益生素在肉鸡日粮中的应用研究
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摘要
本试验研究了不同添加水平的益生素对艾维茵肉鸡生产性能、免疫机能及血液生化指标的影响。试验采用完全随机区组设计，分别在含黄霉素和不含黄霉素的日粮中添加不同水平的益生素(0、0.2％、0.4％、0.6％)。试验选用了3776羽体重基本一致的1日龄的艾维茵公雏，随机分成8组，每组6个重复，每个重复60只鸡。第1至4组分别在含黄霉素6 mg／kg的日粮中添加0、0.2％、0.4％、0.6％的益生素，第5至8组分别在不含黄霉素的日粮中添加0、0.2％、0.4％、0.6％的益生素。另外，每组再设一个消化组，每个消化组112只鸡，饲喂添加了0.3％Cr_2O_3指示剂的日粮。试验分为试验前期(0-21天)和后期(22-42天)。整个试验期实行24小时光照，自由采食和饮水。试验第21、40天时，测定肉鸡体重、采食量，计算料肉比。第14、40天时，从每组每重复分别随机抽取6只和3只鸡，翅静脉采血10ml，用于测定T细胞转化率及血清中IgG、IgA、TP、ALB、GLOB、TG、TC、Ca、P含量。第21、42天时，将每组用作消化试验的鸡解剖，分离脾脏、法氏囊和胸腺，切取盲肠扁桃体，取回肠内容物，用于测定免疫器官的变化及营养物质的消化率。
结果表明，(1) 在肉鸡日粮中添加益生素对前期增重、采食量和料肉比作用不显著(P＞0.05)，对干物质(DM)、有机物(0M)、粗蛋白(CP)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)和部分必需氨基酸的消化率影响显著(P＜0.05)。添加0.2％益生素能显著提高肉鸡对DM、OM、CP、Ca、P和试验前期Met、Lys、Phe、Ile、His的消化率(P＜0.05)；添加0.4％益生素能显著提高试验后期肉鸡增重(P＜0.05)，但会降低饲料利用率(P＞0.05)。(2) 试验前期，益生素能提高法氏囊、胸腺指数，增大盲肠扁桃体面积。添加量为0.2％时能极显著地增大盲肠扁桃体面积(P＜0.01)，添加量为0.4％时能显著提高脾脏指数(P＜0.05)，极显著提高法氏囊指数(P＜0.01)；试验后期，益生素不能促进肉鸡免疫器官生长。(3) 益生素对血清中IgG、IgA含量影响显著(P＜0.05)，但对T细胞转化率无影响(P＞0.05)。其中，添加0.4％益生素能显著提高血清中IgG、IgA的含量(P＜0.05)。(4) 益生素能提高血清总蛋白、清蛋白和球蛋白含量和球／清蛋白比值。其中，添加0.2％益生素在试验前期，能显著提高血清球蛋白含量和G／A值(P＜0.05)；试验后期能极显著提高血清总蛋白、球蛋白含量(P＜0.01)，显著提高球／清蛋白比值(P＜0.05)。(5) 益生素对血清中钙、磷含量
影响显著，添加量为0.2%时在试验前期能极显著地提高血清中磷的含量
甲<0 .01)，试验后期能显著增加血清中钙的含量(P 中总脂(TG)和TC含量，其中，添加0.2%益生素能显著降低血清中总脂含量
和胆固醇水平(P<0 .05)。(7)单独添加益生素、黄霉素以及两者联合使用，作用
效果差异不显著(P>0 .05)。
从上述结果可看出:
1、在肉鸡日粮中添加益生素，能提高干物质、有机物、粗蛋白的消化率，促
进各种必需氨基酸的消化吸收。
2、益生素能提高肉鸡免疫力。试验前期，能促进「细胞转化，显著提高法氏
囊指数和胸腺指数，极显著增大盲肠扁桃体面积。试验后期，益生素能极
显著提高血清总蛋白和球蛋白含量，显著提高血清球/清蛋白比值和IgG、
IgA含量。
3、益生素能显著降低血清中总脂和胆固醇含量;显著提高血中钙、磷含量。
4、益生素的添加量以添加0.2%时效果最好。
5、益生素与黄霉素作用效果比较，益生素能更好地提高肉鸡免疫力，更有效
地降低血清中总脂和胆固醇含量，但增重效果不如黄霉素;益生素与黄霉
素联合使用，对血清蛋白的影响和试验前期钙的吸收有一定协同作用。说
明益生素可以部分替代黄霉素使用。
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics on broilers' performance, immune responses, serum biochemical parameters. The experiment was conducted as completely random block design. A total of 3776 one-d-old male commercial Avian broilers were fed on two group (with and without flavomycin) diets supplemented with graded levels of probiotics at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6%. Birds were divided randomly into 8 treatments (six replicates per treatment and 60 broilers per replicate). Every treatment had a digestive group, including 112 birds, added 0.3% Cr2O3 into diet. This experiment was conducted in two periods: starter 0-21 and finisher22-42 ,days. Light was provided 24 h a day, feed and water were provided ad libitum during the entire experimental period. Body weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency (feed:gain) were checked on the d 21 and the d 40. Blood samples were collected on d 14 and d 40 to determine IgG, IgA, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerol, total cholesterol, Ca, P an
d T lymphocyte proliferation ratio. On each morning of d 21 and d 42, 64 broilers of d 21 and 48 broilers of d 42 from each digestive group were used to measure spleen, bursa F, thymus, cecal tonsils and the assimilation rate of nutrients.
