黄土高原沟谷型滑坡土地利用研究
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摘要
我国是世界上黄土分布最广的地区,黄土高原则是我国黄土分布的主体。由于黄土高原地处我国地势的第二阶梯,加之黄土结构疏松,导致水土流失严重,地形破碎、沟壑纵横。沟谷的下切和侧蚀以及人类工程活动又进一步引发黄土滑坡,形成典型的堵塞沟谷的黄土滑坡,即沟谷型黄土滑坡。沟谷型黄土滑坡的发生,一方面可能对人员、财产和人居环境产生破坏,形成地质灾害；另一方面会使得原有的地形坡度变缓,为人类提供更为适宜的生存环境,形成地质地貌资源。作为地质灾害,国内外研究的十分广泛和深入,但作为地质地貌资源,这方面的研究较少,尤其是针对沟谷型黄土滑坡土地利用方面的研究文献更是很少。
本文在阐述黄土高原沟谷型黄土滑坡形成条件的基础上,分析了沟谷型滑坡的发育特征和形成机理,在回顾常规滑坡治理措施和前人滑坡土地利用成果的同时,总结了黄土高原沟谷型黄土滑坡土地利用方面存在的关键技术问题。认为以往的“削头、拦腰、压脚”滑坡治理经典技术方法不适宜沟谷型黄土滑坡整治,它不仅治理效果不佳,而且经济费用过高。针对沟谷型黄土滑坡再次产生失稳破坏的原因在于水流不断冲蚀滑坡体,使滑坡前缘产生新的临空面的特点,提出了基于“侧挡+排水”措施,防止水流不断冲蚀滑坡体,从而整治滑坡,达到土地利用的技术方法。“侧挡”措施就是在沟谷下游方向沿滑坡侧壁附近设立挡墙,其目的有二：一是提高侵蚀基准面,防止沟谷上游产生的水流不断冲蚀滑坡体,挡墙的设计高度取决于滑坡的安全系数,即确保安全系数的滑坡前缘最低临空面高度；二是支挡滑坡体沿沟谷方向向下侧滑,挡墙的设计宽度取决于滑坡的侧滑力大小,即能够支撑滑坡体使其不沿沟谷方向向下侧滑。“排水”措施包括地表排水系统和地下排水系统。地表排水系统采用导水明渠,其设计断面尺寸及坡度取决于沟谷上游的来水量,即能够使沟谷上游来水顺着明渠从滑坡体上通过,不再冲蚀滑坡体。地下排水系统采用滤水管、砂石滤料、土工布、盲沟材等材料,用以疏排滑坡体内的地下水,其设计排水能力取决于滑坡体内的地下水径流量大小,即能够有效地疏排通滑坡体内的地下水,防止地下水位上升,导致滑坡失稳。
将这一技术方法用于延安市子长县阎家沟滑坡整治设计,实现了沟谷型黄土滑坡低成本的土地有效和综合利用。
China is the world's most widely distributed areas of loess, and Loess Plateau is the main part of the loess. As the Loess Plateau is located in the second step of topography in China, and the loose loess structure, lead to serious soil erosion, broken terrain and ravines aspect. Valley incision,lateral erosion and human engineering activities trigger further landslides in loess, and generate the formation of a typical valley landslide, that type of loess landslide valley. The occurrence of valley-type loess landslide, on the one hand it may destroy the personnel, property and the living environment, and form geological hazards;on the other hand it will make the original topographic slope slow down, provide more suitable living environment for human,form the geological features of resources. As a geological disaster, domestic and international research is very extensive and in-depth, However, as geological features of resources, less research in this area, especially the type of research literature for loess landslide valley land-use is very few.
