论《了不起的盖茨比》的狂欢化精神
摘要
F·司各特·菲茨杰拉德被誉为“爵士时代的天使”。在短暂而坎坷的一生中，他创作了5部长篇小说和18部短篇小说。他在作品中大量融人了自己的生活经历，向人们展示了二十年代美国社会的浮华与喧嚣，以及深藏其后的衰败和空虚。许多他创造的角色和他本人一样，追求上流社会纸醉金迷的享乐生活，梦想实现个人理想，但最后他们的美国梦被无情的现实击得粉碎。
他的代表作《了不起的盖茨比》被公认为美国文学史上的经典之作。T·S·艾略特称它为“美国小说自亨利·詹姆斯以来迈出的第一步”。小说自问世以来，被不断改编，搬上舞台和荧屏，并被翻译为多国文字介绍到国外，备受世人关注。评论家们从作品的主题、叙事方法、写作技巧等方面对这部作品进行了深入的研究。
本文利用巴赫金的狂欢化理论对《了不起的盖茨比》进行了重新解读，试图向人们揭示蕴涵在作品中的深刻的狂欢化精神。本文由引言、正文和结论组成，正文共分为三章。
第一章分为两节，简单介绍了巴赫金的文学理论中关于狂欢化的学说。第一节论述了三个主要范畴即狂欢式、狂欢化世界感受和狂欢化的定义、内容及其联系和区别。第二节介绍了作为狂欢化文学主要源头之一的庄谐体的两个主要代表—“苏格拉底对话体”和“梅尼普讽刺”。
第二章从作者的角度出发，从三个方面分析了对小说狂欢化精神的形成产生影响的三个因素：家庭的影响、来自女人的压力，以及朋友的指引。从中我们发现菲茨杰拉德的生活经历对其世界观的形成和文学创作产生了深远的影响，《了不起的盖茨比》中所蕴含的深刻的狂欢化精神与这些影响是分不开的。
第三章具体分析了《了不起的盖茨比》中的狂欢化精神。从外在因素看，小说自始至终都洋溢着鲜明生动的狂欢化氛围。小说出版时的封面，曾有过的几个题目以及小说的开端都蕴含了深刻的狂欢化底蕴。从结构上看，整部小说就像一个历时几个月的盛大的狂欢节，而
各章中人物之间的聚会，以及一系列喧嚣热烈的晚会，则是在这个节
庆上上演的一幕幕狂欢化表演。小说中的主要人物更是一个个在狂欢
节上尽情表演的狂欢化人物形象。
通过对文本的具体分析，本文在结论中指出菲茨杰拉德有意地创
造了一个和当时的现实社会有着惊人相似之处的“狂欢广场”。在这
个广场上没有了常轨生活中的禁忌和等级，形形色色的人们在这里尽
情表演，不同的价值观实现了平等的对话。正是通过这样一种对话，
通过回荡在广场上的喧嚣声，一幅美国二十年代众生相图就栩栩如生
地展现在我们面前了。
F. Scott Fitzgerald is called "the angel of the Jazz Age". In his short and frustrated life, he wrote five novels and 178 short stories. In his works, he unmasks the hypocrisy and emptiness of America in the 1920s under the superficial uproar and vanity. Many characters in his works, like the author himself, pursue a life of luxury and dissipation, dreaming of realizing their personal ideals, but their dreams are inevitably smashed by the relentless reality.
His masterpiece The Great Gatsby is regarded as a classic in American literature. T. S. Eliot gives it the warmest praise by claiming that The Great Gatsby is the "first step that American fiction has taken since Henry James". (常耀信, 1990: 292) Ever since its publication the novel has been adapted into a play and performed on the stage and screen constantly. Critics have done intensive researches on its theme, way of narration, techniques, and so on. In recent years, we can find further research on this novel in feminist and cultural aspects.
The thesis tries a new interpretation with Bakhtin's theory of carnivalesque to uncover the profound carnivalesque spirit in the novel. It consists of an introduction, three chapters and the conclusion. In the very beginning of the thesis, the author gives a brief introduction to Fitzgerald and current studies on him. It comes to a conclusion that the interpretation in the light of carnivalesque is a field that few people have touched, so it is quite necessary and worth such attempt.
Chapter One briefly explains Bakhtin's theory on carnival. Section One is the definition, content, collection and distinction of three key terms: carnival, a carnival sense of the world and carnivalization. Section Two introduces Socratic dialogue and Menippean Satire - two representative genres of serio-comical, which is one of the major resources of many carnivalized works.
