数字集群通信网络架构和多天线技术的研究
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摘要
集群移动通信系统,作为特殊移动无线电系统或专用移动无线电系统的一种,它在铁路运输、船舶通信、港口导航、航空业务、气象预报、森林作业、矿区作业、公安等众多专用指挥调度通信领域得到了广泛的应用。随着人们对集群系统功能的要求越来越高,数字集群系统将逐渐往业务宽带化和业务定制化的方向发展。现有数字集群标准都是基于2G的,而基于3G及以后的标准还没有成熟的方案,其最大的问题就是不能满足更高速率的数据传输等要求,因此急需建立新的数字集群通信网络架构,以适应未来集群通信业务多元化和宽带化的要求。多天线技术作为提高数据传输速率的重要手段得到越来越多的关注,被认为是新一代无线通信技术的革命。多天线系统根据信号处理的方式不同分为智能天线和多入多出(Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO)技术两种。分布式天线结构作为多天线系统的未来主要建设模式,能够得到较好地信号覆盖,有效解决小区边缘问题。论文在综述现有研究成果基础上,重点对数字集群通信系统分布式网络架构和多天线技术进行研究,从实际应用角度提出了分布式天线结构在高铁无线覆盖中的应用。论文的主要研究内容与创新如下：
(1)通过对公众移动通信系统发展的分析,提出了基于分布式架构的数字集群通信系统,对其系统组成和特点进行了阐述。首先阐述了数字集群通信跟随公众移动通信的发展步伐,将逐渐往业务宽带化和业务定制化的方向发展。分布式架构的数字集群通信系统能够支持更高的数据传输速率；具有更加灵活的组网能力；分布式网络结构提高了网络的连通性和可靠性,在突发应急事件中将起到重要作用；扁平化全IP的数字集群系统可以实现集群网络与公网或其它各种网络便捷地互联互通,从而更好的完成指挥调度任务等。对分布式数字集群通信系统若干关键技术进行了分析讨论,包括多天线技术、组播通信、接续时间和信令优化、无线资源管理和认知无线电技术、协作中继技术、载波聚合、跨层设计和网络异构等。
(2)针对数字集群业务中最重要的组播通信场景,研究了多天线技术中智能天线的组播波束赋形算法,提出了基于角度信息和基于位置信息的组播赋形算法。在组播通信中,用户的完整信道状态等信息不能及时被基站得知情况下,设计了基于角度信息的组播赋形算法,根据目标函数不同,提出了基于角度信息的最大平均赋形增益MABG算法和最大最小赋形增益MMBG算法。通过仿真分析可得,采用MABG算法和MMBG算法相对于全向天线发射时可以获得4dB左右的平均增益,基本上满足了系统设计的需要。综合平均信噪比、最小信噪比、平均赋形增益和最小赋形增益等性能参数而言,基于MMBG算法的体现了较好的用户公平性和有效性的折中。在基于角度信息算法基础上,增加用户距离信息,提出了基于位置信息的最大平均赋形增益MABG算法和最大最小赋形增益MMBG算法。基于位置信息的MMBG算法赋形方向图能够跟小区内用户分布情况(包括角度和距离)相吻合。分别讨论了用户分布情况、阵列天线数目和用户簇个数等因素对组播波束赋形算法的影响。
(3)借鉴MIMO在公众移动通信MBMS业务中的应用,通过对Alamouti空间分集和V-BLAST空间复用技术的性能分析和比较,提出了组播通信中基于分组的自适应MIMO技术,即利用分组的概念,根据用户位置的分布,将群组内所有用户分成两组,其中一个接收质量较差的用户组应用MIMO空间分集技术提高接收质量,另一个接收质量较好的用户组应用MIMO空间复用技术提高数据传输速率,从而充分利用空间资源。首先在特定条件下分析得到了单个用户根据其位置分布选择应用MIMO的空间分集或复用技术的空间界dBoundary'并定义了空间界系数入。然后提出了自适应MIMO技术的3个分组算法：利用空间界dBoundary进行分组;利用实际存在用户到基站的最远距离和空间界系数入进行分组；在这两个算法的基础上,考虑用户分布情况,引入用户平均距离作为参考量进行分组。并对3个分组算法进行了简单的分析比较。基于分组的自适应MIMO技术通过分组选择空间分集和空间复用技术,能够解决小区边缘用户通信质量差的问题的同时,充分利用空间资源提升了组播通信系统的有效性。
(4)结合分布式天线结构特点,设计提出了带有固定切换小区的新型分布式天线高铁覆盖模型。首先介绍了分布式天线系统的结构特点和性能优势,分析了高铁专用移动通信系统中主要技术难点,讨论了铁路线状覆盖基本原理和基站覆盖原则。针对带有固定切换小区的分布式天线高铁覆盖模型系统覆盖区域、重叠区域、频率复用、信干噪比、切换时间和切换频率等性能进行了分析和仿真。分布式天线高铁覆盖能够很好的解决由于列车速度提高造成的频繁小区切换现象。通过增加固定切换小区,当列车移动至固定切换小区后,切换过程必然发生,从而提高了对切换开始的准确性判断。由于列车的单向移动性,一旦切换完成,即移动终端用户移动出固定切换小区后,不会再有切换过程的发生,有效地避免了乒乓切换的发生。固定切换小区的方法确保整个切换过程操作简单,并且切换准确无误,极大的降低了小区边缘切换掉话的可能性。当然由于引进的固定切换小区,系统覆盖区域效率和信干噪比性能等较传统分布式天线结构有所降低,但是较传统的单天线覆盖系统仍有巨大的性能优势。因此,带有固定切换小区的新型分布式天线结构能够很好的完成高速铁路沿线的覆盖,带来各方面性能的提升,有效解决快速切换等关键问题。