The results showed that: the birds given diet added probiotics (1) There was no significantly effect on feed consumption, feed efficiency and weight gain of starter phase (p>0. 05), but had significantly effect on DM, OM, CP, Ca, P and part of essential amino acid (p<0. 05). The digestibility of Met, Lys, Phe, He, His at starter phase and DM, OM, CP, Ca, P at full phase were significantly improved by the group given 0.2% probiotics (p<0. 05), weight gain was significantly increased at finishing phase (p<0. 05) while feed efficiency was decreased by the group given 0.4% probiotics (p>0. 05). (2) At starter phase, probiotics can improve spleen index, bursa F index and cecal tonsils area. There was significantly effect on spleen index (p<0. 05) and bursa F index (p<0. 01) by 0.4% probiotics, and cecal tonsils area was significantly increased by 0.2% probiotics (p<0. 01). At finishing phase, there was no significant influence on immune organs (p>0. 05). (3) There was obvious effect on
serum IgG and IgA content but not effect on T lymphocyte proliferation ratio. The serum IgG, IgA content was significantly improved by 0.4% probiotics (p<0. 05). (4) Probiotics can increase total protein, globulin content and G/A. The globulin content and G/A were significantly increased by 0.2% probiotics (p<0. 05). (5) There was obvious influence on the content of serum Ca > P. The content of serum P at starter phase and serum Ca at finishing phase was significantly increased by the group given 0.2% probiotics (p<0.05). (6) Probiotics can decrease the level of serum triglycerol and cholesterol, and which was significantly decreased by 0.2% probiotics (p<0. 05). (7) There was no significantly different among the groups of probiotics, flavomycin and probiotics + flavomycin (p>0. 05).
Based on the above results, it was suggested that:
(1) Probiotics can increase the digestibility of essential amino acid, DM, OM, CP. (2) Probiotics can improve the chicken immune response increasing spleen index, bursa F index and cecal tonsils area significantly at starter phase and the serum IgG, IgA, total protein, globulin content and G/A at finishing phase. (3)Probiotics can increase the serum Ca and P content, decrease the serum triglycerol and cholesterol level. (4) The optimal probiotics supplementation level in broiler diet is 0.2%. (5) Compared with flavomycin, probiotics can improve the chicken immune response and decrease serum triglycerol and cholesterol level more efficiently, but the effect of probiotics on gain is less than flavomycin. Probiotics and flavomycin was used at the same time can effect serum protein content and promote the assimilation of Ca. So probiotics partially substituting flavomycin is possible.