Chapter Two explores the possible factors that influence Fitzgerald's
carnivalesque spirit employed in his creation of the novel.
Chapter Three expounds and analyzes in detail the carnivalesque spirit in The Great Gatsby.
Through the comprehensive analysis from the theme to techniques, the thesis comes to its conclusion. The parties and gatherings Fitzgerald built are very similar to the carnival square in ancient times. We cannot find usual rut, limitation and hierarchy on this square. Dialogue between different values can be heard here and there. With the help of dialogue, of laughter and roaring echoing on the square, a vivid picture of the 20s America is unfolded before us.
他的代表作《了不起的盖茨比》被公认为美国文学史上的经典之作。T·S·艾略特称它为“美国小说自亨利·詹姆斯以来迈出的第一步”。小说自问世以来，被不断改编，搬上舞台和荧屏，并被翻译为多国文字介绍到国外，备受世人关注。评论家们从作品的主题、叙事方法、写作技巧等方面对这部作品进行了深入的研究。
本文利用巴赫金的狂欢化理论对《了不起的盖茨比》进行了重新解读，试图向人们揭示蕴涵在作品中的深刻的狂欢化精神。本文由引言、正文和结论组成，正文共分为三章。
第一章分为两节，简单介绍了巴赫金的文学理论中关于狂欢化的学说。第一节论述了三个主要范畴即狂欢式、狂欢化世界感受和狂欢化的定义、内容及其联系和区别。第二节介绍了作为狂欢化文学主要源头之一的庄谐体的两个主要代表—“苏格拉底对话体”和“梅尼普讽刺”。
第二章从作者的角度出发，从三个方面分析了对小说狂欢化精神的形成产生影响的三个因素：家庭的影响、来自女人的压力，以及朋友的指引。从中我们发现菲茨杰拉德的生活经历对其世界观的形成和文学创作产生了深远的影响，《了不起的盖茨比》中所蕴含的深刻的狂欢化精神与这些影响是分不开的。
第三章具体分析了《了不起的盖茨比》中的狂欢化精神。从外在因素看，小说自始至终都洋溢着鲜明生动的狂欢化氛围。小说出版时的封面，曾有过的几个题目以及小说的开端都蕴含了深刻的狂欢化底蕴。从结构上看，整部小说就像一个历时几个月的盛大的狂欢节，而
各章中人物之间的聚会，以及一系列喧嚣热烈的晚会，则是在这个节
庆上上演的一幕幕狂欢化表演。小说中的主要人物更是一个个在狂欢
节上尽情表演的狂欢化人物形象。
通过对文本的具体分析，本文在结论中指出菲茨杰拉德有意地创
造了一个和当时的现实社会有着惊人相似之处的“狂欢广场”。在这
个广场上没有了常轨生活中的禁忌和等级，形形色色的人们在这里尽
情表演，不同的价值观实现了平等的对话。正是通过这样一种对话，
通过回荡在广场上的喧嚣声，一幅美国二十年代众生相图就栩栩如生
地展现在我们面前了。
F. Scott Fitzgerald is called "the angel of the Jazz Age". In his short and frustrated life, he wrote five novels and 178 short stories. In his works, he unmasks the hypocrisy and emptiness of America in the 1920s under the superficial uproar and vanity. Many characters in his works, like the author himself, pursue a life of luxury and dissipation, dreaming of realizing their personal ideals, but their dreams are inevitably smashed by the relentless reality.
His masterpiece The Great Gatsby is regarded as a classic in American literature. T. S. Eliot gives it the warmest praise by claiming that The Great Gatsby is the "first step that American fiction has taken since Henry James". (常耀信, 1990: 292) Ever since its publication the novel has been adapted into a play and performed on the stage and screen constantly. Critics have done intensive researches on its theme, way of narration, techniques, and so on. In recent years, we can find further research on this novel in feminist and cultural aspects.
The thesis tries a new interpretation with Bakhtin's theory of carnivalesque to uncover the profound carnivalesque spirit in the novel. It consists of an introduction, three chapters and the conclusion. In the very beginning of the thesis, the author gives a brief introduction to Fitzgerald and current studies on him. It comes to a conclusion that the interpretation in the light of carnivalesque is a field that few people have touched, so it is quite necessary and worth such attempt.