This paper presents the Loess Plateau gully type based on the Landslide, and analyze of the development of valley landslide features and formation mechanism, and while looking back the conventional landslide measures and the results of previous land use of landslide, summarizes the key technical issues of valley type of land use aspects of loess landslide of the Loess Plateau. We think the classic technical methods such as "cutting head, waist, presser foot" are not suitable to the remediation of the valley-type loess landslide. It is not only ineffective governance, and economic costs are also too high. Against the unstable failure of valley-type loess landslide once more due to the continuously eroding of the flow to the landslide, which is the feature of the free face produced by the landslide front, Propose the measures based on the "side of the block+drainage",to prevent the flow from continuously eroding the landslide, thus to renovate the landslide, and to reach the technical ways of land use. The measure of"side of the block" is to establish a retaining wall in the valley downstream direction along the landslide sidewall.There are two purposes:The first is to raise datum plane of erosion, avoiding the flow coming from the upper valley continuously eroding the landslide, and the design height of the retaining wall depends on the safety factor of the landslide, that is to ensure the minimum free face height of the landslide front of the safety factor; the second is to make the landslide sideslip down along the valley direction, and the design width of the retaining wall depends on the size of the landslide sideslip force, and that is to support the landslide not to sideslip down along the valley direction. "Drainage" measures, including surface drainage system and underground drainage system. Surface water drainage system adopts open channel guide, and the design section size and slope depends on the upper valley water, that is, to make the valley upstream inflow pass through the body from a landslide along the open channel, not to erode the landslide. Underground drainage system uses filter pipe, gravel filter material, geotextiles, blind channel material to drainage the groundwater in the landslide body,Its ability to design drainage water depends on runoff of the underwater in the landslide body, which can effectively discharge the groundwater in the landslide body in order to prevent the water table rising and causing the landslide.
Using this technical methods to design Yanjiagou landslide in the Zichang County of Yan'an City,it can realize the lower Cost of Gully type landslide in the effective and comprehendsive utilization of land.
本文在阐述黄土高原沟谷型黄土滑坡形成条件的基础上,分析了沟谷型滑坡的发育特征和形成机理,在回顾常规滑坡治理措施和前人滑坡土地利用成果的同时,总结了黄土高原沟谷型黄土滑坡土地利用方面存在的关键技术问题。认为以往的“削头、拦腰、压脚”滑坡治理经典技术方法不适宜沟谷型黄土滑坡整治,它不仅治理效果不佳,而且经济费用过高。针对沟谷型黄土滑坡再次产生失稳破坏的原因在于水流不断冲蚀滑坡体,使滑坡前缘产生新的临空面的特点,提出了基于“侧挡+排水”措施,防止水流不断冲蚀滑坡体,从而整治滑坡,达到土地利用的技术方法。“侧挡”措施就是在沟谷下游方向沿滑坡侧壁附近设立挡墙,其目的有二：一是提高侵蚀基准面,防止沟谷上游产生的水流不断冲蚀滑坡体,挡墙的设计高度取决于滑坡的安全系数,即确保安全系数的滑坡前缘最低临空面高度；二是支挡滑坡体沿沟谷方向向下侧滑,挡墙的设计宽度取决于滑坡的侧滑力大小,即能够支撑滑坡体使其不沿沟谷方向向下侧滑。“排水”措施包括地表排水系统和地下排水系统。地表排水系统采用导水明渠,其设计断面尺寸及坡度取决于沟谷上游的来水量,即能够使沟谷上游来水顺着明渠从滑坡体上通过,不再冲蚀滑坡体。地下排水系统采用滤水管、砂石滤料、土工布、盲沟材等材料,用以疏排滑坡体内的地下水,其设计排水能力取决于滑坡体内的地下水径流量大小,即能够有效地疏排通滑坡体内的地下水,防止地下水位上升,导致滑坡失稳。
将这一技术方法用于延安市子长县阎家沟滑坡整治设计,实现了沟谷型黄土滑坡低成本的土地有效和综合利用。
China is the world's most widely distributed areas of loess, and Loess Plateau is the main part of the loess. As the Loess Plateau is located in the second step of topography in China, and the loose loess structure, lead to serious soil erosion, broken terrain and ravines aspect. Valley incision,lateral erosion and human engineering activities trigger further landslides in loess, and generate the formation of a typical valley landslide, that type of loess landslide valley. The occurrence of valley-type loess landslide, on the one hand it may destroy the personnel, property and the living environment, and form geological hazards;on the other hand it will make the original topographic slope slow down, provide more suitable living environment for human,form the geological features of resources. As a geological disaster, domestic and international research is very extensive and in-depth, However, as geological features of resources, less research in this area, especially the type of research literature for loess landslide valley land-use is very few.
