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中国农村经济发展中的融资问题研究
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摘要
“三农”问题是我国工业化、城镇化过程中面临的突出问题,农民增收缓慢、城乡收入差距拉大、农村社会矛盾冲突严峻,影响了国民经济的稳定发展。金融作为现代经济的核心,农村经济发展离不开金融的支持,而在我国农村经济发展中存在着融资难问题,制约了农村经济发展,那么解决好农村融资问题就是破解“三农”难题的关键。在改革开放之后,农村经济虽然率先发展,但是在工业化、城镇化战略的指导下,资本向城市集聚,农业自身的积累已经无法满足日益膨胀的农村资金需求,国家金融机构对农村金融的支持力度不够,出现了农村资金外流现象,我国长期征收农业税,财政支农也只是在近年来快速发展,民间金融就成为农村融资的一个重要途径,但缺乏规范引导,导致农村民间金融的畸形发展,因而农村融资虽然种类丰富,但是在我国的实际发展中却出现了功能错位、结构不合理现象,这主要是因为在农村融资问题研究中,缺乏适当的理论指导,没有将理论与我国的实际紧密结合起来。
     本文以法经济学理论与方法为主线,结合规范分析、比较分析、统计与计量分析、归纳演绎分析的方法,对我国农村经济发展中的融资问题进行研究。本篇博士论文总共分为八章,论文在法经济学的视野下,以公平和效率作为研究农村融资问题的出发点,构建法经济学分析农村融资问题的理论框架;对国外典型国家、地区的农村融资经验进行总结,以对我国有所启示;接着论文重点运用法经济学的理论分析我国农村融资的历史变迁,并对我国农村融资的绩效进行了实证研究;最后提出了法经济学视野下我国农村融资改革的路径选择与政策建议。
     论文研究的主要结论包括:
     (1)构建了法经济学视野下分析农村融资问题的理论框架。论文从研究对象、研究方法、基本理论等方面对法经济学进行了简要介绍;同时对本文研究的农村融资进行界定,包括农村正规金融、农村民间金融、财政支农三方面,农村民间金融与农村正规金融二者可以相互替代,农村民间金融是农村正规金融不足的有益补充,财政支农能够保障农村公共品供给,弥补农村正规金融、农村民间金融的不足;进而论文在法经济学公平与效率并重的理念下分析农村融资问题,利用法律供求理论分析了农村融资的效率变迁,提出破解农村融资难题、实现公平与效率统筹的关键是对农村融资进行法律规制。
     (2)国外农村融资发展的经验对我国具有一定的启示意义。论文选取了日本、德国、美国、孟加拉、赞比亚、印度等国家对农村金融发展进行了总结;选取美国、印度对国外财政支农的经验进行了总结。国外经验对我国的借鉴意义在于:在经济发展中,国家要因地制宜、多层次、多途径建立农村金融服务体系,完善法律制度;同时财政支农也是各个国家支持农村经济发展的重要途径。
     (3)论文使用法经济学的方法分析了我国农村融资的历史变迁与存在的现实问题。研究发现我国农村金融制度变迁形成了以政府为主体的路径依赖,农村金融发展历程是典型的强制性制度变迁过程,忽视了非正规金融活动以及其他配套机构设施的建立和完善;我国财政支农的变迁则是在新中国成立后国家为了促进重工业化发展,从农村抽走农业剩余,直到新世纪才取消了农业税,财政支农才真正成为我国农村融资的一种形式。就当前我国农村融资发展现状看,虽然我国农村融资快速发展,但是仍然存在一些问题:农村金融供给与日益增长的农村金融需求间存在矛盾;农村金融体系不健全,金融机构定位模糊,自身经营效益偏低,农村金融相关的政策法规不完善;财政支农规模有待进一步提升,支农结构也需要进行调整,政策体系需要与时俱进进一步健全。
     (4)对我国农村融资的绩效进行了评价。农村正规金融方面贷存比快速下降,农村贷款满足不了农村金融需求;新世纪以来,财政支农的规模、类型才不断增加,但财政支农的水平仍需进一步提升;就农村民间融资看,农村民间融资的比例要比城市高很多,说明农民从正规途径获得金融支持不足,只能依赖于农村民间资本。通过建立计量模型,对农村融资的绩效进行了分析,农村融资对农村经济发展具有显著的影响,主要体现在从长期看,农村贷款、财政支农都是农业增长、农民收入增加的原因。
     (5)提出了我国农村融资改革的制度设计与路径选择。通过对农村融资改革目标、方向的分析,具体给出了我国农村融资改革的制度框架设计,分别对农村正规金融、财政支农、农村民间金融改革进行了论述。论文为农村融资改革设计了时间和空间两条具体的实现路径。在时间路径中,提出了农村金融、财政支农的重点先后次序;在空间路径选择中,强调了“由下而上”和“自上而下”两种路径相结合的农村融资改革道路。
     论文在以下三方面有所创新:
     一是构建了法经济学视野下分析农村融资问题的理论框架。公平与效率问题是经济学的经典命题,而法经济学为农村融资中公平与效率的统筹兼顾提供了思路,农村融资涉及到农村正规金融、财政支农、农村民间金融三方面,而这三方面在农村融资的公平与效率中作用有所差异。为了实现农村融资的公平与效率,需要通过法律规制来设计农村融资的制度框架,法律规制可以改变农村融资的供求均衡,进而促进农村融资的发展。
     二是基于法经济学分析了我国农村融资的发展变化。在法经济学的指导下,研究发现我国农村金融制度变迁形成了以政府为主体的路径依赖,农村金融发展历程是典型的强制性制度变迁过程,农村金融发展中侧重通过规章政策管理,但相关法律法规建设比较滞后,农村金融改革发展的重点在正规金融机构而忽视了民间金融活动以及其他配套机构设施的建立和完善。
     三是在法经济学框架下对我国农村融资绩效进行评价。在法经济学公平与效率的理念下,将我国农村融资分为农村正规金融、财政支农、农村民间金融三部分进行实证分析,研究发现:在我国农村正规金融供给不足的背景下,农村民间金融是我国农村融资的重要组成部分,对于促进农村经济发展效率的提升有着重要的作用;而财政支农作为政府支持农村发展的具体形式,不仅有利于实现公平,而且对于促进农业增长、农民增收都是有利的;今后的融资改革要引导民间金融向正规金融转变,在促进农村经济发展中农村正规金融比财政支农更为重要。
     最后要指出的是,论文是在法经济学视野下对我国农村经济发展中融资问题的初探,仍然存在一些不足之处,需要进一步完善。
In the process of industrialization and urbanization, rural development problems includingrural income increasing slowly, urban-rural income gap and rural social conflicts stern are soserious that affect the stable development of national economy. The paper thinks it is a rightnessbreakthrough to solve the problem of rural finance because the rural economic development isindispensable of financial support that is the core of modern economy. There are many problems tothink. After reform and opening up, although the rural economy takes the lead in development, theaccumulation of agriculture itself was unable to meet the growing rural capital demand with thecapital gathers to city under the guidance of the industrialization and urbanization strategy; Ruralcapital outflows because the support of financial institutions to the rural financial is not enough;Considering public financial support for agriculture has only developed rapidly in recent years,informal finance has become a crucial channel of rural finance, nevertheless, in the absence ofstandard and control, there is serious distortion in the development of rural informal finance. So it isencountered with problems like misplacement and unreasonable structure in reality though the ruralfinancing means is rich, which mainly due to absence of suitable theoretical support in the study onrural finance and of close integration of theory and practice.
     Based on theory and methods of law and economics, the paper analyze the financing problemsin Chinese rural economic development utilizing normative analysis, comparative analysis, statisticsand econometric analysis and inductive and inductive analysis. This thesis is divided into eightchapters: firstly, it constructs a theoretical framework for analysis of rural finance based on law andeconomics from the perspective of law and economics and selecting fairness and efficiency as thestarting point; secondly, it draws experiences on the basis of foreign rural financing experience oftypical countries and regions; thirdly, it analyses the history of the change of rural financing inChina by the theory of law and economics and evaluates the performance of rural finance in Chinaby empirical research; lastly, it recommends the paths of rural finance reform and policy from theview of law and economics.
     Major conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
     The thesis constructs a theoretical framework for analysis of rural financial problems from the prospective of law and economics. It first introduces law and economics from aspects such asresearch object, research methods, basic theory, etc. at the same time the paper defines the conceptof rural finance that including rural formal finance, rural informal finance and public financialsupport for agriculture, rural informal finance and formal finance can substitute for each other, andthe former one is useful supplement to the latter one, public financial support can guarantee thesupply of rural public goods, and make up for the deficiencies of formal and informal finance;furthermore, the paper analyzes rural finance problems from the perspective of law and economicsemphasizing both fairness and efficiency. It analyze the efficiency changes of rural financeapplying legal supply and demand theory and then proposes that legal regulation imposed on ruralfinance is the key to solving rural financing difficulties and achieving both fairness and efficiency.
     The experience of rural financing development abroad has the enlightenment to our country.The thesis summarizes the experience in rural finance development of Japan, Germany, the UnitedStates, Bengal, Zambia, India, etc. It also summarizes the experience in public support foragriculture of the United States and India. The conclusion drawn from foreign experience is that acountry should construct a multi-layer, multi-channel rural finance system according its ownconditions and perfect its legal system in economic development. Besides, public support foragriculture is also an imperative way of supporting rural economic development.
     The thesis analyzes the historical changes and the reality problems of China’s rural financeusing research methods of law and economics. In the aspect of financial system change, this thesisfinds out that the development of China’s rural financial system has formed path dependence on thegovernment. China’s rural financial development is a typical mandatory system change process,during which informal financial activities and establishment and perfection of supporting institutesand facilities are ignored. In the case of public financial support for agriculture, it has only becomea means of rural finance in recent years after agriculture tax has been lifted. Before this, thegovernment has been transferring rural surplus to promote industrial development. As for thepresent development status, although China’s rural finance has been developing rapidly, it has beenconfronted with various problems: First, rural financial supply can’t meet the need of increasingfinancial demand; Second, rural financial system is not complete, market position of financialinstitutions is not clear, operational effectiveness is relatively low, and related law and regulationsare not well-established; Third, the scale of public financial support for agriculture should be further expanded, support structure needs to be adjusted, and policy system should be perfected.
     The thesis evaluates the performance of China’s rural finance. Loan-deposit ratio of formalfinance has declined rapidly, and rural loans cannot meet the need of financial demand. The scaleand types of public financial support for agriculture have been building up ever since the beginningof the new century, but public financial support needs further improvement. As for informal finance,its ratio is much higher in rural area than in urban area, which indicates that rural population has torely on private capital without sufficient support from formal channels. This thesis found that ruralfinance has prominent impact on rural economic development that meanly reflected rural loan andpublic financial support for agriculture all contribute to agricultural development and increase offarmers’ income in the long term by constructing an econometric model and analyzing theperformance of rural finance.
     This thesis finally proposes system design and path selection for China’s rural finance reform.It proposes an institutional system design for China’s rural finance reform through analyzing thereform target and orientation. The thesis illustrates reforms of formal finance, public financialsupport for agriculture and informal finance respectively. It designs realizing paths of rural financereform both in terms of time and space. In terms of time path, it presents the priority sequence ofrural finance and public financial support for agriculture. As for space path, it emphasizes thecombination of “bottom-up” and “top-down” reform paths.
     This thesis has originality in the following three aspects:
     First, it has constructed theoretical framework for analyzing rural finance from the perspectiveof law and economics. Fairness and efficiency is a classical proposition of economic study, whilelaw and economics provides insights into the balance of fairness and efficiency in rural finance.Three aspects of rural finance including formal finance, public financial support and informalfinance are varying in their role in promoting fairness and efficiency. In order to achieve fairnessand efficiency, legal regulation should be applied in the design of rural finance system, which canchange the balance between supply and demand and therefore propels rural finance development.
     Second, it has analyzed the development and changes of China’s rural finance based on lawand economics. Under the theoretical instruction of law and economics, the thesis finds out that thedevelopment of China’s rural financial system has formed path dependence on the government.China’s rural financial development is a typical mandatory system change process. China’s rural finance development leaned against regulatory policy management with construction of laws andregulations lagging behind. Its development focused on formal financial institution, but ignoredestablishment and perfection of informal financial activities and correspondent supporting facilities.
     Third, it has evaluated the performance of China’s rural finance under the framework of lawand economics. Based on the concept of fairness and efficiency of law and economics, this thesisdivides rural finance to rural formal finance, public financial support for agriculture and ruralinformal finance. Empirical study proves that, rural informal finance has become an essentialcomponent of China’s rural finance and it plays a crucial role in promoting efficiency in ruraleconomic development with rural formal financial supply being insufficient. Meanwhile, as specificform of government’s support for agricultural development, public financial support for agriculturenot only promotes fairness, but also benefits agricultural development and increase of farmers’income. Future financial reform should guide the transition of informal finance to formal finance,because formal finance has a greater role in promoting rural economic development than publicfinancial support for agriculture.
     Finally, it should be noticed that this thesis is an initial attempt to analyze financial problems inChina’s rural economic development under the framework of law and economics. There are stillsome deficiencies which need to be perfected.
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