Chapter One briefly explains Bakhtin's theory on carnival. Section One is the definition, content, collection and distinction of three key terms: carnival, a carnival sense of the world and carnivalization. Section Two introduces Socratic dialogue and Menippean Satire - two representative genres of serio-comical, which is one of the major resources of many carnivalized works.
Chapter Two explores the possible factors that influence Fitzgerald's
carnivalesque spirit employed in his creation of the novel.
Chapter Three expounds and analyzes in detail the carnivalesque spirit in The Great Gatsby.
Through the comprehensive analysis from the theme to techniques, the thesis comes to its conclusion. The parties and gatherings Fitzgerald built are very similar to the carnival square in ancient times. We cannot find usual rut, limitation and hierarchy on this square. Dialogue between different values can be heard here and there. With the help of dialogue, of laughter and roaring echoing on the square, a vivid picture of the 20s America is unfolded before us.
引文
曹合建．《菲茨杰拉德短篇小说选》，湖南文艺出版社，1998．
Fitzgerald, E Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925.
Bakhtin, Mikail. The Dialogic Imagination. ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1981.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Problems of Dostoevsky's Potics. ed. and trans. Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. trans. Helene Iswolsky. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1968.
Bewley, Marius. 'F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Collapse of the American Dream', The Eccentric Design: From in the Classic American Novel. New York: The Dryden Press, 1959.
Broccoli, Matthew J., ed: F. Scott Fitzgerald A Life in Letters. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1994.
Callahan, John E "F. Scott Fitzgerald's evolving American Dream: the 'pursuit of happiness' in Gatsby, Tender is the night, and The Last Tycoon". Twentieth Century Literature, Hofstra University, 1996.
Clark Graham, ed. Critical Assessments of Writers in English. Helm Information Ltd, 1991.
David K. The Thought of Mikhail Bakhtin. London: Macmillan, 1991.
Emmetlong, Robert. 'The Great Gatsby and the Tradition of Joseph Conrad: Part Ⅰ', Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Summer, 1966.
Fire, Under. The Literary Preview of the New York Evening Post. May 26, 1923.
Goldhurst, William. 'Time, Place, and Spirit', E Scott Fitzgerald and his Contemporary Cleveland, New York: Academic Press, 1963
Kenner, Hugh. 'The Promised Land', A Homemade World." The American Modernist Writers, New York: Academic Press, 1975.
Kinser, Samuel. Rablais'Carnival Text, context, Metatext. University of California Press, 1990.
Ning Yizhong. Carnivalization and Joseph Conrad's Fictional World Hunan Normal University Press, 1999.
Ross, Alan. 'Rumble Among the Drums': E Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) and the Jazz Age,
Horizon ⅩⅢ, December 1948.
Rubinstein Annette T. American Literature Root and Flower. Beijing: Foreign language Teaching and Research Press, 1988.
Schorer, Mark. 'Some Relationships'- The World We Imagine, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968.
Seed, David. The Great Gatsby-The Review of Studies, Oxford University Press (UK), 1996.
Toming. A History of American Literature. Yilin Press, 2002.
包亚明．《二十世纪西方美学经典文本》，复旦大学出版社，2000．
常耀信．《美国文学简史》，南开大学出版社，1990．
程爱民．《20世纪英美文学论稿》，上海外语教育出版社，2002．
刁克利．盖茨比的悲剧与菲茨杰拉德的证明——《了不起的盖茨比》主题论，《河南大学学报》第2期，1994．
董衡巽．《美国文学简史》(修订本)，人民文学出版社，2003．
胡荫桐．《美国文学教程》，南开大学出版社，1995．
孔金，孔全娜 (俄)．《巴赫金传》，张杰，万海松译，东方出版中心，2000．
李冀宏．《美国经典小说精华欣赏》，世界图书出版公司，2001．
李维屏．《英美现代主义文学概观》，上海外语教育出版社，1998．
马新国．《西方文论史》，高等教育出版社，2002．
斯宾勒．《美国文学的周期》，王长荣译，上海外语教育出版社，1990．
史志康．《美国文学背景概观》，上海外语教育出版社，1998．
托多罗夫(法)．《巴赫金、对话理论及其他》，蒋子华，张萍译，百花文艺出版社，2001．
王建刚．狂欢诗学—巴赫金文学思想研究，学林出版社，2001．
汪义群．《英美文学研究论丛》第二辑，上海外语教育出版社，2001．
王玉娟．盖茨比悲剧原因探究．《学术交流》第2期，1998．
吴伟仁．《美国文学史及选读》第二册，外语教育与研究出版社，1990．
虞建华．《英美文学研究论丛》第一辑，上海外语教育出版社，2000．
张礼龙．美国梦的演变与破灭——《了不起的盖茨比》评析，《外国文学研究》第二期，1998．
赵勇．民间话语的开掘与放大——论巴赫金的狂欢化理论，《外国文学研究》，第四期，2002．
Fitzgerald, E Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925.
Bakhtin, Mikail. The Dialogic Imagination. ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1981.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Problems of Dostoevsky's Potics. ed. and trans. Caryl Emerson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. trans. Helene Iswolsky. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1968.
Bewley, Marius. 'F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Collapse of the American Dream', The Eccentric Design: From in the Classic American Novel. New York: The Dryden Press, 1959.
Broccoli, Matthew J., ed: F. Scott Fitzgerald A Life in Letters. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1994.
Callahan, John E "F. Scott Fitzgerald's evolving American Dream: the 'pursuit of happiness' in Gatsby, Tender is the night, and The Last Tycoon". Twentieth Century Literature, Hofstra University, 1996.
Clark Graham, ed. Critical Assessments of Writers in English. Helm Information Ltd, 1991.
David K. The Thought of Mikhail Bakhtin. London: Macmillan, 1991.
Emmetlong, Robert. 'The Great Gatsby and the Tradition of Joseph Conrad: Part Ⅰ', Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Summer, 1966.
Fire, Under. The Literary Preview of the New York Evening Post. May 26, 1923.
Goldhurst, William. 'Time, Place, and Spirit', E Scott Fitzgerald and his Contemporary Cleveland, New York: Academic Press, 1963
Kenner, Hugh. 'The Promised Land', A Homemade World." The American Modernist Writers, New York: Academic Press, 1975.
Kinser, Samuel. Rablais'Carnival Text, context, Metatext. University of California Press, 1990.
Ning Yizhong. Carnivalization and Joseph Conrad's Fictional World Hunan Normal University Press, 1999.
Ross, Alan. 'Rumble Among the Drums': E Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) and the Jazz Age,
Horizon ⅩⅢ, December 1948.
Rubinstein Annette T. American Literature Root and Flower. Beijing: Foreign language Teaching and Research Press, 1988.
Schorer, Mark. 'Some Relationships'- The World We Imagine, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968.
Seed, David. The Great Gatsby-The Review of Studies, Oxford University Press (UK), 1996.
Toming. A History of American Literature. Yilin Press, 2002.
包亚明．《二十世纪西方美学经典文本》，复旦大学出版社，2000．
常耀信．《美国文学简史》，南开大学出版社，1990．
程爱民．《20世纪英美文学论稿》，上海外语教育出版社，2002．
刁克利．盖茨比的悲剧与菲茨杰拉德的证明——《了不起的盖茨比》主题论，《河南大学学报》第2期，1994．
董衡巽．《美国文学简史》(修订本)，人民文学出版社，2003．
胡荫桐．《美国文学教程》，南开大学出版社，1995．
孔金，孔全娜 (俄)．《巴赫金传》，张杰，万海松译，东方出版中心，2000．
李冀宏．《美国经典小说精华欣赏》，世界图书出版公司，2001．
李维屏．《英美现代主义文学概观》，上海外语教育出版社，1998．
马新国．《西方文论史》，高等教育出版社，2002．
斯宾勒．《美国文学的周期》，王长荣译，上海外语教育出版社，1990．
史志康．《美国文学背景概观》，上海外语教育出版社，1998．
托多罗夫(法)．《巴赫金、对话理论及其他》，蒋子华，张萍译，百花文艺出版社，2001．
王建刚．狂欢诗学—巴赫金文学思想研究，学林出版社，2001．
汪义群．《英美文学研究论丛》第二辑，上海外语教育出版社，2001．
王玉娟．盖茨比悲剧原因探究．《学术交流》第2期，1998．
吴伟仁．《美国文学史及选读》第二册，外语教育与研究出版社，1990．
虞建华．《英美文学研究论丛》第一辑，上海外语教育出版社，2000．
张礼龙．美国梦的演变与破灭——《了不起的盖茨比》评析，《外国文学研究》第二期，1998．
赵勇．民间话语的开掘与放大——论巴赫金的狂欢化理论，《外国文学研究》，第四期，2002．