结果表明，(1) 在肉鸡日粮中添加益生素对前期增重、采食量和料肉比作用不显著(P＞0.05)，对干物质(DM)、有机物(0M)、粗蛋白(CP)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)和部分必需氨基酸的消化率影响显著(P＜0.05)。添加0.2％益生素能显著提高肉鸡对DM、OM、CP、Ca、P和试验前期Met、Lys、Phe、Ile、His的消化率(P＜0.05)；添加0.4％益生素能显著提高试验后期肉鸡增重(P＜0.05)，但会降低饲料利用率(P＞0.05)。(2) 试验前期，益生素能提高法氏囊、胸腺指数，增大盲肠扁桃体面积。添加量为0.2％时能极显著地增大盲肠扁桃体面积(P＜0.01)，添加量为0.4％时能显著提高脾脏指数(P＜0.05)，极显著提高法氏囊指数(P＜0.01)；试验后期，益生素不能促进肉鸡免疫器官生长。(3) 益生素对血清中IgG、IgA含量影响显著(P＜0.05)，但对T细胞转化率无影响(P＞0.05)。其中，添加0.4％益生素能显著提高血清中IgG、IgA的含量(P＜0.05)。(4) 益生素能提高血清总蛋白、清蛋白和球蛋白含量和球／清蛋白比值。其中，添加0.2％益生素在试验前期，能显著提高血清球蛋白含量和G／A值(P＜0.05)；试验后期能极显著提高血清总蛋白、球蛋白含量(P＜0.01)，显著提高球／清蛋白比值(P＜0.05)。(5) 益生素对血清中钙、磷含量
影响显著，添加量为0.2%时在试验前期能极显著地提高血清中磷的含量
甲<0 .01)，试验后期能显著增加血清中钙的含量(P
和胆固醇水平(P<0 .05)。(7)单独添加益生素、黄霉素以及两者联合使用，作用
效果差异不显著(P>0 .05)。
从上述结果可看出:
1、在肉鸡日粮中添加益生素，能提高干物质、有机物、粗蛋白的消化率，促
进各种必需氨基酸的消化吸收。
2、益生素能提高肉鸡免疫力。试验前期，能促进「细胞转化，显著提高法氏
囊指数和胸腺指数，极显著增大盲肠扁桃体面积。试验后期，益生素能极
显著提高血清总蛋白和球蛋白含量，显著提高血清球/清蛋白比值和IgG、
IgA含量。
3、益生素能显著降低血清中总脂和胆固醇含量;显著提高血中钙、磷含量。
4、益生素的添加量以添加0.2%时效果最好。
5、益生素与黄霉素作用效果比较，益生素能更好地提高肉鸡免疫力，更有效
地降低血清中总脂和胆固醇含量，但增重效果不如黄霉素;益生素与黄霉
素联合使用，对血清蛋白的影响和试验前期钙的吸收有一定协同作用。说
明益生素可以部分替代黄霉素使用。
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics on broilers' performance, immune responses, serum biochemical parameters. The experiment was conducted as completely random block design. A total of 3776 one-d-old male commercial Avian broilers were fed on two group (with and without flavomycin) diets supplemented with graded levels of probiotics at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6%. Birds were divided randomly into 8 treatments (six replicates per treatment and 60 broilers per replicate). Every treatment had a digestive group, including 112 birds, added 0.3% Cr2O3 into diet. This experiment was conducted in two periods: starter 0-21 and finisher22-42 ,days. Light was provided 24 h a day, feed and water were provided ad libitum during the entire experimental period. Body weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency (feed:gain) were checked on the d 21 and the d 40. Blood samples were collected on d 14 and d 40 to determine IgG, IgA, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerol, total cholesterol, Ca, P an
d T lymphocyte proliferation ratio. On each morning of d 21 and d 42, 64 broilers of d 21 and 48 broilers of d 42 from each digestive group were used to measure spleen, bursa F, thymus, cecal tonsils and the assimilation rate of nutrients.