Though not as popular as public cellular mobile systems, trunking communication networks i.e. private mobile radio (PMR) networks provide services for a wide variety of professional users in several sectors, including public safety (e.g., police, fire departments, ambulances), transport (railways, buses, taxis, etc) and other utilities (water, electricity, gas, coal, etc). With the development of tech-nology, the trend of next generation digital trunking communications is broadband and customization service, such as public safety system for emergency response, commanding and dispatching system with different user priorities, real-time video surveillance system and so on. At present, the main problem of second genera-tion digital trunking communications is their inability to satisfy the multimedia service with high data rate. In order to solve such problems, a new digital trunk-ing communication networks is needed. The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems, which can push the capacity and throughput limits as high as possible without an increase in spectrum bandwidth, has gained overwhelming interest both in academia and industry. It is divided into smart antenna and Mul-tiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology according to the different signal processing. Distributed antennas is one of the main construction of future multiple antennas system, which can obtain good wireless coverage performance. The paper lays its point on distributed network architecture of next generation digital trunking communications, multiple antennas technology in Point-to-Multipoint communica-tions and distributed antennas in high-speed railway digital mobile communication system. Primary contents and innovations are listed as bellows:
(1) Based on the development of wireless communications, the distributed network architecture of digital trunking communications is proposed, and its new characteristics are analyzed. Next generation digital trunking communications will trend to broadband, flexible, customization service and all-IP networks. With the distributed network architecture, it is flexible to construct the high-efficiency and high data rate wireless networks quickly, has strong ability of self-healing with Ad hoc and Mesh network. The all-IP architecture, with different access options seamlessly integrated with an IP packet network layer, allows all communication services to be carried over a single network infrastructure. Besides, several emerging technologies related to next generation digital trunking communications are also discussed, such as multiple antennas technology, multicast communication, signaling optimization with shorter system connecting time, i.e. call-setup time, cognitive radio, cooperative relay technology, carrier aggregation and Cross Layer Design.
(2) Two angle based multicast transmit beamforming algorithms and two lo-cation based multicast transmit beamforming algorithms are proposed in Multicast communication, which is one of the main feature service in digital trunking com-munications. The user's full channel state information (CSI) could not be known by base station in time, so the angles between the users and the reference plane of the smart antenna can still be used in multicast transmit beamforming. Two angle based multicast transmit beamforming algorithms under single-group scenar-ios are proposed:Maximize Average Beamforming Gain (MABG) algorithm and Maximize Minimum Beamforming Gain (MMBG) algorithm. The simulation re-sults show that the angle based algorithms can improve the signal quality with4dB effectively than omni-directional antenna. Tne MMBG algorithm performances good in all average signal to noise ratio (SNR), minimum SNR, average of beam-forming gain and minimum beamforming gain. It gives a good tradeoff in fairness and effectiveness. Taking it further, the distance information is plused on angle based algorithm, two location based multicast transmit beamforming algorithms are proposed, in which both MABG and MMBG are the goal constraint to subject too. The location based MMBG algorithm' beamforming directional diagram fit the distribution of users very well, both in angles and distance. Besides, distribu-tion of users, the number of array antennas, the number of user-clusters and other influencers are discussed.
(3) Base on analysis of E-MBMS (Enhanced MBMS), a group based adaptive MIMO scheme in multicast communications is presented and analyzed. Both spatial multiplexing and diversity techniques are focused on. The concept of group based multicasting is used, all users are formed into two groups based on the different users' distributions. Spatial diversity technique is used to enhance signal strength of the cell edge users' group; and spatial multiplexing technique is used to increase the data rate of the other group. The choosing MIMO technology for a single user according to its distance from Base station is analyzed first. Spatial boundary dBoundary and Boundary factor λ are calculated. Then3Group-formed rules are proposed by Spatial boundary dBoundary, Boundary factor λ and user's average distance. The group based adaptive MIMO technology in multicast communications can improve the the marginal users performance, which is the big problem for multicast wireless mobile communications. On the other hand, it also increase the effectiveness of multicast communications by using spatial multiplexing.
(4) Distributed antennas, one of the construction of future multiple anten- nas system is introduced and fixed handover cell with dual-antenna for high-speed railway Distribution Antennas System (DAS) is proposed to solve the problem of fast handover in the traditional cellular network. The main obstacles in high-speed railway communications are analyzed. Both traditional DAS and improved DAS are analyzed and compared with the system without distributed antennas in high-speed railway digital mobile communication system. Coverage area, overlap area, frequency division multiplexing, handover time and handover frequency are analyzed in different systems respectively. There is sufficient time to complete the handover in Fixed Handover Cell. It can effectively avoid the occurrence of a ping-pong ef-fect. Its advantages include seamless handover, simple handover, and cost-effective deployment to support high mobility. Generally, all the performance in DAS are much better than the system without DAS, but the improved DAS is a little decrease than the traditional DAS because the Fixed Handover Cell between the Logical Cells contains two Remote Antenna Units (RAUs).
(1)通过对公众移动通信系统发展的分析,提出了基于分布式架构的数字集群通信系统,对其系统组成和特点进行了阐述。首先阐述了数字集群通信跟随公众移动通信的发展步伐,将逐渐往业务宽带化和业务定制化的方向发展。分布式架构的数字集群通信系统能够支持更高的数据传输速率；具有更加灵活的组网能力；分布式网络结构提高了网络的连通性和可靠性,在突发应急事件中将起到重要作用；扁平化全IP的数字集群系统可以实现集群网络与公网或其它各种网络便捷地互联互通,从而更好的完成指挥调度任务等。对分布式数字集群通信系统若干关键技术进行了分析讨论,包括多天线技术、组播通信、接续时间和信令优化、无线资源管理和认知无线电技术、协作中继技术、载波聚合、跨层设计和网络异构等。
(2)针对数字集群业务中最重要的组播通信场景,研究了多天线技术中智能天线的组播波束赋形算法,提出了基于角度信息和基于位置信息的组播赋形算法。在组播通信中,用户的完整信道状态等信息不能及时被基站得知情况下,设计了基于角度信息的组播赋形算法,根据目标函数不同,提出了基于角度信息的最大平均赋形增益MABG算法和最大最小赋形增益MMBG算法。通过仿真分析可得,采用MABG算法和MMBG算法相对于全向天线发射时可以获得4dB左右的平均增益,基本上满足了系统设计的需要。综合平均信噪比、最小信噪比、平均赋形增益和最小赋形增益等性能参数而言,基于MMBG算法的体现了较好的用户公平性和有效性的折中。在基于角度信息算法基础上,增加用户距离信息,提出了基于位置信息的最大平均赋形增益MABG算法和最大最小赋形增益MMBG算法。基于位置信息的MMBG算法赋形方向图能够跟小区内用户分布情况(包括角度和距离)相吻合。分别讨论了用户分布情况、阵列天线数目和用户簇个数等因素对组播波束赋形算法的影响。
(3)借鉴MIMO在公众移动通信MBMS业务中的应用,通过对Alamouti空间分集和V-BLAST空间复用技术的性能分析和比较,提出了组播通信中基于分组的自适应MIMO技术,即利用分组的概念,根据用户位置的分布,将群组内所有用户分成两组,其中一个接收质量较差的用户组应用MIMO空间分集技术提高接收质量,另一个接收质量较好的用户组应用MIMO空间复用技术提高数据传输速率,从而充分利用空间资源。首先在特定条件下分析得到了单个用户根据其位置分布选择应用MIMO的空间分集或复用技术的空间界dBoundary'并定义了空间界系数入。然后提出了自适应MIMO技术的3个分组算法：利用空间界dBoundary进行分组;利用实际存在用户到基站的最远距离和空间界系数入进行分组；在这两个算法的基础上,考虑用户分布情况,引入用户平均距离作为参考量进行分组。并对3个分组算法进行了简单的分析比较。基于分组的自适应MIMO技术通过分组选择空间分集和空间复用技术,能够解决小区边缘用户通信质量差的问题的同时,充分利用空间资源提升了组播通信系统的有效性。
(4)结合分布式天线结构特点,设计提出了带有固定切换小区的新型分布式天线高铁覆盖模型。首先介绍了分布式天线系统的结构特点和性能优势,分析了高铁专用移动通信系统中主要技术难点,讨论了铁路线状覆盖基本原理和基站覆盖原则。针对带有固定切换小区的分布式天线高铁覆盖模型系统覆盖区域、重叠区域、频率复用、信干噪比、切换时间和切换频率等性能进行了分析和仿真。分布式天线高铁覆盖能够很好的解决由于列车速度提高造成的频繁小区切换现象。通过增加固定切换小区,当列车移动至固定切换小区后,切换过程必然发生,从而提高了对切换开始的准确性判断。由于列车的单向移动性,一旦切换完成,即移动终端用户移动出固定切换小区后,不会再有切换过程的发生,有效地避免了乒乓切换的发生。固定切换小区的方法确保整个切换过程操作简单,并且切换准确无误,极大的降低了小区边缘切换掉话的可能性。当然由于引进的固定切换小区,系统覆盖区域效率和信干噪比性能等较传统分布式天线结构有所降低,但是较传统的单天线覆盖系统仍有巨大的性能优势。因此,带有固定切换小区的新型分布式天线结构能够很好的完成高速铁路沿线的覆盖,带来各方面性能的提升,有效解决快速切换等关键问题。
Though not as popular as public cellular mobile systems, trunking communication networks i.e. private mobile radio (PMR) networks provide services for a wide variety of professional users in several sectors, including public safety (e.g., police, fire departments, ambulances), transport (railways, buses, taxis, etc) and other utilities (water, electricity, gas, coal, etc). With the development of tech-nology, the trend of next generation digital trunking communications is broadband and customization service, such as public safety system for emergency response, commanding and dispatching system with different user priorities, real-time video surveillance system and so on. At present, the main problem of second genera-tion digital trunking communications is their inability to satisfy the multimedia service with high data rate. In order to solve such problems, a new digital trunk-ing communication networks is needed. The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems, which can push the capacity and throughput limits as high as possible without an increase in spectrum bandwidth, has gained overwhelming interest both in academia and industry. It is divided into smart antenna and Mul-tiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology according to the different signal processing. Distributed antennas is one of the main construction of future multiple antennas system, which can obtain good wireless coverage performance. The paper lays its point on distributed network architecture of next generation digital trunking communications, multiple antennas technology in Point-to-Multipoint communica-tions and distributed antennas in high-speed railway digital mobile communication system. Primary contents and innovations are listed as bellows:
(1) Based on the development of wireless communications, the distributed network architecture of digital trunking communications is proposed, and its new characteristics are analyzed. Next generation digital trunking communications will trend to broadband, flexible, customization service and all-IP networks. With the distributed network architecture, it is flexible to construct the high-efficiency and high data rate wireless networks quickly, has strong ability of self-healing with Ad hoc and Mesh network. The all-IP architecture, with different access options seamlessly integrated with an IP packet network layer, allows all communication services to be carried over a single network infrastructure. Besides, several emerging technologies related to next generation digital trunking communications are also discussed, such as multiple antennas technology, multicast communication, signaling optimization with shorter system connecting time, i.e. call-setup time, cognitive radio, cooperative relay technology, carrier aggregation and Cross Layer Design.
(2) Two angle based multicast transmit beamforming algorithms and two lo-cation based multicast transmit beamforming algorithms are proposed in Multicast communication, which is one of the main feature service in digital trunking com-munications. The user's full channel state information (CSI) could not be known by base station in time, so the angles between the users and the reference plane of the smart antenna can still be used in multicast transmit beamforming. Two angle based multicast transmit beamforming algorithms under single-group scenar-ios are proposed:Maximize Average Beamforming Gain (MABG) algorithm and Maximize Minimum Beamforming Gain (MMBG) algorithm. The simulation re-sults show that the angle based algorithms can improve the signal quality with4dB effectively than omni-directional antenna. Tne MMBG algorithm performances good in all average signal to noise ratio (SNR), minimum SNR, average of beam-forming gain and minimum beamforming gain. It gives a good tradeoff in fairness and effectiveness. Taking it further, the distance information is plused on angle based algorithm, two location based multicast transmit beamforming algorithms are proposed, in which both MABG and MMBG are the goal constraint to subject too. The location based MMBG algorithm' beamforming directional diagram fit the distribution of users very well, both in angles and distance. Besides, distribu-tion of users, the number of array antennas, the number of user-clusters and other influencers are discussed.
(3) Base on analysis of E-MBMS (Enhanced MBMS), a group based adaptive MIMO scheme in multicast communications is presented and analyzed. Both spatial multiplexing and diversity techniques are focused on. The concept of group based multicasting is used, all users are formed into two groups based on the different users' distributions. Spatial diversity technique is used to enhance signal strength of the cell edge users' group; and spatial multiplexing technique is used to increase the data rate of the other group. The choosing MIMO technology for a single user according to its distance from Base station is analyzed first. Spatial boundary dBoundary and Boundary factor λ are calculated. Then3Group-formed rules are proposed by Spatial boundary dBoundary, Boundary factor λ and user's average distance. The group based adaptive MIMO technology in multicast communications can improve the the marginal users performance, which is the big problem for multicast wireless mobile communications. On the other hand, it also increase the effectiveness of multicast communications by using spatial multiplexing.
(4) Distributed antennas, one of the construction of future multiple anten- nas system is introduced and fixed handover cell with dual-antenna for high-speed railway Distribution Antennas System (DAS) is proposed to solve the problem of fast handover in the traditional cellular network. The main obstacles in high-speed railway communications are analyzed. Both traditional DAS and improved DAS are analyzed and compared with the system without distributed antennas in high-speed railway digital mobile communication system. Coverage area, overlap area, frequency division multiplexing, handover time and handover frequency are analyzed in different systems respectively. There is sufficient time to complete the handover in Fixed Handover Cell. It can effectively avoid the occurrence of a ping-pong ef-fect. Its advantages include seamless handover, simple handover, and cost-effective deployment to support high mobility. Generally, all the performance in DAS are much better than the system without DAS, but the improved DAS is a little decrease than the traditional DAS because the Fixed Handover Cell between the Logical Cells contains two Remote Antenna Units (RAUs).
引文
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