《伤寒论》中的术数
摘要
以阴阳、五行、八卦等概念来进行推演的术数,深刻地影响了我国古代社会的各个方面。从行军布阵到都城选址,从朝代兴亡到个人吉凶,从天文历法到诸家方术,等等,都留下了术数的烙印,成书于汉末的《伤寒论》也不例外。在《伤寒论》中,既有明确的阴、阳数之提法,又有隐含的以斗历决病、以脏腑脉象生克决生死之说。不仅如此,在疾病的分类上,也离不开阴阳思维的指导,甚至在处方用药上,也套着河洛之数的范式。可以说,是术数将前人诊病、用药的经验串在了一起,构建出了一套当时全新的辨证论治体系。
本论文共分为五部分。
第一部分将《伤寒论》中涉及到的术数理论与方法作了一下介绍,有阴阳学说、五行学说、运气学说、气化理论、河洛八卦理论。其中,阴阳五行作为一种常见的学说支持,早已为人们所熟知,故介绍从略。运气气化与河洛八卦,是伤寒论数术思维方法中相对隐秘的,故需要从概念、内容、具体操作及其应用着手进行分析,以此点题。
第二部分将《伤寒论》前三篇的脉法从阴阳的互根互用、五行的生克作了解析,并指出了独取寸口的术数依据,还对大型动物的脉诊做了一些引申。由于伤寒论版本众多,在研究前三篇时,更需参照相对完整的版本,以便做出更为全面的分析。本章从人们所熟知的脉法理论依据开始介绍,探讨了阴阳偏盛、五行生克的思维方式对辨脉实践的意义,并指出了辨脉的首要目的就是找出残贼之脉。进而,从易经八卦与乾坤六子的关系出发,揭示了独取寸口方法的术数思想方法原理,在于兽医诊脉部位比较后,道出了人与动物的差别。
第三部分把六经与乾坤六子、各病与六六三十六卦相对应,以进行分类,进而从卦象的数理推断出疾病的特征,及其在某种条件下可能的传变过程。先从六经与六气的关系出发,指出六经病反映出的恰恰是六气致病的特点,回顾了六经病的传变规律,并将这些规律与运气气化、河洛八卦等术数理论相联系。然后以伤寒论证候的含义为切入点,将证候按照内、外证相合,分为三十六类,并指出这三十六类与卦象的关系,而且以中风外证为例,解析了卦象数理与证候演变的一致性。最后给出了证候判定与演变的标准以及实施方法,并揭示了证候与其治疗应在数理上保持一致性。
第四部分对药物的功效、性味、剂量与方证的关系进行了阐述,指出药物功效与剂量的相互作用才是影响证候演变、发展过程的决定性因素。本章先从《胎胪药录》说起,试图明确仲景用药与《神农本草经》的关系,并降低了四气五味在药理中的地位。然后从药物功效、药物剂量与针对的证候进行分析,通过小柴胡汤的加减法举例,说明了功效、剂量、方剂、证候之间的关系,并明确指出影响这一关系的基础就是证候的卦象之理与药物及其剂量的河洛数理的一致性。
第五部分列举了术数在伤寒论中的其他应用,比如术数在色诊、闻诊、问诊中的体现,术数对六经病欲解时的解释,术数对“伤寒九水”(即潦水、东流水、甘澜水、井花水、暖水、麻沸汤、泉水、浆水、普通凉水)的阐释。
最后,小结了本文的创新点即乾坤六子的脉理、三十六卦的证候分析,以及药物量效关系的数理解读。进而提出了下一步研究的目标：证候与卦象对应关系的全面分析、药物绝对剂量的研究思路与方法、数理分析方法的完善与推广。
The deduction of concepts such as Yin-Yang, Five Elements, Eight divinatory symbols, so-called shushu, had a profound impact on all aspects of society in ancient China. From the march decision to the capital site choosing, the rise and fall of personal fortune to dynasties, the astronomical calendar to the various special technology, and so on, shushu had left a mark, without exception of Treatise on cold written in later Han dynasty. In Treatise on cold, there was both clear definition of Yin-Yang and implicit decisions of disease according to calendar and organs-pulse communication. Moreover, the disease classification cannot be made out without the guidance of yin-yang thinking, even the prescription medication was set by the number of Ho-Lo stereotype. It can be said that shushu stringed the previous surgery medical consultation and experience of drug use together, which built a new diagnosis and treatment system.