The results showed that: the birds given diet added probiotics (1) There was no significantly effect on feed consumption, feed efficiency and weight gain of starter phase (p>0. 05), but had significantly effect on DM, OM, CP, Ca, P and part of essential amino acid (p<0. 05). The digestibility of Met, Lys, Phe, He, His at starter phase and DM, OM, CP, Ca, P at full phase were significantly improved by the group given 0.2% probiotics (p<0. 05), weight gain was significantly increased at finishing phase (p<0. 05) while feed efficiency was decreased by the group given 0.4% probiotics (p>0. 05). (2) At starter phase, probiotics can improve spleen index, bursa F index and cecal tonsils area. There was significantly effect on spleen index (p<0. 05) and bursa F index (p<0. 01) by 0.4% probiotics, and cecal tonsils area was significantly increased by 0.2% probiotics (p<0. 01). At finishing phase, there was no significant influence on immune organs (p>0. 05). (3) There was obvious effect on
serum IgG and IgA content but not effect on T lymphocyte proliferation ratio. The serum IgG, IgA content was significantly improved by 0.4% probiotics (p<0. 05). (4) Probiotics can increase total protein, globulin content and G/A. The globulin content and G/A were significantly increased by 0.2% probiotics (p<0. 05). (5) There was obvious influence on the content of serum Ca > P. The content of serum P at starter phase and serum Ca at finishing phase was significantly increased by the group given 0.2% probiotics (p<0.05). (6) Probiotics can decrease the level of serum triglycerol and cholesterol, and which was significantly decreased by 0.2% probiotics (p<0. 05). (7) There was no significantly different among the groups of probiotics, flavomycin and probiotics + flavomycin (p>0. 05).
Based on the above results, it was suggested that:
(1) Probiotics can increase the digestibility of essential amino acid, DM, OM, CP. (2) Probiotics can improve the chicken immune response increasing spleen index, bursa F index and cecal tonsils area significantly at starter phase and the serum IgG, IgA, total protein, globulin content and G/A at finishing phase. (3)Probiotics can increase the serum Ca and P content, decrease the serum triglycerol and cholesterol level. (4) The optimal probiotics supplementation level in broiler diet is 0.2%. (5) Compared with flavomycin, probiotics can improve the chicken immune response and decrease serum triglycerol and cholesterol level more efficiently, but the effect of probiotics on gain is less than flavomycin. Probiotics and flavomycin was used at the same time can effect serum protein content and promote the assimilation of Ca. So probiotics partially substituting flavomycin is possible.
引文
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38 上海市医学化验所．1982．临床生化检验(上册)．上海科学技术出版社
39 孙建义．1995．益生素研究和应用进展．生物工程进展，15(1)：28-31
40 孙建义，许梓荣．1999．益生素对祖代沙蛋鸡性能的影响．中国生物态学杂志，11(2)：82-85
41 石宝明．2000．寡聚糖、抗生素、益生素对仔猪生产性能和肠道菌群影响的研究．东北农业大学学报，31(4)：363-370
42 田允波．1999．益生素的研究和应用现状(续)．兽药与饲料添加剂，4(1-2)：35-40
43 王士长，陈茂金．2000．益生素对新西兰肉兔生长发育的影响．甘肃畜牧兽医，30 (3)：5-6
44 王吉潭，李德发，龚利敏，等．2003．甘露寡糖对肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响．中国畜牧杂志，39(2)：5-7
45 韦华姜，孙昌荣．1986．用ANAE染色法测定鹅鸡兔外周血液中T-淋巴细胞值及其影响因素的探讨．湖南农学院学报，4：123-125
46 郗伟斌，吕明凡，赵若冬．2003．抗生素禁用后的替代物及饲养策略．养猪，3：9-10
47 肖振铎，李梅．1996．益生素的研究进展及饲用效果．饲料工业，3：44-45
48 肖振铎．2002．饲用益生素与抗尘素的比较研究．吉林农业大学学报，24(3)：1-6
49 闫凤兰．1996．肉仔鸡饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtllis)效果的研究．动物营养学报，8(4)：34-38
50 杨汉博．2003．不同剂量益生芽孢杆菌对肉鸡免疫功能的影响．兽药与饲料添加剂，8(4)：7-10
51 杨胜主编．1993．饲料分析与饲料质量检测技术．北京：农业大学出版社．
52 杨林．2001．酶制剂、益生素对蓝狐消化代谢、免疫机能及生产性能影响的研
究．东北林业大学博士学位论文
53 杨汝德．2000．益生素及其应用．中国乳品工业，28(1)：29-31
54 阴天榜，刘兴友主编．1998．家禽免疫学．中国农业科技出版社．
55 曾庆亮．1999．新型饲料添加剂——微生态制剂．饲料工业，20(2)：24-25
56 张响英，唐现文．2000．生物态制剂在动物生产中的应用．饲料博览，11：31-33
57 张继瑜，王连娣．2003．黄霉素在畜牧养殖业中的应用．饲料研究，7：37-38
58 张日俊．2003．益生康对肉鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响．中国饲料，20：9-10