This paper presents the Loess Plateau gully type based on the Landslide, and analyze of the development of valley landslide features and formation mechanism, and while looking back the conventional landslide measures and the results of previous land use of landslide, summarizes the key technical issues of valley type of land use aspects of loess landslide of the Loess Plateau. We think the classic technical methods such as "cutting head, waist, presser foot" are not suitable to the remediation of the valley-type loess landslide. It is not only ineffective governance, and economic costs are also too high. Against the unstable failure of valley-type loess landslide once more due to the continuously eroding of the flow to the landslide, which is the feature of the free face produced by the landslide front, Propose the measures based on the "side of the block+drainage",to prevent the flow from continuously eroding the landslide, thus to renovate the landslide, and to reach the technical ways of land use. The measure of"side of the block" is to establish a retaining wall in the valley downstream direction along the landslide sidewall.There are two purposes:The first is to raise datum plane of erosion, avoiding the flow coming from the upper valley continuously eroding the landslide, and the design height of the retaining wall depends on the safety factor of the landslide, that is to ensure the minimum free face height of the landslide front of the safety factor; the second is to make the landslide sideslip down along the valley direction, and the design width of the retaining wall depends on the size of the landslide sideslip force, and that is to support the landslide not to sideslip down along the valley direction. "Drainage" measures, including surface drainage system and underground drainage system. Surface water drainage system adopts open channel guide, and the design section size and slope depends on the upper valley water, that is, to make the valley upstream inflow pass through the body from a landslide along the open channel, not to erode the landslide. Underground drainage system uses filter pipe, gravel filter material, geotextiles, blind channel material to drainage the groundwater in the landslide body,Its ability to design drainage water depends on runoff of the underwater in the landslide body, which can effectively discharge the groundwater in the landslide body in order to prevent the water table rising and causing the landslide.
Using this technical methods to design Yanjiagou landslide in the Zichang County of Yan'an City,it can realize the lower Cost of Gully type landslide in the effective and comprehendsive utilization of land.
引文
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[2]雷祥义等.黄土高原地质灾害与人类活动[M].地质出版社.2001.
[3]陈祖煜.土质边坡稳定分析——原理、方法、程序[M].中国水利水电出版社.2005.
[4]刘东生等.黄土与环境[M].科学出版社.2001.
[5]孙建中.黄土学[M].香港考古学会.2005.
[6]孙广忠.中国典型滑坡[M].科学出版社.1998.
[7]李广信.高等土力学[M].清华大学出版社.2004,7.
[8]陈仲颐,周景星,王洪瑾.土力学[M].清华大学出版社,1994,4.
[9]吴家惠,等,公路支挡构筑物[M].西北工业大学出版社,1996,2.
[10]TerZaghi K.Mechanismoflandslides.In S.Paige(ed)APPlieation of Geology to Engineering Practiee,Geologieal Society of Ameriea,Berkey,1950.
[11]Mogenstem N.R..The Influenee of Groundwater on Stability.In stability in open Pit Ming (Brawber C.O..and MilliganV.eds.),Society of MiningEngineers,American InstitUte of Mining,Metallurgial and Petroleum Engineers,New York,1971.
[12]Q.Zaruba & V.Menel.Landslide and TheirControl.Prague:Czeehoslovakia academy of Seienees Press,1969.
[13]MualenY.Assouline S.and Rohden burg H..Rainfall indueed soil seal.(B) APPlication of a new model to saturated soils,Catena,1990(17b).
[14]《水土保持综合治理技术规范沟壑治理技术》(GB／T16453.3-1996).
[15]《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB50007-2002).
[16]《建筑边坡工程技术规范》(GB50330-2002).
[17]《工程地质手册(第四版)》[M].中国建筑工业出版社.
[18]肖和平,潘芳喜.地质灾害与防御[M].地震出版社.2000,10.
[19]管枫年,薛广瑞,王殿印.水工挡土墙设计[M].中国水利水电出版社.1995,11.
[20]陈忠达.公路挡土墙设计[M].人民交通出版社.
[21]张茂省,薛富平,王晓勇.陕西省山洪灾害防治区划[J].水土保持研究,2005,4.
[22]徐张建,林在贯,张茂省.中国黄土与黄土滑坡[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,7.
[23]张茂省,校培喜,魏兴丽.延安市宝塔区崩滑地质灾害发育特征与分布规律初探[J].水文地质工程地质,2006.
[24]张茂省,孙传尧,校培喜,魏兴丽,黄玉华,李林,王佳运,武文.延安市宝塔区地质灾害详细调查示范[J].西北地质,2007.
[25]殷跃平.“地质工程”漫谈——在实践中认识地质灾害防治的理论与技术支撑[J].地质通报.2002,2.
[26]殷跃平.三峡库区边坡结构及失稳模式研究[J].工程地质学报,2005.
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