This doctoral dissertation is divided into five parts.
PartⅠintroduces the shushu theories and methods involved in Treatise on cold, i.e., Yin-Yang, Five Elements, gasification, Ho-Lo theory. Among these, Yin-Yang with common support has long been well known, so its description is omitted. Ho-Lo and gasification theories are relatively hidden thinking ways, which need analysis from concepts, contents and applications.
PartⅡanalyses pulse-inducing diagnosis method from the first three chapters of Treatise on cold, including Yin-Yang inter-operability and five elements resolution. It points out the shushu basis of Cunkou privilege and extends on the pulse selecting of domestic animals. To make a more comprehensive analysis, the version refers to the ancient Guilin. This chapter begins with the well-known theoretical foundation of pulse method, Yin-Yang overwhelming and five-element cross-affecting on the vein identifying practice. It notes that the primary purpose of identifying veins is to find out the thief and residual pulse. Furthermore, starting from the relationship between I-Ching eight divinatory symbols and heaven-earth six children, it reveals the thinking principle of Cunkou privilege to diagnose the troubles of Veterinary, which may tell the difference between human and animals.
PartⅢcorresponds six medians to six children of the universe, classifies diseases into 36-diagram by outer characteristics and deduces probable transmissions in certain conditions.
Part IV illustrates the relationship between the efficacy of drugs, content taste, dose and syndrome and points out that the interaction of drug efficacy and dosage impacts the syndrome process decisively. This chapter clarifies the relationship between Shen-Nong Herbal Classic and Treatise on cold, and reduces the pharmacological status of four cl i mates and five flavors. Effects of the drugs and dosage from the analysis of syndromes illustrate the relationship between effectiveness, dosage, prescription and the syndrome based on Ho-Lo mathematical system.
Part V lists other applications of shushu doctrine in Treatise on cold, such as skin color telling, smell consultation, expression interrogation to understand diseases, the well-time of patients and the nine type water.
Finally, this dissertation summarizes the innovation of things around six sub-pulse management,36-diagram of the syndrome, and drug dose-effect relationship by shushu reading. Next objective is studying syndrome images and comprehending research ideas and methods in analysis of the absolute drug dose with an improvement.
本论文共分为五部分。
第一部分将《伤寒论》中涉及到的术数理论与方法作了一下介绍,有阴阳学说、五行学说、运气学说、气化理论、河洛八卦理论。其中,阴阳五行作为一种常见的学说支持,早已为人们所熟知,故介绍从略。运气气化与河洛八卦,是伤寒论数术思维方法中相对隐秘的,故需要从概念、内容、具体操作及其应用着手进行分析,以此点题。
第二部分将《伤寒论》前三篇的脉法从阴阳的互根互用、五行的生克作了解析,并指出了独取寸口的术数依据,还对大型动物的脉诊做了一些引申。由于伤寒论版本众多,在研究前三篇时,更需参照相对完整的版本,以便做出更为全面的分析。本章从人们所熟知的脉法理论依据开始介绍,探讨了阴阳偏盛、五行生克的思维方式对辨脉实践的意义,并指出了辨脉的首要目的就是找出残贼之脉。进而,从易经八卦与乾坤六子的关系出发,揭示了独取寸口方法的术数思想方法原理,在于兽医诊脉部位比较后,道出了人与动物的差别。
第三部分把六经与乾坤六子、各病与六六三十六卦相对应,以进行分类,进而从卦象的数理推断出疾病的特征,及其在某种条件下可能的传变过程。先从六经与六气的关系出发,指出六经病反映出的恰恰是六气致病的特点,回顾了六经病的传变规律,并将这些规律与运气气化、河洛八卦等术数理论相联系。然后以伤寒论证候的含义为切入点,将证候按照内、外证相合,分为三十六类,并指出这三十六类与卦象的关系,而且以中风外证为例,解析了卦象数理与证候演变的一致性。最后给出了证候判定与演变的标准以及实施方法,并揭示了证候与其治疗应在数理上保持一致性。
第四部分对药物的功效、性味、剂量与方证的关系进行了阐述,指出药物功效与剂量的相互作用才是影响证候演变、发展过程的决定性因素。本章先从《胎胪药录》说起,试图明确仲景用药与《神农本草经》的关系,并降低了四气五味在药理中的地位。然后从药物功效、药物剂量与针对的证候进行分析,通过小柴胡汤的加减法举例,说明了功效、剂量、方剂、证候之间的关系,并明确指出影响这一关系的基础就是证候的卦象之理与药物及其剂量的河洛数理的一致性。
第五部分列举了术数在伤寒论中的其他应用,比如术数在色诊、闻诊、问诊中的体现,术数对六经病欲解时的解释,术数对“伤寒九水”(即潦水、东流水、甘澜水、井花水、暖水、麻沸汤、泉水、浆水、普通凉水)的阐释。
最后,小结了本文的创新点即乾坤六子的脉理、三十六卦的证候分析,以及药物量效关系的数理解读。进而提出了下一步研究的目标：证候与卦象对应关系的全面分析、药物绝对剂量的研究思路与方法、数理分析方法的完善与推广。