59 周庆安，刘文刚，邓留坤，等．2003．动物生物态制剂及其应用．饲料博览，4：11-13
60 朱立贤．2002．壳聚糖对肉仔鸡生产性能和血清胆固醇含量的影响．中国饲料，17：19-20
61 朱秋华，陈忠法．2000．益生素在动物生产上的应用．饲料博览，5：35-36
62 郑君杰，杨宝良．2003．黄霉素及其提高动物生产性能作用．饲料研究，8：34-36
63 Abdollahi M. R. et al. 2000. Effect of different levels of bacterial probiotic on broilers performance. Alternatives to antibiotics. Feed Mix Special, 6-11
64 Anderson J.W and Gilliland S.E. 1999. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J A College Nutr,18: 43-50
65 Aso Y H , Akaza T , Kotake T, et al . 1995. Preventative effect of a Lactobacillus casei peparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer in a double-blind trial. Eur Urol, 27:104-109
66 Castaldo, D J. 1991, Combined In feed Antibiotics and Probiotics. Feed International, 127:20-26
67 De smet I, de Boever P, Berstraete W. 1998. Cholesterol lowering in pigs through enhanced bacterial bile salthydrolase activity. Birt J Nutr, 79:185-194
68 De Simone C,Vesely R, Bianchi Salvadori B. 1993. The role of probiotics in modulation of the immune system in man and in animals. Int. J. Immunother., 9:23-28
69 Dalloul RA. et al. 2003. Enhanced mucosal immunity against Eimeria acervulina
in broilers fed a Lactobacillus-based probiotic. Poult Sci., 82(1): 62-6
70 Endo T et al. 1999. Effects of a probiotic on the lipid metabolism of cocks fed on a cholesterol-enriched diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem ,63(9):1569-75
71 Fuller R. 1989. Review: Probiotics in man and animals. J.Appl Bacteriology, 66:365-378
72 Fukushima M, Nakano M. 1995. The effect of a probiotic on faecal and liver lipid classes in rats. Br J Nutr. ,73(5):701-10
73 Gill H S. 1998. Stimulation of the immune system by lactic cultures. International Dairy Science, 8:535-544
74 Green A.A and D.W.B.Sainsbury. 2001. The role of probiotic in producing quality poultry products.XV European Symposium on the quality of poultry meat ,9-12:245-251
75 Haddadin MS et al. 1996. The effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the production and chemical composition of hen's eggs. Poult Sci, 75(4):491-4
76 Incoka S, Uehana S. 1986. The effect of Bacillus natto on the T and B lyphocytes from spleen of feeding chickens. Poultry science, 65:1217-1217
77 Jin LZ et al.1998. Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations, and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures. Poult Sci, 77 (9):1259-65
78 Link-Amster H,Rochat F, Saudan K.et al. 1994. Modulation of a specific humoral immune response and changes in intestinal flora mediated through fermented milk intake. FEMS Immunol. Med.Microbiol, 10:55-64
79 Majamaa H, Isolauri E ,Saxelin Met al. 1995. Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr, 20:333-338
80 Manner, K, Jadamus, A.,Vahjen, W., Frackenpohl, U. and Simon, O. 2002. Effekte probiotischer Zusatze auf Leistungsparameter und intestinate Mikroflora. Proceedings 7. Tagung, Schweine-und Geflugelernahrung, 78-80
81 Marcela. Z. P, Ricardo.W.E, et al. 2001. Effect of probiotic and functional foods and their use in different diseases. Nutrition Research, 21:569-579
82 Midilli,M.and S.D.Tuncer. 2001. The effects of enzyme and probiotic
supplementation to diets on broiler performance. Turk.J.Vet.Anim.Sci, 895-903
83 Mohan B et al. 1996. Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, nitrogen utilisation and serum cholesterol in broilers. Br Poult Sci., 37(2):395-401
84 Mohan,B. R.Kadirvel,A.Natarajan and M. Bhaskaran..1996. Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, nitrogen utilization and serum cholesterol in broilers.Br.Poult.Sci, 37:395-401
85 Mulder, R.W.A.W., R.Havenaar, and J.H.J.Huis in 't Veld. 1997.Intervention strategies: the use of probiotics and competitive exclusion microfloras against contamination with pathogens in poultry and pigs. In : R. Fuller (ed), Probiotics 2: Application and practical aspects.Chapman & Hall,New York. pp. 187-207.
