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广西荔枝炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的研究鉴定及荔枝常温涂膜保鲜的研究
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摘要
荔枝是驰名中外的亚热带水果,贮藏困难。本研究从病原菌的侵染致病作用这个关键环节出发,并辅以纳米ZnO等新兴抗菌材料,对荔枝进行常温保鲜的研究。
     首先从病变的妃子笑荔枝中分离并纯化了一株致病菌,以真菌的ITS通用引物从其总DNA中扩增到含576bp的rDNA的内转录间隔区片段,成功克隆到E.coil(JM109),测序后进行同源性比较,结果与国外(德国)报道的Colletotrichum gloeosporioides同源性高达99.31%。通过对其生物学特性的研究表明,该菌生长的最适温度25~30℃,最适宜的pH值为5.5~8.5。能在多种培养基上生长并表现出略有不同的外观特征,其中在富含植物成分的PDA培养基上生长最为旺盛。抑菌剂中施保克对其抑制作用最强,脱氢乙酸也能抑制该菌的生长,大蒜汁也有抑制作用。
     通过对新型成膜剂魔芋淀粉的改性研究证明,山梨酸和柠檬酸改性的效果最好,可使其膨胀率和耐磨性大大增强。利用改性魔芋粉及其它成膜剂,使用高压均质方法可很好地分散浓度为2%的纳米ZnO,分散效果大大优于传统的超声波法。
    
     荔枝经过涂膜液浸果涂膜,并辅以塑料袋包装,可以降低失重率,
    提高防揭效率。经过单药剂和复合多药剂的实验证明,纳米材料作为单
    独因子在荔枝保鲜中效果不明显,和施保克等真菌的强抑制剂复配使用
    时,可以提高荔枝的防揭变效率;施保克、脱氢乙酸和曲酸等的存在,
    有利于果色的保持,而加入柠檬酸则会加速褐变。
Litchi, as a kind of famous fruit in the subtropical zone, is well-known ail over the world for its special color and delicious flavor; however, it is very difficult to preserve this fruit under normal temperature. In this thesis, preservation of litchi was studied under normal temperature by coating, based on the damage which result in browning of litchi pericarp, induced by pathogen, and the usages of new-type material, such as nano-ZnO, etc.
    A pathogenic fungus, was isolated from the damaged fruit of feizixiao and purified; moreover, a 576 bp rDNA (partial) ITS fragment which was obtained by PCR from total DNA of it with a internal transcribed spacer (ITS) universal primers, was cloned into E.coli (JM109). When BLAST search for comparisons of the sequences was used after sequencing, it is very closed to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Germany with 99.31% identity. At the same time, the fungus has been characterized biologically, the result was shown that the optimum temperature and pH for its growth was 25-30
    ℃ and 5.5-8.5, in addition, the fungus can grow but with a little difference in biological aspect on many kinds of media. However, it grew faster on the vegetable-component medium such as PDA than it did on the others.In all the fungicides, Sportak was the most effective suppressor, dehydroacetic acid can
    also suppress the fungus, and so did garlic extract.
    
    
    From the study on refined konyaku starch modification, a new-type coating agents, it could be seen that both sorbic acid and citric acid were the best of all modificative agents in the experimentation because they could enhance the expansivity and the abrasion resistance of konjaku gluccomannan (KGM, 80% of refined konjaku starch). Using KGM modified and other coating agents as major dispersants, and homogenizing the composite hyper-dispersants including nano-ZnO (2%) by High-Pressure-Homogenizer, the effect of dispersedness was very good and much better than that of by ultrasonic traditionally.
    When litchi were dipped in coating agents solution and packed in thin plastic bags, the rate of its weight lost was down, while the efficiency of its browning resistance was up. From the experiments with each one of agents individually and compositely, it was illustrated that nano-material was useless when being added into alone but it played a positive role with stronger fungicides such as Sportak together; and that Sportak, dehydroacetic acid and kojic acid, acted a same key roles in keeping-fresh, nevertheless, citric acid always play a negative role .
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