The deduction of concepts such as Yin-Yang, Five Elements, Eight divinatory symbols, so-called shushu, had a profound impact on all aspects of society in ancient China. From the march decision to the capital site choosing, the rise and fall of personal fortune to dynasties, the astronomical calendar to the various special technology, and so on, shushu had left a mark, without exception of Treatise on cold written in later Han dynasty. In Treatise on cold, there was both clear definition of Yin-Yang and implicit decisions of disease according to calendar and organs-pulse communication. Moreover, the disease classification cannot be made out without the guidance of yin-yang thinking, even the prescription medication was set by the number of Ho-Lo stereotype. It can be said that shushu stringed the previous surgery medical consultation and experience of drug use together, which built a new diagnosis and treatment system.
This doctoral dissertation is divided into five parts.
PartⅠintroduces the shushu theories and methods involved in Treatise on cold, i.e., Yin-Yang, Five Elements, gasification, Ho-Lo theory. Among these, Yin-Yang with common support has long been well known, so its description is omitted. Ho-Lo and gasification theories are relatively hidden thinking ways, which need analysis from concepts, contents and applications.
PartⅡanalyses pulse-inducing diagnosis method from the first three chapters of Treatise on cold, including Yin-Yang inter-operability and five elements resolution. It points out the shushu basis of Cunkou privilege and extends on the pulse selecting of domestic animals. To make a more comprehensive analysis, the version refers to the ancient Guilin. This chapter begins with the well-known theoretical foundation of pulse method, Yin-Yang overwhelming and five-element cross-affecting on the vein identifying practice. It notes that the primary purpose of identifying veins is to find out the thief and residual pulse. Furthermore, starting from the relationship between I-Ching eight divinatory symbols and heaven-earth six children, it reveals the thinking principle of Cunkou privilege to diagnose the troubles of Veterinary, which may tell the difference between human and animals.
PartⅢcorresponds six medians to six children of the universe, classifies diseases into 36-diagram by outer characteristics and deduces probable transmissions in certain conditions.
Part IV illustrates the relationship between the efficacy of drugs, content taste, dose and syndrome and points out that the interaction of drug efficacy and dosage impacts the syndrome process decisively. This chapter clarifies the relationship between Shen-Nong Herbal Classic and Treatise on cold, and reduces the pharmacological status of four cl i mates and five flavors. Effects of the drugs and dosage from the analysis of syndromes illustrate the relationship between effectiveness, dosage, prescription and the syndrome based on Ho-Lo mathematical system.
Part V lists other applications of shushu doctrine in Treatise on cold, such as skin color telling, smell consultation, expression interrogation to understand diseases, the well-time of patients and the nine type water.
Finally, this dissertation summarizes the innovation of things around six sub-pulse management,36-diagram of the syndrome, and drug dose-effect relationship by shushu reading. Next objective is studying syndrome images and comprehending research ideas and methods in analysis of the absolute drug dose with an improvement.
引文
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