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不同季别施氮对水稻产量生长生理及土壤氮素变化的影响
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摘要
我国稻田氮肥用量高于世界平均水平的70%,但水稻的氮肥利用率低于一些主要产稻国家。由于我国稻田施肥管理以培肥土壤,提高稻田生产力为宗旨,导致土壤背景氮高,当季肥料氮的利用率低。本研究在湖南农业大学试验农场进行,拟通过不同季别施氮处理的长期定位试验,以创造稻田土壤供氮能力的差异,系统地研究不同季别施氮对水稻生长生理、产量及土壤氮素变化的影响。主要研究结果如下:
     1.不同季别施氮处理对水稻产量及产量构成的影响
     在连续两年早季施氮条件下,晚稻施氮处理比不施氮处理两年分别增产684.9 kg/hm~2和1284.0 kg/hm~2;在连续两年早季不施氮的条件下,晚季施氮处理比不施氮处理两年分别增产1025.1 kg/hm~2和1513.5 kg/hm~2。说明在连续两年早稻不施氮条件下,晚稻施氮处理的生产力并不比早晚两季均施氮的处理低,相反,产量还有增加的趋势。早季施氮与否对于晚稻产量构成因素的影响并不明显。
     2.不同季别施氮处理对早晚稻干物质生产量的影响
     在早季施氮的条件下,晚稻施氮处理成熟期的地上部干物质生产总量比不施氮处理两年分别增加172.08 g/m~2和320.71 g/m~2。在早季不施氮的条件下,晚稻施氮处理成熟期的地上部干物质生产总量比不施氮处理两年分别增加129.40 g/m~2和366.04 g/m~2。干物质积累主要受当季施氮量的影响,早季施氮与否对晚稻干物质积累量和分配比例均不明显。
     3.不同季别施氮处理对水稻氮素营养生理及氮肥利用率的影响
     在2003年晚稻不同生长阶段,硝酸还原酶活性以早稻不施氮、晚稻施氮处理(T4)最高,以早晚两季均不施氮的处理(T3)最低。晚稻的地上部分氮素积累以早晚两季均施氮的处理(T2)最高,以早晚两季均不施氮的处理(T3)为最低。早稻不施氮
    
    处理的晚稻肥料氮素吸收利用率稍低,但是农学利用率和生理利用率却提高,其中
    生理利用率并达到是极显著和显著水平。
    4.不同季别施氮处理对土壤中氮含量变化的影响
     在2003年晚稻不同生育期时期,土壤中的全氮含量变化均很少,水解性氮含
    量以早晚两季均施氮的处理(T2)最高,以早晚两季均不施氮的处理(T3)最低,水
    稻对按态氮的吸收量大,收获后土壤中的按态氮含量低于移栽前,两者的硝态氮
    含量差异不大。
The Average rate of N application for rice production in China is higher but fertilizer-N use efficiency (NUE) is lower than the major rice growth countries. The measure with applying fertilizer in enriching the soil, improving the productivity of paddy fields, leads' to the high indigenous N content of soils and lower N use efficiency of fertilizer N application. This research was carried out in Hunan Agricultural University from 2002 to 2003. The objectives are: (1) to reveal the difference of nitrogen-providing capacity of paddy through the long-term localization experiment fertilizer-N application in different cropping seasons.(2) To determine the effect of fertilizer N application on growth physiology, yield and variation of nitrogen. The results showed as following:
    1.The effect on yield and yield components
    After two successful years'research, nitrogenous fertilizer was applied in the early rice, the yield increases 684.9 kg/hm2 when nitrogen was applied to the late rice continually, otherwise 1284.0 kg/hm without applying in late rice. Compared with the yield result, the yield without N application in early rice is not lower than with N application. The yield increased 1025.1 kg/hm2 and 1513.5 kg/hm2 respectively. Whether application of N or not has no obvious effect on the yield construction of late rice. The increase production is apparent with no application of N in early rice.
    2. The effect on dry production of early rice and late rice.
    In the condition of nitrogenous fertilizer was applied in the early rice, the dry production above the ground in mature stage increased 172.08 g/m2 if supplement in late rice and 320.18 g/m2 if not. In contrast, the dry production increased 129.40 g/m and 366.04 g/m2 respectively in the condition of no nitrogen application in early rice. The nitrogen amount applied in the growth stage has an important effect on dry production. Whether applying nitrogenous fertilize in early rice or not has no obvious impact on accumulation and distribution of dry production in late rice.
    3.The effect on nitrogenous status and fertilizer-N use efficiency.
    
    
    
    As to the nitrogenous accumulation of above-ground in the two years, T2 is the highest, and T3 is the lowest. Nitrogen fertilizers in early rice promote nitrogenous absorption in late rice. The nitrogenous Physiological efficiency in plot without N application is lower, which is extremely significant. 4. The correlation between various fertilize-N stages and change of N content in soil.
    During the growth stage of late rice in 2003, the change of whole nitrogen content in soil is slight. The utilization-N content of T2 is the highest, and T3 is the lowest. Rice absorbs more amino nitrogen. The content of amino nitrogen in soil is lower after harvest than planting, but the difference of content is not obvious.
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