86 Quinlin, J. F., 1990. Judicious use of veterinary medicine in improving animal husbandry In Biotechnology in the feed industry. V4:Alltech technical Publication Nichoasville, USA, 215-222
87 Ouwehand A C , Kirjavainen P V, Shortt C, et al . 1999. Probiotics: mechanisms and established effects. International Daery Journal, 9:43-52
88 Reid G. 1999. The scientific basis for probiotic strains of Lactobacillus. Appl Environ Microbiol, 65:3763-3766
89 Reilly S S. Gilliland S E. 1999. Bifidobacterium longum survival during frozen and refrigerated storage asrelated to pH during growth. J Food Sci, 64:714-718
90 Richard.B, Jan. B., Sheila.R. 2001 .Comparision of selective media for the recovery and enumeration of probiotic yeasts from animal feed. International Journal of Food Microbiology,67: 55-61
91 Schiffrin E J .Rochat F, Link--Amster H, et al. 1995. Immune modulation of human blood group following the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science, 78:491-497
92 Sogaard H. 1990. Microbials for feed begond lastic acid bacteria. Feed International. 4:33-37
93 Toit M I. 1998. Characterisation and selection of probiotic lactobacilli for a preliminary minipig feeding trial and their effect on serum cholesterol levels, faeces pH and faeces moisture content. Int J Food Microbiol., 40(1-2):93-104
94 Yeo J, Kim KI. 1997. Effect of feeding diets containing an antibiotic, a probiotic, or yucca extract on growth and intestinal urease activity in broiler chicks. P0ult Sci.,76(2):381-385
2 蔡辉益，霍启光．1993．饲用微生物添加剂研究与应用进展．饲料工业，14(4-5)：7-12
3 杜晋平．2002．益生素添加剂的作用机理．动物科学与动物医学，29(11)：32-36
4 董志岩，方桂友，张玉宏．2003．饲粮中添加不同益生素浓度对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫及血液生化指标的影响．饲料博览，12：1-3
5 冯定远，于旭华．2001．生物技术在动物营养和饲料工业中的应用．饲料工业，22(10)：1-7
6 傅义刚．1995．肉鸡饲粮中添加益生素的效果及其机理的研究．华南农业大学硕士论文．
7 高玉龙．2002．微生态制剂在养鸡业中的应用．饲料研究，2：17-20
8 郭小权，2000．刘雨田，晏向华．益生素在畜禽养殖业中的应用．饲料博览，6：19-20
9 黄俊文，冯定远，谢启宇．2003．益生素与抗生素在断奶仔猪料中的配伍研究．猪营养与饲料研究进展．中国农业科学技术出版社，288-292
10 黄庆生，王加启．2002．饲料乳酸菌类益生素的作用机制和应用．动物营养学报，14(4)：12-17
11 黄少文，李绍章．刘金银，等．2002．益生素对仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响．湖北农业科学，4：76-77
12 何勇军，喻春元．2000．影响猪生长速度的几种血液性状．农业科技通讯，5：21-22
13 胡彩虹．2003．果寡糖对肉仔鸡肌肉中胆固醇水平的影响及其机理探讨．畜牧兽医学报，34(4)：349—355．
14 胡东兴．2001．生物态制剂及其作用机理．中国饲料，3：14-16
15 胡文锋，曹永长，毕英佐，等．2003．益生素与免疫刺激作用．饲料研究，4：23-24
16 金成瑶．1996．肉鸡饲喂益生素后小肠粘膜上皮细胞肝细胞超微结构功能研究，14(1)：61-66
17 金岭梅．1999．微生态制剂在仔猪生产中的应用．中国饲料，3：15
18 井明艳，孙建义．2003．益生素的应用研究与发展趋势．中国饲料，14：5-6
19 孔路军，郑雅文，赖长华，等．2003．EM和酸化剂配合添加对肉仔鸡消化酶活性和血液生化指标及钙磷代谢的影响．山东家禽，6：10-13
20 李桂杰，张钧利．2000．动物生态制剂的研究进展．饲料工业，21(11)：16-19
21 李桂杰，张钧利，徐海燕．2000．益生素对肉用仔鸡生产性能和肠道微生物的影响．饲料博览，1：43-44
22 李金魁．2002．黄牛血清蛋白质含量的实验室测定．黄牛杂志，28(3)：22-23．
23 李玲，杨桂芹．2001．益生素的作用机制及其在畜禽业中的应用．饲料博览，11：41-43
24 李梅．1995．益生素的研究与应用进展．吉林畜牧兽医，2：27-31
25 李梅．1996．抗生素和益生素配伍使用可行性的研究．饲料工业，8：44-45
26 林其禄，赵万里．1984．简介“家禽生产性能指标名称和计算方法”．家禽，16-17：15-16
27 林云．2001．动物畜禽生物态制剂作用机理概述．饲料研究，3：17-18
28 刘定发．1999．微生态制剂的开发及其在畜禽饲料中的应用，11(9)：28-29
29 刘克琳，何明清．2000．益生菌对鲤鱼免疫功能影响的研究．饲料工业，21(6)：24-25
30 刘延贺．1997．影响微生物添加剂作用效果的因素探讨．当代畜牧，4：3-4
31 刘一尘，何明清．2001．益生菌剂与益生协同剂的协同作用的研究及应用现状．中国生物态学杂志，13(3)：179-180
32 刘文波．2000．微生态制剂及其在畜牧业中的应用前景．饲料研究，9：14-16
33 陆庆泉，柴家前．2000．动物生物态制剂在畜牧业中的应用．饲料博览，3：28-31
34 麻秀海，郑诚．1997．益生素饲喂哺乳仔猪效果．中国饲料，20：18-20
35 毛春生，章金钢主编．1995．家禽防疫技术．北京：中国农业出版社．莫棣华．1994．活菌制剂在饲料工业的应用．粮食与饲料工业，1：30-35
36 潘宝海，李德发，谯仕彦．2000．益生菌、益生素及合生剂的作用机理和相互关系．中国饲料，(15)：12-15
37 潘康成，吕道成，何明清．1999．正常菌群对动物免疫功能的影响研究进展．饲料工业，20(9)：24-27
38 上海市医学化验所．1982．临床生化检验(上册)．上海科学技术出版社
39 孙建义．1995．益生素研究和应用进展．生物工程进展，15(1)：28-31
40 孙建义，许梓荣．1999．益生素对祖代沙蛋鸡性能的影响．中国生物态学杂志，11(2)：82-85
41 石宝明．2000．寡聚糖、抗生素、益生素对仔猪生产性能和肠道菌群影响的研究．东北农业大学学报，31(4)：363-370
42 田允波．1999．益生素的研究和应用现状(续)．兽药与饲料添加剂，4(1-2)：35-40
43 王士长，陈茂金．2000．益生素对新西兰肉兔生长发育的影响．甘肃畜牧兽医，30 (3)：5-6
44 王吉潭，李德发，龚利敏，等．2003．甘露寡糖对肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响．中国畜牧杂志，39(2)：5-7
45 韦华姜，孙昌荣．1986．用ANAE染色法测定鹅鸡兔外周血液中T-淋巴细胞值及其影响因素的探讨．湖南农学院学报，4：123-125
46 郗伟斌，吕明凡，赵若冬．2003．抗生素禁用后的替代物及饲养策略．养猪，3：9-10
47 肖振铎，李梅．1996．益生素的研究进展及饲用效果．饲料工业，3：44-45
48 肖振铎．2002．饲用益生素与抗尘素的比较研究．吉林农业大学学报，24(3)：1-6
49 闫凤兰．1996．肉仔鸡饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtllis)效果的研究．动物营养学报，8(4)：34-38
50 杨汉博．2003．不同剂量益生芽孢杆菌对肉鸡免疫功能的影响．兽药与饲料添加剂，8(4)：7-10
51 杨胜主编．1993．饲料分析与饲料质量检测技术．北京：农业大学出版社．
52 杨林．2001．酶制剂、益生素对蓝狐消化代谢、免疫机能及生产性能影响的研
究．东北林业大学博士学位论文
53 杨汝德．2000．益生素及其应用．中国乳品工业，28(1)：29-31
54 阴天榜，刘兴友主编．1998．家禽免疫学．中国农业科技出版社．
55 曾庆亮．1999．新型饲料添加剂——微生态制剂．饲料工业，20(2)：24-25
56 张响英，唐现文．2000．生物态制剂在动物生产中的应用．饲料博览，11：31-33
57 张继瑜，王连娣．2003．黄霉素在畜牧养殖业中的应用．饲料研究，7：37-38
58 张日俊．2003．益生康对肉鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响．中国饲料，20：9-10
59 周庆安，刘文刚，邓留坤，等．2003．动物生物态制剂及其应用．饲料博览，4：11-13
60 朱立贤．2002．壳聚糖对肉仔鸡生产性能和血清胆固醇含量的影响．中国饲料，17：19-20
61 朱秋华，陈忠法．2000．益生素在动物生产上的应用．饲料博览，5：35-36
62 郑君杰，杨宝良．2003．黄霉素及其提高动物生产性能作用．饲料研究，8：34-36
63 Abdollahi M. R. et al. 2000. Effect of different levels of bacterial probiotic on broilers performance. Alternatives to antibiotics. Feed Mix Special, 6-11
64 Anderson J.W and Gilliland S.E. 1999. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J A College Nutr,18: 43-50
65 Aso Y H , Akaza T , Kotake T, et al . 1995. Preventative effect of a Lactobacillus casei peparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer in a double-blind trial. Eur Urol, 27:104-109
66 Castaldo, D J. 1991, Combined In feed Antibiotics and Probiotics. Feed International, 127:20-26
67 De smet I, de Boever P, Berstraete W. 1998. Cholesterol lowering in pigs through enhanced bacterial bile salthydrolase activity. Birt J Nutr, 79:185-194
68 De Simone C,Vesely R, Bianchi Salvadori B. 1993. The role of probiotics in modulation of the immune system in man and in animals. Int. J. Immunother., 9:23-28
69 Dalloul RA. et al. 2003. Enhanced mucosal immunity against Eimeria acervulina
in broilers fed a Lactobacillus-based probiotic. Poult Sci., 82(1): 62-6
70 Endo T et al. 1999. Effects of a probiotic on the lipid metabolism of cocks fed on a cholesterol-enriched diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem ,63(9):1569-75
71 Fuller R. 1989. Review: Probiotics in man and animals. J.Appl Bacteriology, 66:365-378
72 Fukushima M, Nakano M. 1995. The effect of a probiotic on faecal and liver lipid classes in rats. Br J Nutr. ,73(5):701-10
73 Gill H S. 1998. Stimulation of the immune system by lactic cultures. International Dairy Science, 8:535-544
74 Green A.A and D.W.B.Sainsbury. 2001. The role of probiotic in producing quality poultry products.XV European Symposium on the quality of poultry meat ,9-12:245-251
75 Haddadin MS et al. 1996. The effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the production and chemical composition of hen's eggs. Poult Sci, 75(4):491-4
76 Incoka S, Uehana S. 1986. The effect of Bacillus natto on the T and B lyphocytes from spleen of feeding chickens. Poultry science, 65:1217-1217
77 Jin LZ et al.1998. Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations, and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures. Poult Sci, 77 (9):1259-65
78 Link-Amster H,Rochat F, Saudan K.et al. 1994. Modulation of a specific humoral immune response and changes in intestinal flora mediated through fermented milk intake. FEMS Immunol. Med.Microbiol, 10:55-64
79 Majamaa H, Isolauri E ,Saxelin Met al. 1995. Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr, 20:333-338
80 Manner, K, Jadamus, A.,Vahjen, W., Frackenpohl, U. and Simon, O. 2002. Effekte probiotischer Zusatze auf Leistungsparameter und intestinate Mikroflora. Proceedings 7. Tagung, Schweine-und Geflugelernahrung, 78-80
81 Marcela. Z. P, Ricardo.W.E, et al. 2001. Effect of probiotic and functional foods and their use in different diseases. Nutrition Research, 21:569-579
82 Midilli,M.and S.D.Tuncer. 2001. The effects of enzyme and probiotic
supplementation to diets on broiler performance. Turk.J.Vet.Anim.Sci, 895-903
83 Mohan B et al. 1996. Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, nitrogen utilisation and serum cholesterol in broilers. Br Poult Sci., 37(2):395-401
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