAndra,2007,9(1):108-115.
[89]郑瑞芹,安会芹,刘晓芹,等.锌硒宝配伍生精丸治疗特发性少弱精子症临床疗效分析[J].生殖与避孕,2007,27(3)：237-238.
[90]张建国,薛宗勇,王蓓玲,等.联合用药治疗少弱精子症[J].中国男科学杂志,2006,20(11)：4344.
[91]杨宝贵,张本煌.自拟生精方合克罗米酚治疗少弱精子症不育80例[J].安徽中医临床杂志,2000,12(2)：92.
[92]许崇伟,丁明青,丁志勇.生精助育汤配合构椽酸克罗米酚治疗少弱精症[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2000,7(6)：69-70.
[93]程文超,冷亦煊.少精症、弱精症的中西药治疗疗效观察[J].实用全科医学,2008,6(6)：618.
[94]孙伟,张敏,崔薇.电针联合TDP对肾阳虚型不孕患者体外受精胚胎移植的疗效观察[J].山东中医药大学学报,2010,34(1)：56-58.
[95]张利,段晓明,徐计秀,等.左旋肉碱加五子衍宗丸治疗少弱精子症[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2010,16(5)：535-537.
[96]李大文,孟繁华,韩伟,等.自拟十子二仙汤合左卡尼汀治疗肾阳虚型弱精子症临床观察[J].广西中医学院学报,2010,13(3)：28-31.
[97]张云霞.生精胶囊与左旋卡尼汀并用治疗少弱精子症100例临床观察[J].中国男科学杂志,2010,24(6)：65-66.
[98]杨文涛,李群生,乔飞,等.中西医结合治疗重度少弱精症55例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2011,38(1)：121-123.
[99]吴镝.中西医结合治疗男性少弱精症的临床疗效观察[J].中华全科医学2012,10(3)：429-430.
[100]刘娟,谭宗建,张勇.中西医结合治疗男性精液异常疗效观察[J].中国实用医药,2012,7(14)：14-16.
[101]李厚龙.复方玄驹胶囊与维生素E、C并用治疗少弱精症102例临床观察[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报,2012,33(2)：210.
[102]唐乾利,张力主编.前列腺疾病一本通[M].北京：中国化工出版社·生物医药出版分社,2010,01：189-190.
[103]王权胜,宾彬,唐乾利,等.慢性前列腺炎患者的心理干预(附87例报告)[J].中华男科学杂志,2011,17(6)：562-563
[104]唐乾利,何清湖.中医发展现状与现代化的若干问题思考[J].中华中医药杂志,2011,26(11)：2728-2730.
[105]唐乾利,陈小平,覃文玺,何清湖.中国传统儒家文化对中医诊疗观形成与发展的影响[J].学术论坛,2011,34(10)：86-89.
[106]唐乾利,代波,王权胜,宾彬,黄欣.续断种子方治疗免疫性男性不育的疗效观察[J].中医药学报,2012,40(5)：68-70.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |