不同品质类型花生品质形成差异的机理与调控
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摘要
花生是我国重要的经济作物和油料作物，总产居油料作物之首。花生籽仁在国民经济中的主要用途，一是用于榨油，二是作为食品工业的原料，三是出口创汇。以油用为主的品种要求籽仁含油量尽量高，以食用为主的品种要求籽仁高蛋白、低脂肪，以出口为主的品种要求较高的O/L值。不同品质类型花生产量和品质差异较大，产量与品质之间及不同品质之间存在明显负相关。不同种植方式对不同品质类型花生的产量和品质影响也较大。本研究针对目前花生生产上采用的春播露地栽培和春播覆膜栽培两种种植方式，选用高蛋白品系KB008、高脂肪品种花17和高O/L值品种农大818为试验材料，研究不同品质类型花生生理特性、相关碳氮代谢酶活性、产量和品质的差异，以及不同品质类型花生子叶细胞中蛋白体和脂体的积累差异，明确不同品质类型花生产量和品质形成差异的生理基础、酶学基础和细胞学基础，以及覆膜栽培对不同品质类型花生产量、品质影响的生理基础和酶学基础，不但对弥补花生品质生理研究不足具有重要理论意义，而且对优质专用花生生产具有切实指导意义。针对生产上花生倒伏和早衰的现象，通过研究喷施多效唑和海藻肥对不同品质类型花生产量和品质的影响，明确其调控机理，提出适当的增产和品质改善的调控策略，以期为花生生产提供技术指导。试验于2009-2012年在山东农业大学实验站进行，主要研究结果如下：
1不同品质类型花生叶片生理特性差异
1.1不同品质类型花生叶片光合特性差异
3种品质类型花生的光合速率（Pn）、实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）均呈单峰曲线。3品种在整个生育期的Pn大小表现为H17>818> KB008，H17和818在花后30d之前的Pn显著高于KB008，而KB008的Pn在花后45d之后高于其它两品种；3品种在花后45d时叶片的ФPSⅡ大小表现为H17>818> KB008；3品种在花后整个生育期的叶绿素含量以H17最高，818次之，KB008的叶绿素含量最低，但KB008在成熟期叶片的叶绿素含量明显高于其它两品种，说明高脂肪品种的光合能力最强，其次是高O/L值品种，高蛋白品种最低。高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种前期较高的光合能力有利于脂肪的快速积累，而高蛋白品种生育后期光合能力较高，这有利于其籽仁蛋白质的形成。
1.2不同品质类型花生叶片可溶性糖及氮素含量的差异
3种品质类型花生叶片可溶性糖含量和氮素含量均呈下降趋势。各时期叶片可溶性糖含量大小以KB008最大，其次为H17，818的叶片可溶性糖含量最低。KB008在整个生育期叶片的氮素含量显著高于H17和818。
1.3不同品质类型花生叶片衰老的差异
3种品质类型花生叶片的SOD、POD和CAT活性以及可溶性蛋白含量均呈先增大后降低趋势，MDA含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。3品种叶片衰老差异表现在：H17和818叶片POD、CAT活性略高于KB008，而KB008叶片MDA含量显著低于另两者，其叶片SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量也明显高于另两者，表明高蛋白品种叶片衰老比高脂肪和高O/L值品种缓慢。
2不同品质类型花生叶片氮、碳代谢酶活性的差异
2.1不同品质类型花生叶片氮代谢酶活性的差异
3品种叶片中NR、GPT和GOT活性变化均呈降低的趋势，而GS、GDH和GOGAT活性呈先增加后降低的趋势。KB008在整个生育期的叶片NR、GS、GOGAT、GPT和GOT活性均明显高于H17和818，H17与818的氮代谢酶活性大小差异不大。较高的叶片NR、GS和GOGAT等酶的活性是高蛋白品种较高蛋白质合成和积累的生理基础。
2.2不同品质类型花生叶片碳代谢酶活性的差异
3种品质类型花生叶片的SS和SPS活性大小均表现为H17>818> KB008，特别是SPS活性差异较大，H17各时期的活性显著高于KB008，较高的叶片SS、SPS活性有利于花生籽仁脂肪的形成。3品种叶片PEPCase活性大小表现为KB008> H17>818，H17和818的整个生育期的RuBPCase活性均显著高于KB008，这是高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种较大物质生产能力和较高产量的生理基础。
3不同品质类型花生产量、品质的差异
3.1不同品质类型花生产量及产量构成因素的差异
3品种以H17的荚果产量最高，KB008的荚果产量显著低于H17和818，这主要是由其单株结果数较少，荚果较小导致的。KB008的荚果出仁率也显著低于其它两个品种，但其双仁果率却显著高于后两者。
3.2不同品质类型花生籽仁品质的差异
在花生籽仁发育过程中，高蛋白品种籽仁蛋白质的积累速率一直高于高脂肪和高O/L值品种，且直到果针入土60d蛋白质仍在积累，而高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种的蛋白质含量后期略微降低，这是高蛋白品种蛋白质含量高的生物学原因；高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种的脂肪积累一直高于高蛋白品种，且直到果针入土60天脂肪仍在积累，而高蛋白品种果针入土后50天脂肪含量达到最大，之后略有降低。3品种籽仁可溶性糖含量大小表现为818> H17> KB008，O/L值大小表现为818> H17> KB008。
3品种籽仁中的8种氨基酸组分都以KB008的含量最高，其中谷氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量差异较大，说明高蛋白品种所含的人体必需氨基酸含量明显高于高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种。KB008成熟期的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、花生酸和山嵛酸相对含量显著高于H17和818，而其油酸和二十四烷酸相对含量明显低于后两者。
4不同品质类型花生子叶细胞超微结构差异
3种品质类型花生子叶细胞中蛋白体在果针入土20d到40d时进入快速积累阶段，3品种的蛋白体大小和数量在果针入土30d前差异较小，30d之后差异变大。KB008在后期的蛋白体比H17和818的排列致密，数量增长较快，到60d时数量和大小明显多于和大于后两者，表明高蛋白品种较多的蛋白体的数量和较大的体积是较高蛋白质含量的细胞学基础。KB008脂体大小在果针入土30d时即达到最大值，此前脂体数量增加较快，之后增加缓慢，而H17和818在50d时脂体大小才达到最大，两者的脂体数量在果针入土50d时仍较快增加，表明高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种快速积累脂体的持续时间较高蛋白品种长，其脂体数量远大于高蛋白品种，这是其较高脂肪含量的细胞学依据。
5覆膜栽培对不同品质类型花生生理特性和产量品质的影响
5.1覆膜对不同品质类型花生叶片光合特性的影响
覆膜栽培显著提高了3种品质类型花生在生育前期的叶片叶绿素含量，而降低了生育后期的叶绿素含量；覆膜栽培均提高了3种品质类型花生叶片净光合速率，特别是在花后30d之前提高幅度较大，生育后期略有降低，说明覆膜栽培对花生光合作用的改善主要在结荚期以前。覆膜对高蛋白品种在整个生育期的光合性能提高幅度较大，而对高脂肪和高O/L值品种只在饱果期之前提高幅度较大。
5.2覆膜对不同品质类型花生叶片衰老的影响
覆膜栽培显著提高了KB008在饱果期时的叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性，降低了其MDA的含量；覆膜栽培显著降低了高脂肪品种H17和高O/L值品种818在饱果期时的POD活性，其MDA含量也高于露地栽培。说明覆膜栽培加快了高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种在生育后期叶片早衰，而延缓了高蛋白品种的叶片衰老。
5.3覆膜对不同品质类型花生叶片氮代谢酶活性的影响
覆膜栽培均显著提高了3品种结荚期叶片GS、GDH、GOGAT、GOT和GPT活性，这是覆膜栽培提高不同品质类型花生籽仁蛋白质含量的酶学机理。覆膜栽培略微降低了KB008在饱果期时的GS和GOGAT活性，却显著降低了H17和818在饱果期时叶片GS的活性。覆膜栽培显著提高了KB008在饱果期时的GOT和GPT活性，而略微降低了H17和818在饱果期时GOT活性。这说明覆膜栽培对不同品质类型花生叶片氮代谢酶活性影响差异的主要时期是饱果期，覆膜提高高蛋白品种饱果期的氮代谢酶活性有利于其籽仁发育后期蛋白质的继续积累。
5.4覆膜对不同品质类型花生叶片碳代谢酶活性的影响
覆膜栽培降低了3种品质类型花生叶片SS和SPS活性，这是覆膜栽培降低不同品质类型花生籽仁脂肪含量的主要原因。覆膜栽培分别降低了3品种在结荚期SS活性的3.78%、2.72%和5.78%，降低SPS活性的8.27%、7.42%和5.01%，分别降低了3品种在饱果期SS活性的0.67%、6.54%和12.68%，降低SPS活性的5.03%、5.14%和12.38%，说明覆膜栽培对818在饱果期的叶片SS、SPS活性降低幅度最大。对高O/L值品种饱果期SS和SPS活性降低幅度较大是覆膜栽培对其籽仁脂肪含量降低幅度较大的原因。
5.5覆膜对不同品质类型花生产量和品质的影响
覆膜栽培显著提高了3种品质类型花生的荚果产量，提高幅度以高脂肪品种最大（12.26%），其次是高O/L值品种（9.75%）和高蛋白品种（6.94%）。覆膜栽培均显著提高了3品种的单株果数，对三者的千克果数的影响不显著，略微提高了KB008的双仁果率，而显著提高了H17和818的双仁果率。覆膜栽培提高了H17和818的出仁率。
覆膜栽培均提高了3种品质类型花生籽仁的蛋白质含量而降低了脂肪含量，对高蛋白品种籽仁蛋白质含量的增加作用最大（0.39%），其次是高O/L值品种（0.23%）和高脂肪品种（0.15%），而对籽仁脂肪含量降低最明显的是高O/L值品种（1.04%），其次是高脂肪品种（0.57%）和高蛋白品种（0.42%）。覆膜栽培均降低了3种品质类型花生籽仁可溶性糖的含量，提高了H17和818的O/L值而降低了KB008的O/L值（H17提高了0.10，818提高了0.04，KB008降低了0.03）。覆膜栽培均提高了KB008和H17的8种氨基酸组分含量，提高了818的蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和谷氨酸的含量。覆膜栽培提高了KB008亚油酸的含量而降低了其油酸的含量，提高了H17和818的油酸含量而降低了两者的亚油酸含量。
6多效唑对不同品质类型花生生理特性的影响
6.1多效唑对不同品质类型花生叶片光合特性的影响
PBZ处理对3种品质类型花生在处理后40d（8月20日）之前的净光合速率提高效果显著，而对处理后55d（成熟期）的效果不大甚至有所降低。喷施PBZ均显著提高了3种品质类型花生叶片实际光化学效率。喷施PBZ对高脂肪品种的叶片净光合速率和实际光化学效率提高幅度最大，其次是高O/L值品种，对高蛋白品种提高幅度最小。PBZ处理均提高了3种品质类型花生在饱果期时（8月20日）的叶绿素a和叶绿素的含量，但对不同品种提高幅度不同，对高蛋白品种提高幅度最大，对高O/L值品种提高幅度最小。
6.2多效唑对不同品质类型花生根系活力的影响
喷施PBZ均显著提高了3种品质类型花生在饱果期时的根系活力。PBZ处理对H17饱果期根系活力提高幅度最大，818次之，对KB008的根系活力提高幅度最小。喷施PBZ对3品种根系活力的显著提高促进了根系对矿质元素和水分的吸收，是其显著提高花生荚果产量的主要原因之一。
6.3多效唑对不同品质类型花生叶片衰老的影响
喷施PBZ对不同品质类型花生叶片衰老的影响不同，提高了H17和818在成熟期时（9月5日）的SOD、POD和CAT活性，降低了其MDA含量，降低了KB008的3种保护酶活性，提高了其MDA含量。说明PBZ处理有利于延缓高脂肪和高O/L值品种生育后期叶片的衰老，而促进了高蛋白品种生育后期叶片的衰老。
6.4多效唑对不同品质类型花生氮代谢酶活性的影响
喷施PBZ均降低了3种品质类型花生结荚期GS和GDH活性，降低了饱果期的GS、GDH和GOGAT活性，均降低了3品种在结荚期和饱果期叶片的GOT和GPT活性。说明PBZ降低了不同品质类型花生结荚期和饱果期叶片GS、GDH、GOGAT、GPT和GOT活性是PBZ降低花生籽仁蛋白质含量的生理原因。PBZ处理对KB008在结荚期和818在饱果期的GS活性降低幅度最大，对818结荚期GDH活性降低最大，而对H17和KB008降低幅度次之，对KB008的GPT和GOT活性降低幅度最大。说明PBZ处理显著降低高O/L值品种在结荚期的GDH活性和饱果期的GS活性是PBZ显著降低高O/L值品种籽仁中蛋白质含量的主要原因。
6.5多效唑对不同品质类型花生碳代谢酶活性的影响
PBZ处理均显著提高了3种品质类型花生在结荚期和饱果期叶片SS和SPS活性。喷施PBZ对818叶片SS和SPS活性提高幅度最大，对H17提高幅度次之，而对KB008提高较小。说明喷施PBZ对不同品质类型花生的叶片SS和SPS活性提高幅度不同是PBZ处理对其籽仁脂肪含量提高幅度差异（对818和H17脂肪含量提高较大）的原因。PBZ处理均提高了KB008叶片的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性，而对H17和818两种酶活性的提高主要在结荚期，说明喷施PBZ提高3种品质类型花生叶片的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性是增加物质生产能力的生理基础。
7多效唑、海藻肥对不同品质类型花生产量、品质的影响
7.1多效唑、海藻肥对不同品质类型花生产量及产量构成因素的影响
喷施PBZ、SM6以及PBZ+SM6处理均提高了3种品质类型花生的荚果产量。对3种品质类型花生荚果产量调控措施最好的是喷施PBZ+SM6处理，增产效果最好，其次是喷施PBZ增产效果也很明显。PBZ和PBZ+SM6两种处理对H17和818单株结果数增加最多，单独喷施SM6对这两品种的单株结果数影响不大，SM6处理对KB008的结果数增加最多。PBZ处理降低了KB008和H17的出仁率，而略微提高了818的出仁率，喷施SM6均明显提高了3种品质类型花生的出仁率。
7.2多效唑、海藻肥对不同品质类型花生籽仁品质的影响
喷施PBZ、SM6及PBZ+SM6均降低了3种品质类型花生的籽仁蛋白质含量，提高了脂肪含量。PBZ对818籽仁蛋白质含量降低幅度较大，而SM6对H17降低幅度较大。喷施SM6对3种品质类型花生籽仁脂肪含量提高幅度最大，单独喷施PBZ对脂肪含量提高幅度最小。喷施PBZ均显著提高了3种品质类型花生籽仁可溶性糖含量，而喷施SM6均显著降低了其可溶性糖含量。PBZ略微提高了KB008和H17籽仁O/L值，而显著降低了818的O/L值，SM6处理均提高了3品种籽仁的O/L值，对H17和818的O/L值提高幅度较大。PBZ处理均降低了KB008和H17籽仁中8种氨基酸组分的含量。SM6均明显提高了3品种的油酸含量而降低了其亚油酸含量。
As an important economic crops and oil crops in China, the production of peanuts ishighest in all oil crops. One of the main application of peanut seed in the national economy isfor the oil expression, the other is as raw materials for the food industry and the third is forexport. The varieties mainly used for oil expression require the oil content as higher aspossible, the varieties mainly used for edible require higher protein and lower fat in seed, thevarieties mainly for export require O/L as higher as possible. There are great differences inyield and quality of different quality types of peanut，and there is a significant negativecorrelation between yield and quality in different quality traits. The different planting patternsalso have influence on the yield and quality of different quality types of peanut. In this study,two planting methods (plastic film mulching system of spring seeded and open cultivationsystem of spring seeded) have been used in large area of the peanut production. Threecultivars (high-protein cultivar KB008, high-fat cultivar Hua17and high O/L cultivarNongda818) were selected and used as materials. The differences of physiologicalcharacteristics, carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities, yield and quality, and thedifferences of protein body and lipid body accumulation in cotyledon cell of different qualitytypes of peanut were studied. The physiological basis, enzymology basis and cytological basisof the differences in forming yield and quality of different quality types of peanuts, thephysiological basis and enzymology basis of effects of film mulching on yield and qualitywere definitude. It not only had the important theoretical significance to making up for thedeficiency of quality physiology study of peanut, but also had practical guiding significancefor the production of high-quality peanuts. Aiming at lodging and premature senescence in thepeanut production, the effects of spraying paclobutrazol and seaweed fertilizer on yield andquality of different quality types of peanuts were studied, to detect the regulation mechanismand put forward proper control strategy of production increasing and quality improvement, inorder to provide technical guidance for the production of peanut. Experiments were carried out from2009to2012in experimental station of Shandong Agricultural University, and themain results are as follows.
1Differences of physiological characteristics in leaves of different quality types of peanut
1.1Differences of photosynthetic characteristics of different quality types of peanut
The photosynthetic rate, actual photochemical efficiency and maximal photochemicalefficiency of different quality types of peanut showed a single peak curve. The Pn of threecultivars was ranked as H17>818> KB008. The Pn of H17and818was significantly higherthan KB008before30d after anthesis, but the Pn of KB008was higher than H17and818after45d after anthesis. The ФPSⅡof KB008at15d after anthesis was significantly higherthan that of H17and818, and the ФPSⅡof three cultivars was ranked as H17>818> KB008at45d after anthesis. The Fv/Fm of three cultivars was ranked as818> H17> KB008at podsetting stage, but was ranked in the order of KB008> H17>818at mature stage.
The content of chlorophyll of three quality peanut varieties was ranked in the order ofH17>818> KB008during the whole growth period, but the content of chlorophyll of KB008was significantly higher than the other two varieties after pod filling stage.
1.2Differences of soluble sugar and nitrogen content in leaves of different quality types ofpeanut
The content of soluble sugar in leaves of KB008was the largest, followed by H17and818. The content of nitrogen in leaves of KB008was significantly larger than that of H17and818.
1.3Differences of leaf senescence in different quality types of peanut
The activities of POD and CAT in leaves of H17and818was little higher than that ofKB008. MDA content of KB008was significantly lower than that of H17and818, while theactivity of SOD and content of soluble protein were higher than those of the other twovarieties, which caused the high protein variety slower senescence.2Differences of carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities in leaves of differentquality types of peanut
2.1Differences of nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities of different quality types of peanut
The activities of NR, GS, GOGAT, GPT and GOT in leaves of KB008were apparentlyhigher than those of H17and818, the activity of nitrogen metabolism enzyme between H17 and818had little difference. That was the enzymology fundamentals of high protein varietyto accumulating higher protein content of seeds.
2.2Differences of carbon metabolism enzyme activities of different quality types of peanut
The activities of SS and SPS in leaves of three varieties were ranked in the order ofH17>818> KB008, especially the activity of SPS had a greater difference. The activity ofPEPCase in leaves of three varieties was ranked in the order of KB008>818> H17. Theactivity of RuBPCase in leaves of three varieties was ranked in the order of H17>818>KB008during the whole growth period.
3Differences of yield and quality of different quality types of peanut
3.1Differences of yield and yield components of different quality types of peanut
The pod yield of H17was highest, while the yield of KB008was significantly lower thanthat of H17and818, which was mainly caused by less pods of per plant and smaller pod. Thepod kernel rate of KB008was significantly lower than the other two varieties, but the doublekernel rate was significantly higher than H17and818.
3.2Differences of seed quality of different quality types of peanut
The protein accumulation rate was faster than the fat accumulation of KB008at maturestage, while the fat accumulation rate was greater than the protein accumulation of H17and818. This behaved that the high protein variety continue to increase protein content but fatcontent is slightly lower at mature stage, while the fat content continue to increase and theprotein content decrease slightly of high fat and high O/L variety.
All kinds of amino acid content in KB008were the highest, especially glutamic acid,lysine, leucine and phenylalanine content. This showed the content of essential amino acidsfor human body in high protein variety was obviously higher than that of high fat and highO/L varieties. The relative content of palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acidand behenic acid of KB008was significantly higher, while the relative content of oleic acidand lignoceric acid was significantly lower, compared with those of H17and818at maturestage.
4Differences of cotyledon cell ultrastructure in different quality types of peanut under filmmulching cultivation
The protein bodies in cotyledon cells of three varieties entered the fast accumulationstage from20days the pegs struck into the soil to40days. The difference of the size andnumber of protein bodies in three varieties were smaller and less before30days the pegsstruck into the soil but became larger and more after30days. The size and number of proteinbodies of KB008was significantly greater than that of H17and818, which illustrated that thebigger size and number of protein bodies was the cytological basis of KB008have higherprotein content.The size of lipid bodies of KB008was maximizing at30d after the pegs struckinto the soil, while the size of lipid bodies of H17and818was maximizing at50d. Thenumber of lipid bodies of H17and818was still increased rapidly at50d after the pegs struckinto the soil, which showed the duration of rapid accumulation of lipid bodies of H17and818was longer than that of KB008and the number of lipid bodies is more than KB008. That wasthe cytological basis of this two varieties have higher fat content.
5Effects of film mulching cultivation on physiological characteristics, yield and quality ofdifferent quality types of peanut
5.1Effects of film mulching cultivation on photosynthetic characteristics of different qualitytypes of peanut
Film mulching cultivation significantly increased Pn of three varieties, especially before30d after anthesis, this showed that film mulching cultivation significantly increased the leafphotosynthesis rate mainly before the pod filling stage. The Pn of KB008under filmmulching cultivation was significantly higher than that under open field cultivation before60dafter anthesis, and the Pn of H17under two different cultivation at60d after anthesis wasbasically the same, while the Pn of818under two different cultivation was basically the sameat45d after anthesis, later the Pn under film mulching cultivation was significantly lower thanthat under open field cultivation. Film mulching cultivation significantly increased the contentof chlorophyll of three varieties, especially before45d after anthesis, this was the basis reasonwhy the film mulching cultivation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate. The rapiddecline of chlorophyll content was the main reason leading to the decrease of photosyntheticrate after pod filling stage.
5.2Effects of film mulching cultivation on leaf senescence of different quality types of peanut
Film mulching cultivation increased the activities of SOD, POD and CAT in leaves ofKB008, while reduced the content of MDA at pod filling stage. Film mulching cultivationreduced the activities of SOD and POD, increased the content of MDA, this showed thatdifferent quality types of peanut under film mulching cultivation were confronted with obvioussenescence.
5.3Effects of film mulching cultivation on nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities of differentquality types of peanut
Film mulching cultivation increased the activities of GS, GOGAT and GDH of threevarieties at pod setting stage. Film mulching cultivation slightly reduced GS and GOGATactivities of KB008at pod filling stage, significantly reduced GS activity of H17and818.Plastic film mulching significantly increased the activities of GOT and GPT of3varieties atpod setting stage, significantly increased the activities of two enzymes of KB008at podfilling period, while slightly decreased GOT activity of H17and818at pod filling stage.
5.4Effects of film mulching cultivation on carbon metabolism enzyme activities of differentquality types of peanut
Film mulching cultivation significantly reduced the activities of SS and SPS, this was theenzymatic reason why the film mulching cultivation could reduce the content of fat andsoluble sugar in kernels of three varieties of peanut. The SPS activity of818at pod fillingstage was decreased biggest by plastic film mulching cultivation. Film mulching cultivationslightly raised the PEPCase activity of3varieties at pod setting and filling stage, significantlyincreased the RuBPCase activity of KB008and H17at pod setting and filling stage, butslightly decreased RuBPCase activity of818at pod filling stage.
5.5Effects of film mulching cultivation on yield and quality of different quality types ofpeanut
Film mulching cultivation significantly increased the pod yield of three varieties ofpeanut, increased the pod yield by6.94%of KB008,12.26%of H17, increased by9.75%of818. The ways of film mulching cultivation increasing the pod yield were different: filmmulching cultivation increased yield of high protein variety significantly because of theincrease of pod number of per plant; the main reason of increasing yield of high fat varietyand high O/L variety was the significantly increasing of pods per plant and double kernel rate. Film mulching cultivation increased pod kernel rate of high fat variety and high O/L varietybut reduced that of high protein variety.
Film mulching cultivation increased the protein content but reduced the fat and solublesugar content of different quality types of peanut. Film mulching cultivation increased theO/L rate of high fat variety and high O/L variety but decreased the O/L rate of high proteinvariety. Film mulching cultivation increased the content of8kinds of essential amino acidcomponents in KB008and H17, increased the content of methionine, threonine, valine,phenylalanine and glutamic acid of818. Plastic film mulching cultivation decreased therelative content of palmitic acid and arachidonic acid, and increased the relative content ofstearic acid, arachidic acid and lignoceric acid of3varieties of peanut. Film mulchingcultivation increased linoleic acid content, but reduced the oleic acid content of KB008, whileincreased oleic acid content but reduced linoleic acid content of H17and818.
6Effects of spraying PBZ on physiological characteristics of different quality types of peanut
6.1Effects of spraying PBZ on photosynthetic characteristics of different quality types ofpeanut
PBZ treatment significantly increased the photosynthetic rate of three varieties beforepod filling stage but increased it little after this stage even decreased it at mature stage. PBZtreatment increased the actual photochemical efficiency at whole stage and the content ofchlorophyll a and a+b of three varieties at pod filling stage. PBZ treatment increased thecontent of chlorophyll of KB008significantly, but didn’t increase it significantly of H17and818.
6.2Effects of spraying PBZ on root vigour of different quality types of peanut
PBZ treatment significantly increased the root vigour of different quality types of peanutat pod filling stage. The increment of root vigour was ranked in the order of H17>818>KB008at pod filling stage by spraying PBZ. The root vigour significantly increased byspraying PBZ was one of the prime reasons of PBZ treatment which significantly increasedthe pod yield.
6.3Effects of spraying PBZ on leaf senescence of different quality types of peanut
PBZ treatment significantly increased the activities of SOD, POD and CAT anddecreased the content of MDA of H17and818at mature stage, while reduced the activities of this three kinds of protective enzymes but increased MDA content of KB008. This showedthat spraying PBZ could delay the process of senescence in high fat and high O/L varieties,but the leaves of high protein variety had the tendency of senescence intensifies at maturestage.
6.4Effects of spraying PBZ on nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities of different qualitytypes of peanut
PBZ treatment increased the activity of GOGAT but significantly reduced the activitiesof GS and GDH of three varieties at pod setting stage. The activities of this three kindsenzyme was all reduced by spraying PBZ at pod filling stage. PBZ treatment reduced theactivities of GOT and GPT of three varieties at pod setting and filling stage. Spraying PBZreduced the activities of GS, GDH, GOGAT, GPT and GOT of three varieties at pod settingstage and pod filling stage was the enzymatic reason of PBZ treatment which reduced thecontent of protein.
6.5Effects of spraying PBZ on carbon metabolism enzyme activities of different quality typesof peanut
PBZ treatment significantly increased the activities of SS and SPS of three varieties atpod setting and filling stage. The increment of activities of SS and SPS was ranked in theorder of818> H17> KB008by spraying PBZ, which was the reason of the difference of thefat content in different quality types of peanut by spraying PBZ. PBZ treatment increased theactivities of PEPCase and RuBPCase of KB008, but increased this two enzyme activities ofH17and818major at pod setting stage, which had a decline at pod filling stage. SprayingPBZ increased the activities of PEPCase and RuBPCase of three quality types of peanut wasthe enzymatic basis of PBZ treatment which increased the pod yield.
7Effects of spraying PBZ and SM6on yield and quality of different quality types of peanut
7.1Effects of spraying PBZ and SM6on yield and yield components of different quality typesof peanut
Spraying PBZ, SM6and PBZ+SM6all increased the pod yield of three quality types ofpeanut. PBZ+SM6treatment was the best control measure, increased yield maximally, thesecond was PBZ. The number of pods per plant of H17and818increased the mostsignificantly by PBZ and PBZ+SM6treatments, while separate spraying SM6had little effects on this two varieties. Spraying SM6increased the number of pods per plant of KB008most. PBZ treatment reduced the kernel rate of KB008and H17but slightly increased it of818. Spraying SM6significantly improved the kernel rate of three varieties.
7.2Effects of spraying PBZ and SM6on seed quality of different quality types of peanut
Spraying PBZ, SM6and PBZ+SM6all increased the content of fat and reduced thecontent of protein of three quality types of peanut. The effects of spraying PBZ, SM6andPBZ+SM6on protein content of KB008were not significant, but decrement of proteincontent of818was greater by sprayed PBZ, while decrement of protein content of H17wasgreater by spraying SM6. The fat content of three varieties by spraying SM6was increasedmost significantly, while separate spraying PBZ increased minimum. PBZ treatmentsignificantly increased the content of soluble sugar of three quality types of peanut but SM6significantly reduced the content of it. SM6treatment improved the rate of O/L of threequality types of peanut. PBZ treatment reduced the contents of8kinds amino acidcomposition of KB008and H17. SM6treatment significantly improved the content of oleicacid but reduced the content of linoleic acid of three varieties. PBZ treatment reduced thecontent of oleic acid but improved the content of linoleic acid of818.
1不同品质类型花生叶片生理特性差异
1.1不同品质类型花生叶片光合特性差异
3种品质类型花生的光合速率（Pn）、实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）均呈单峰曲线。3品种在整个生育期的Pn大小表现为H17>818> KB008，H17和818在花后30d之前的Pn显著高于KB008，而KB008的Pn在花后45d之后高于其它两品种；3品种在花后45d时叶片的ФPSⅡ大小表现为H17>818> KB008；3品种在花后整个生育期的叶绿素含量以H17最高，818次之，KB008的叶绿素含量最低，但KB008在成熟期叶片的叶绿素含量明显高于其它两品种，说明高脂肪品种的光合能力最强，其次是高O/L值品种，高蛋白品种最低。高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种前期较高的光合能力有利于脂肪的快速积累，而高蛋白品种生育后期光合能力较高，这有利于其籽仁蛋白质的形成。
1.2不同品质类型花生叶片可溶性糖及氮素含量的差异
3种品质类型花生叶片可溶性糖含量和氮素含量均呈下降趋势。各时期叶片可溶性糖含量大小以KB008最大，其次为H17，818的叶片可溶性糖含量最低。KB008在整个生育期叶片的氮素含量显著高于H17和818。
1.3不同品质类型花生叶片衰老的差异
3种品质类型花生叶片的SOD、POD和CAT活性以及可溶性蛋白含量均呈先增大后降低趋势，MDA含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。3品种叶片衰老差异表现在：H17和818叶片POD、CAT活性略高于KB008，而KB008叶片MDA含量显著低于另两者，其叶片SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量也明显高于另两者，表明高蛋白品种叶片衰老比高脂肪和高O/L值品种缓慢。
2不同品质类型花生叶片氮、碳代谢酶活性的差异
2.1不同品质类型花生叶片氮代谢酶活性的差异
3品种叶片中NR、GPT和GOT活性变化均呈降低的趋势，而GS、GDH和GOGAT活性呈先增加后降低的趋势。KB008在整个生育期的叶片NR、GS、GOGAT、GPT和GOT活性均明显高于H17和818，H17与818的氮代谢酶活性大小差异不大。较高的叶片NR、GS和GOGAT等酶的活性是高蛋白品种较高蛋白质合成和积累的生理基础。
2.2不同品质类型花生叶片碳代谢酶活性的差异
3种品质类型花生叶片的SS和SPS活性大小均表现为H17>818> KB008，特别是SPS活性差异较大，H17各时期的活性显著高于KB008，较高的叶片SS、SPS活性有利于花生籽仁脂肪的形成。3品种叶片PEPCase活性大小表现为KB008> H17>818，H17和818的整个生育期的RuBPCase活性均显著高于KB008，这是高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种较大物质生产能力和较高产量的生理基础。
3不同品质类型花生产量、品质的差异
3.1不同品质类型花生产量及产量构成因素的差异
3品种以H17的荚果产量最高，KB008的荚果产量显著低于H17和818，这主要是由其单株结果数较少，荚果较小导致的。KB008的荚果出仁率也显著低于其它两个品种，但其双仁果率却显著高于后两者。
3.2不同品质类型花生籽仁品质的差异
在花生籽仁发育过程中，高蛋白品种籽仁蛋白质的积累速率一直高于高脂肪和高O/L值品种，且直到果针入土60d蛋白质仍在积累，而高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种的蛋白质含量后期略微降低，这是高蛋白品种蛋白质含量高的生物学原因；高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种的脂肪积累一直高于高蛋白品种，且直到果针入土60天脂肪仍在积累，而高蛋白品种果针入土后50天脂肪含量达到最大，之后略有降低。3品种籽仁可溶性糖含量大小表现为818> H17> KB008，O/L值大小表现为818> H17> KB008。
3品种籽仁中的8种氨基酸组分都以KB008的含量最高，其中谷氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量差异较大，说明高蛋白品种所含的人体必需氨基酸含量明显高于高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种。KB008成熟期的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、花生酸和山嵛酸相对含量显著高于H17和818，而其油酸和二十四烷酸相对含量明显低于后两者。
4不同品质类型花生子叶细胞超微结构差异
3种品质类型花生子叶细胞中蛋白体在果针入土20d到40d时进入快速积累阶段，3品种的蛋白体大小和数量在果针入土30d前差异较小，30d之后差异变大。KB008在后期的蛋白体比H17和818的排列致密，数量增长较快，到60d时数量和大小明显多于和大于后两者，表明高蛋白品种较多的蛋白体的数量和较大的体积是较高蛋白质含量的细胞学基础。KB008脂体大小在果针入土30d时即达到最大值，此前脂体数量增加较快，之后增加缓慢，而H17和818在50d时脂体大小才达到最大，两者的脂体数量在果针入土50d时仍较快增加，表明高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种快速积累脂体的持续时间较高蛋白品种长，其脂体数量远大于高蛋白品种，这是其较高脂肪含量的细胞学依据。
5覆膜栽培对不同品质类型花生生理特性和产量品质的影响
5.1覆膜对不同品质类型花生叶片光合特性的影响
覆膜栽培显著提高了3种品质类型花生在生育前期的叶片叶绿素含量，而降低了生育后期的叶绿素含量；覆膜栽培均提高了3种品质类型花生叶片净光合速率，特别是在花后30d之前提高幅度较大，生育后期略有降低，说明覆膜栽培对花生光合作用的改善主要在结荚期以前。覆膜对高蛋白品种在整个生育期的光合性能提高幅度较大，而对高脂肪和高O/L值品种只在饱果期之前提高幅度较大。
5.2覆膜对不同品质类型花生叶片衰老的影响
覆膜栽培显著提高了KB008在饱果期时的叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性，降低了其MDA的含量；覆膜栽培显著降低了高脂肪品种H17和高O/L值品种818在饱果期时的POD活性，其MDA含量也高于露地栽培。说明覆膜栽培加快了高脂肪品种和高O/L值品种在生育后期叶片早衰，而延缓了高蛋白品种的叶片衰老。
5.3覆膜对不同品质类型花生叶片氮代谢酶活性的影响
覆膜栽培均显著提高了3品种结荚期叶片GS、GDH、GOGAT、GOT和GPT活性，这是覆膜栽培提高不同品质类型花生籽仁蛋白质含量的酶学机理。覆膜栽培略微降低了KB008在饱果期时的GS和GOGAT活性，却显著降低了H17和818在饱果期时叶片GS的活性。覆膜栽培显著提高了KB008在饱果期时的GOT和GPT活性，而略微降低了H17和818在饱果期时GOT活性。这说明覆膜栽培对不同品质类型花生叶片氮代谢酶活性影响差异的主要时期是饱果期，覆膜提高高蛋白品种饱果期的氮代谢酶活性有利于其籽仁发育后期蛋白质的继续积累。
5.4覆膜对不同品质类型花生叶片碳代谢酶活性的影响
覆膜栽培降低了3种品质类型花生叶片SS和SPS活性，这是覆膜栽培降低不同品质类型花生籽仁脂肪含量的主要原因。覆膜栽培分别降低了3品种在结荚期SS活性的3.78%、2.72%和5.78%，降低SPS活性的8.27%、7.42%和5.01%，分别降低了3品种在饱果期SS活性的0.67%、6.54%和12.68%，降低SPS活性的5.03%、5.14%和12.38%，说明覆膜栽培对818在饱果期的叶片SS、SPS活性降低幅度最大。对高O/L值品种饱果期SS和SPS活性降低幅度较大是覆膜栽培对其籽仁脂肪含量降低幅度较大的原因。
5.5覆膜对不同品质类型花生产量和品质的影响
覆膜栽培显著提高了3种品质类型花生的荚果产量，提高幅度以高脂肪品种最大（12.26%），其次是高O/L值品种（9.75%）和高蛋白品种（6.94%）。覆膜栽培均显著提高了3品种的单株果数，对三者的千克果数的影响不显著，略微提高了KB008的双仁果率，而显著提高了H17和818的双仁果率。覆膜栽培提高了H17和818的出仁率。
覆膜栽培均提高了3种品质类型花生籽仁的蛋白质含量而降低了脂肪含量，对高蛋白品种籽仁蛋白质含量的增加作用最大（0.39%），其次是高O/L值品种（0.23%）和高脂肪品种（0.15%），而对籽仁脂肪含量降低最明显的是高O/L值品种（1.04%），其次是高脂肪品种（0.57%）和高蛋白品种（0.42%）。覆膜栽培均降低了3种品质类型花生籽仁可溶性糖的含量，提高了H17和818的O/L值而降低了KB008的O/L值（H17提高了0.10，818提高了0.04，KB008降低了0.03）。覆膜栽培均提高了KB008和H17的8种氨基酸组分含量，提高了818的蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和谷氨酸的含量。覆膜栽培提高了KB008亚油酸的含量而降低了其油酸的含量，提高了H17和818的油酸含量而降低了两者的亚油酸含量。
6多效唑对不同品质类型花生生理特性的影响
6.1多效唑对不同品质类型花生叶片光合特性的影响
PBZ处理对3种品质类型花生在处理后40d（8月20日）之前的净光合速率提高效果显著，而对处理后55d（成熟期）的效果不大甚至有所降低。喷施PBZ均显著提高了3种品质类型花生叶片实际光化学效率。喷施PBZ对高脂肪品种的叶片净光合速率和实际光化学效率提高幅度最大，其次是高O/L值品种，对高蛋白品种提高幅度最小。PBZ处理均提高了3种品质类型花生在饱果期时（8月20日）的叶绿素a和叶绿素的含量，但对不同品种提高幅度不同，对高蛋白品种提高幅度最大，对高O/L值品种提高幅度最小。
6.2多效唑对不同品质类型花生根系活力的影响
喷施PBZ均显著提高了3种品质类型花生在饱果期时的根系活力。PBZ处理对H17饱果期根系活力提高幅度最大，818次之，对KB008的根系活力提高幅度最小。喷施PBZ对3品种根系活力的显著提高促进了根系对矿质元素和水分的吸收，是其显著提高花生荚果产量的主要原因之一。
6.3多效唑对不同品质类型花生叶片衰老的影响
喷施PBZ对不同品质类型花生叶片衰老的影响不同，提高了H17和818在成熟期时（9月5日）的SOD、POD和CAT活性，降低了其MDA含量，降低了KB008的3种保护酶活性，提高了其MDA含量。说明PBZ处理有利于延缓高脂肪和高O/L值品种生育后期叶片的衰老，而促进了高蛋白品种生育后期叶片的衰老。
6.4多效唑对不同品质类型花生氮代谢酶活性的影响
喷施PBZ均降低了3种品质类型花生结荚期GS和GDH活性，降低了饱果期的GS、GDH和GOGAT活性，均降低了3品种在结荚期和饱果期叶片的GOT和GPT活性。说明PBZ降低了不同品质类型花生结荚期和饱果期叶片GS、GDH、GOGAT、GPT和GOT活性是PBZ降低花生籽仁蛋白质含量的生理原因。PBZ处理对KB008在结荚期和818在饱果期的GS活性降低幅度最大，对818结荚期GDH活性降低最大，而对H17和KB008降低幅度次之，对KB008的GPT和GOT活性降低幅度最大。说明PBZ处理显著降低高O/L值品种在结荚期的GDH活性和饱果期的GS活性是PBZ显著降低高O/L值品种籽仁中蛋白质含量的主要原因。
6.5多效唑对不同品质类型花生碳代谢酶活性的影响
PBZ处理均显著提高了3种品质类型花生在结荚期和饱果期叶片SS和SPS活性。喷施PBZ对818叶片SS和SPS活性提高幅度最大，对H17提高幅度次之，而对KB008提高较小。说明喷施PBZ对不同品质类型花生的叶片SS和SPS活性提高幅度不同是PBZ处理对其籽仁脂肪含量提高幅度差异（对818和H17脂肪含量提高较大）的原因。PBZ处理均提高了KB008叶片的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性，而对H17和818两种酶活性的提高主要在结荚期，说明喷施PBZ提高3种品质类型花生叶片的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性是增加物质生产能力的生理基础。
7多效唑、海藻肥对不同品质类型花生产量、品质的影响
7.1多效唑、海藻肥对不同品质类型花生产量及产量构成因素的影响
喷施PBZ、SM6以及PBZ+SM6处理均提高了3种品质类型花生的荚果产量。对3种品质类型花生荚果产量调控措施最好的是喷施PBZ+SM6处理，增产效果最好，其次是喷施PBZ增产效果也很明显。PBZ和PBZ+SM6两种处理对H17和818单株结果数增加最多，单独喷施SM6对这两品种的单株结果数影响不大，SM6处理对KB008的结果数增加最多。PBZ处理降低了KB008和H17的出仁率，而略微提高了818的出仁率，喷施SM6均明显提高了3种品质类型花生的出仁率。
7.2多效唑、海藻肥对不同品质类型花生籽仁品质的影响
喷施PBZ、SM6及PBZ+SM6均降低了3种品质类型花生的籽仁蛋白质含量，提高了脂肪含量。PBZ对818籽仁蛋白质含量降低幅度较大，而SM6对H17降低幅度较大。喷施SM6对3种品质类型花生籽仁脂肪含量提高幅度最大，单独喷施PBZ对脂肪含量提高幅度最小。喷施PBZ均显著提高了3种品质类型花生籽仁可溶性糖含量，而喷施SM6均显著降低了其可溶性糖含量。PBZ略微提高了KB008和H17籽仁O/L值，而显著降低了818的O/L值，SM6处理均提高了3品种籽仁的O/L值，对H17和818的O/L值提高幅度较大。PBZ处理均降低了KB008和H17籽仁中8种氨基酸组分的含量。SM6均明显提高了3品种的油酸含量而降低了其亚油酸含量。
As an important economic crops and oil crops in China, the production of peanuts ishighest in all oil crops. One of the main application of peanut seed in the national economy isfor the oil expression, the other is as raw materials for the food industry and the third is forexport. The varieties mainly used for oil expression require the oil content as higher aspossible, the varieties mainly used for edible require higher protein and lower fat in seed, thevarieties mainly for export require O/L as higher as possible. There are great differences inyield and quality of different quality types of peanut，and there is a significant negativecorrelation between yield and quality in different quality traits. The different planting patternsalso have influence on the yield and quality of different quality types of peanut. In this study,two planting methods (plastic film mulching system of spring seeded and open cultivationsystem of spring seeded) have been used in large area of the peanut production. Threecultivars (high-protein cultivar KB008, high-fat cultivar Hua17and high O/L cultivarNongda818) were selected and used as materials. The differences of physiologicalcharacteristics, carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities, yield and quality, and thedifferences of protein body and lipid body accumulation in cotyledon cell of different qualitytypes of peanut were studied. The physiological basis, enzymology basis and cytological basisof the differences in forming yield and quality of different quality types of peanuts, thephysiological basis and enzymology basis of effects of film mulching on yield and qualitywere definitude. It not only had the important theoretical significance to making up for thedeficiency of quality physiology study of peanut, but also had practical guiding significancefor the production of high-quality peanuts. Aiming at lodging and premature senescence in thepeanut production, the effects of spraying paclobutrazol and seaweed fertilizer on yield andquality of different quality types of peanuts were studied, to detect the regulation mechanismand put forward proper control strategy of production increasing and quality improvement, inorder to provide technical guidance for the production of peanut. Experiments were carried out from2009to2012in experimental station of Shandong Agricultural University, and themain results are as follows.
1Differences of physiological characteristics in leaves of different quality types of peanut
1.1Differences of photosynthetic characteristics of different quality types of peanut
The photosynthetic rate, actual photochemical efficiency and maximal photochemicalefficiency of different quality types of peanut showed a single peak curve. The Pn of threecultivars was ranked as H17>818> KB008. The Pn of H17and818was significantly higherthan KB008before30d after anthesis, but the Pn of KB008was higher than H17and818after45d after anthesis. The ФPSⅡof KB008at15d after anthesis was significantly higherthan that of H17and818, and the ФPSⅡof three cultivars was ranked as H17>818> KB008at45d after anthesis. The Fv/Fm of three cultivars was ranked as818> H17> KB008at podsetting stage, but was ranked in the order of KB008> H17>818at mature stage.
The content of chlorophyll of three quality peanut varieties was ranked in the order ofH17>818> KB008during the whole growth period, but the content of chlorophyll of KB008was significantly higher than the other two varieties after pod filling stage.
1.2Differences of soluble sugar and nitrogen content in leaves of different quality types ofpeanut
The content of soluble sugar in leaves of KB008was the largest, followed by H17and818. The content of nitrogen in leaves of KB008was significantly larger than that of H17and818.
1.3Differences of leaf senescence in different quality types of peanut
The activities of POD and CAT in leaves of H17and818was little higher than that ofKB008. MDA content of KB008was significantly lower than that of H17and818, while theactivity of SOD and content of soluble protein were higher than those of the other twovarieties, which caused the high protein variety slower senescence.2Differences of carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities in leaves of differentquality types of peanut
2.1Differences of nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities of different quality types of peanut
The activities of NR, GS, GOGAT, GPT and GOT in leaves of KB008were apparentlyhigher than those of H17and818, the activity of nitrogen metabolism enzyme between H17 and818had little difference. That was the enzymology fundamentals of high protein varietyto accumulating higher protein content of seeds.
2.2Differences of carbon metabolism enzyme activities of different quality types of peanut
The activities of SS and SPS in leaves of three varieties were ranked in the order ofH17>818> KB008, especially the activity of SPS had a greater difference. The activity ofPEPCase in leaves of three varieties was ranked in the order of KB008>818> H17. Theactivity of RuBPCase in leaves of three varieties was ranked in the order of H17>818>KB008during the whole growth period.
3Differences of yield and quality of different quality types of peanut
3.1Differences of yield and yield components of different quality types of peanut
The pod yield of H17was highest, while the yield of KB008was significantly lower thanthat of H17and818, which was mainly caused by less pods of per plant and smaller pod. Thepod kernel rate of KB008was significantly lower than the other two varieties, but the doublekernel rate was significantly higher than H17and818.
3.2Differences of seed quality of different quality types of peanut
The protein accumulation rate was faster than the fat accumulation of KB008at maturestage, while the fat accumulation rate was greater than the protein accumulation of H17and818. This behaved that the high protein variety continue to increase protein content but fatcontent is slightly lower at mature stage, while the fat content continue to increase and theprotein content decrease slightly of high fat and high O/L variety.
All kinds of amino acid content in KB008were the highest, especially glutamic acid,lysine, leucine and phenylalanine content. This showed the content of essential amino acidsfor human body in high protein variety was obviously higher than that of high fat and highO/L varieties. The relative content of palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acidand behenic acid of KB008was significantly higher, while the relative content of oleic acidand lignoceric acid was significantly lower, compared with those of H17and818at maturestage.
4Differences of cotyledon cell ultrastructure in different quality types of peanut under filmmulching cultivation
The protein bodies in cotyledon cells of three varieties entered the fast accumulationstage from20days the pegs struck into the soil to40days. The difference of the size andnumber of protein bodies in three varieties were smaller and less before30days the pegsstruck into the soil but became larger and more after30days. The size and number of proteinbodies of KB008was significantly greater than that of H17and818, which illustrated that thebigger size and number of protein bodies was the cytological basis of KB008have higherprotein content.The size of lipid bodies of KB008was maximizing at30d after the pegs struckinto the soil, while the size of lipid bodies of H17and818was maximizing at50d. Thenumber of lipid bodies of H17and818was still increased rapidly at50d after the pegs struckinto the soil, which showed the duration of rapid accumulation of lipid bodies of H17and818was longer than that of KB008and the number of lipid bodies is more than KB008. That wasthe cytological basis of this two varieties have higher fat content.
5Effects of film mulching cultivation on physiological characteristics, yield and quality ofdifferent quality types of peanut
5.1Effects of film mulching cultivation on photosynthetic characteristics of different qualitytypes of peanut
Film mulching cultivation significantly increased Pn of three varieties, especially before30d after anthesis, this showed that film mulching cultivation significantly increased the leafphotosynthesis rate mainly before the pod filling stage. The Pn of KB008under filmmulching cultivation was significantly higher than that under open field cultivation before60dafter anthesis, and the Pn of H17under two different cultivation at60d after anthesis wasbasically the same, while the Pn of818under two different cultivation was basically the sameat45d after anthesis, later the Pn under film mulching cultivation was significantly lower thanthat under open field cultivation. Film mulching cultivation significantly increased the contentof chlorophyll of three varieties, especially before45d after anthesis, this was the basis reasonwhy the film mulching cultivation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate. The rapiddecline of chlorophyll content was the main reason leading to the decrease of photosyntheticrate after pod filling stage.
5.2Effects of film mulching cultivation on leaf senescence of different quality types of peanut
Film mulching cultivation increased the activities of SOD, POD and CAT in leaves ofKB008, while reduced the content of MDA at pod filling stage. Film mulching cultivationreduced the activities of SOD and POD, increased the content of MDA, this showed thatdifferent quality types of peanut under film mulching cultivation were confronted with obvioussenescence.
5.3Effects of film mulching cultivation on nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities of differentquality types of peanut
Film mulching cultivation increased the activities of GS, GOGAT and GDH of threevarieties at pod setting stage. Film mulching cultivation slightly reduced GS and GOGATactivities of KB008at pod filling stage, significantly reduced GS activity of H17and818.Plastic film mulching significantly increased the activities of GOT and GPT of3varieties atpod setting stage, significantly increased the activities of two enzymes of KB008at podfilling period, while slightly decreased GOT activity of H17and818at pod filling stage.
5.4Effects of film mulching cultivation on carbon metabolism enzyme activities of differentquality types of peanut
Film mulching cultivation significantly reduced the activities of SS and SPS, this was theenzymatic reason why the film mulching cultivation could reduce the content of fat andsoluble sugar in kernels of three varieties of peanut. The SPS activity of818at pod fillingstage was decreased biggest by plastic film mulching cultivation. Film mulching cultivationslightly raised the PEPCase activity of3varieties at pod setting and filling stage, significantlyincreased the RuBPCase activity of KB008and H17at pod setting and filling stage, butslightly decreased RuBPCase activity of818at pod filling stage.
5.5Effects of film mulching cultivation on yield and quality of different quality types ofpeanut
Film mulching cultivation significantly increased the pod yield of three varieties ofpeanut, increased the pod yield by6.94%of KB008,12.26%of H17, increased by9.75%of818. The ways of film mulching cultivation increasing the pod yield were different: filmmulching cultivation increased yield of high protein variety significantly because of theincrease of pod number of per plant; the main reason of increasing yield of high fat varietyand high O/L variety was the significantly increasing of pods per plant and double kernel rate. Film mulching cultivation increased pod kernel rate of high fat variety and high O/L varietybut reduced that of high protein variety.
Film mulching cultivation increased the protein content but reduced the fat and solublesugar content of different quality types of peanut. Film mulching cultivation increased theO/L rate of high fat variety and high O/L variety but decreased the O/L rate of high proteinvariety. Film mulching cultivation increased the content of8kinds of essential amino acidcomponents in KB008and H17, increased the content of methionine, threonine, valine,phenylalanine and glutamic acid of818. Plastic film mulching cultivation decreased therelative content of palmitic acid and arachidonic acid, and increased the relative content ofstearic acid, arachidic acid and lignoceric acid of3varieties of peanut. Film mulchingcultivation increased linoleic acid content, but reduced the oleic acid content of KB008, whileincreased oleic acid content but reduced linoleic acid content of H17and818.
6Effects of spraying PBZ on physiological characteristics of different quality types of peanut
6.1Effects of spraying PBZ on photosynthetic characteristics of different quality types ofpeanut
PBZ treatment significantly increased the photosynthetic rate of three varieties beforepod filling stage but increased it little after this stage even decreased it at mature stage. PBZtreatment increased the actual photochemical efficiency at whole stage and the content ofchlorophyll a and a+b of three varieties at pod filling stage. PBZ treatment increased thecontent of chlorophyll of KB008significantly, but didn’t increase it significantly of H17and818.
6.2Effects of spraying PBZ on root vigour of different quality types of peanut
PBZ treatment significantly increased the root vigour of different quality types of peanutat pod filling stage. The increment of root vigour was ranked in the order of H17>818>KB008at pod filling stage by spraying PBZ. The root vigour significantly increased byspraying PBZ was one of the prime reasons of PBZ treatment which significantly increasedthe pod yield.
6.3Effects of spraying PBZ on leaf senescence of different quality types of peanut
PBZ treatment significantly increased the activities of SOD, POD and CAT anddecreased the content of MDA of H17and818at mature stage, while reduced the activities of this three kinds of protective enzymes but increased MDA content of KB008. This showedthat spraying PBZ could delay the process of senescence in high fat and high O/L varieties,but the leaves of high protein variety had the tendency of senescence intensifies at maturestage.
6.4Effects of spraying PBZ on nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities of different qualitytypes of peanut
PBZ treatment increased the activity of GOGAT but significantly reduced the activitiesof GS and GDH of three varieties at pod setting stage. The activities of this three kindsenzyme was all reduced by spraying PBZ at pod filling stage. PBZ treatment reduced theactivities of GOT and GPT of three varieties at pod setting and filling stage. Spraying PBZreduced the activities of GS, GDH, GOGAT, GPT and GOT of three varieties at pod settingstage and pod filling stage was the enzymatic reason of PBZ treatment which reduced thecontent of protein.
6.5Effects of spraying PBZ on carbon metabolism enzyme activities of different quality typesof peanut
PBZ treatment significantly increased the activities of SS and SPS of three varieties atpod setting and filling stage. The increment of activities of SS and SPS was ranked in theorder of818> H17> KB008by spraying PBZ, which was the reason of the difference of thefat content in different quality types of peanut by spraying PBZ. PBZ treatment increased theactivities of PEPCase and RuBPCase of KB008, but increased this two enzyme activities ofH17and818major at pod setting stage, which had a decline at pod filling stage. SprayingPBZ increased the activities of PEPCase and RuBPCase of three quality types of peanut wasthe enzymatic basis of PBZ treatment which increased the pod yield.
7Effects of spraying PBZ and SM6on yield and quality of different quality types of peanut
7.1Effects of spraying PBZ and SM6on yield and yield components of different quality typesof peanut
Spraying PBZ, SM6and PBZ+SM6all increased the pod yield of three quality types ofpeanut. PBZ+SM6treatment was the best control measure, increased yield maximally, thesecond was PBZ. The number of pods per plant of H17and818increased the mostsignificantly by PBZ and PBZ+SM6treatments, while separate spraying SM6had little effects on this two varieties. Spraying SM6increased the number of pods per plant of KB008most. PBZ treatment reduced the kernel rate of KB008and H17but slightly increased it of818. Spraying SM6significantly improved the kernel rate of three varieties.
7.2Effects of spraying PBZ and SM6on seed quality of different quality types of peanut
Spraying PBZ, SM6and PBZ+SM6all increased the content of fat and reduced thecontent of protein of three quality types of peanut. The effects of spraying PBZ, SM6andPBZ+SM6on protein content of KB008were not significant, but decrement of proteincontent of818was greater by sprayed PBZ, while decrement of protein content of H17wasgreater by spraying SM6. The fat content of three varieties by spraying SM6was increasedmost significantly, while separate spraying PBZ increased minimum. PBZ treatmentsignificantly increased the content of soluble sugar of three quality types of peanut but SM6significantly reduced the content of it. SM6treatment improved the rate of O/L of threequality types of peanut. PBZ treatment reduced the contents of8kinds amino acidcomposition of KB008and H17. SM6treatment significantly improved the content of oleicacid but reduced the content of linoleic acid of three varieties. PBZ treatment reduced thecontent of oleic acid but improved the content of linoleic acid of818.
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