乳化泡沫高压喷射冲砂解堵理论研究及应用
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摘要
油田在开发过程中由于各种污染容易对地层和防砂工具造成堵塞,常规冲砂解堵技术所用的作业液一般为清水,在低压地层中容易产生漏失,加剧对油层的污染,因而不适用于低压井。泡沫流体是一种非牛顿流体,它具有密度低、滤失量小、携砂能力强、助排能力强、稳定性好以及对储层伤害小等优良特性,因而能够很好地防止作业液漏失,并有效保护油气层,所以在低压井中可以应用泡沫流体来解除地层和防砂工具的堵塞。
通过理论和室内实验对泡沫流体的流变性和稳定性进行了分析和研究,确定了泡沫流体的流变模式,研究了发泡剂加量、剪切速率、压力、温度、污水等对泡沫体系性能的影响规律。
对泡沫流体层流射流进行了数值模拟,研究了非牛顿流体层流射流速度的衰减规律,表观粘度的分布规律,以及K和n对轴心速度分布的影响。通过室内实验对泡沫射流的特性进行了测试和分析,研究发现当无因次喷距L/d小于4时,射流轴心冲击压力基本上保持不变,但随着L/d的增大,射流轴心冲击压力逐渐减小;射流径向压力是逐渐减小的。随着泵压的增加,喷头的旋转速度明显增大,但小于清水介质的旋转速度。通过幂律流体在环空内流动的理论推导,得出了幂律流体在同心环空中的速度分布,并研究了K、n值以及环空尺寸和压力降对速度分布和流量的影响。
对泡沫体系在井筒和环空中的流动规律进行了分析,通过数值模拟确定了泡沫的携砂能力,研究了不同直径的砂粒在泡沫流体中的携砂率随环空倾角的变化关系。通过与相同流速下水的模拟结果相比较,可以看出泡沫流体的携砂性能远大于相同条件下水的携砂性能,泡沫流体更适合于水平井。
在综合上述研究的基础上编制了泡沫流体射流解堵计算软件,该软件能够为现场射流解堵作业提供所需的施工参数,从而指导现场应用。现场实验证明:低密度泡沫射流在地层压力低,漏失严重的井上作业施工效果非常明显,能有效地解除筛管的砂堵,是有效保护油层提高油井产量的工艺方法。
During the exploitation of oil field plugging is easily resulted from variouspollution. General technology of sand washing and broken down is not applicable tolow pressure wells because the fluid is water and it can easily produce leakage in lowpressure reservoir bed thus aggravate the pollution to it. Foam is a kind ofnon-Newtonian fluid. With its fine characteristics such as low density, low filtration,high ability of sand carrying and circulating out, stability, low damage to the reservoirbed and so on, it can be used in the low pressure wells to relieve the plugging in thereservoir bed and sand prevention tools because it can avoid the leakage of fluid andthus effectively protect the hydrocarbon reservoir.
Rheological property and stability of foam are studied both theoretically andexperimentally. Rheological model of foam fluid has been established and the mainfactors affecting stability of foam have also been found out. The influences ofconcentration of foaming agent, shearing rate, pressure, temperature and waste water tofoam system performance have been researched.
The laminar jet of foam fluid is researched by numerical method. Velocity decayrule, apparent viscosity distribution, and influence of K and n to axial velocitydistribution of non-Newtonian fluid laminar jet has been studied. Through experimentin laboratory, performance of foam fluid jet has been researched. The results show thatwhen L/d is less than 4, axial pressure of jet holds a constant value; when L/d is largerthan 4, axial pressure of jet decreases. Radical pressure of jet decreases. Along with theincrease of pump pressure, revolving velocity of nozzle increases which is less than that of water.Velocity distribution of power-law fluid in annulus pipeline was deduced, andimpact of K, n and size of annulus pipeline to velocity distribution and flux wasresearched.
Combined with the factual material the flow law of foam in well bore and annulusis analyzed and the ability of foam to carry sand has been figured out. Numericalsimulation for sand carrying capability of foam fluid was conducted using discretephase model. The relations of sand carrying rate and residence time in foam fluid toinclination angle of annular pipe were researched. The simulation results of foam fluidwere compared with the results of water on the same condition, and qualitative analyseswere provided. It can be seen that sanding carrying capability of foam fluid is muchbetter, and it is especially suitable for well cleanout of horizontal well.
Based on the above study a program of foam jet broken down has beenprogrammed which can provide the required construction parameters for the fieldthereby supervise the field application. Field application indicates that the technology offoam jet broken down can really solve the plugging problem in low pressure wells so ithas certain economic significance.
通过理论和室内实验对泡沫流体的流变性和稳定性进行了分析和研究,确定了泡沫流体的流变模式,研究了发泡剂加量、剪切速率、压力、温度、污水等对泡沫体系性能的影响规律。
对泡沫流体层流射流进行了数值模拟,研究了非牛顿流体层流射流速度的衰减规律,表观粘度的分布规律,以及K和n对轴心速度分布的影响。通过室内实验对泡沫射流的特性进行了测试和分析,研究发现当无因次喷距L/d小于4时,射流轴心冲击压力基本上保持不变,但随着L/d的增大,射流轴心冲击压力逐渐减小;射流径向压力是逐渐减小的。随着泵压的增加,喷头的旋转速度明显增大,但小于清水介质的旋转速度。通过幂律流体在环空内流动的理论推导,得出了幂律流体在同心环空中的速度分布,并研究了K、n值以及环空尺寸和压力降对速度分布和流量的影响。
对泡沫体系在井筒和环空中的流动规律进行了分析,通过数值模拟确定了泡沫的携砂能力,研究了不同直径的砂粒在泡沫流体中的携砂率随环空倾角的变化关系。通过与相同流速下水的模拟结果相比较,可以看出泡沫流体的携砂性能远大于相同条件下水的携砂性能,泡沫流体更适合于水平井。
在综合上述研究的基础上编制了泡沫流体射流解堵计算软件,该软件能够为现场射流解堵作业提供所需的施工参数,从而指导现场应用。现场实验证明:低密度泡沫射流在地层压力低,漏失严重的井上作业施工效果非常明显,能有效地解除筛管的砂堵,是有效保护油层提高油井产量的工艺方法。
During the exploitation of oil field plugging is easily resulted from variouspollution. General technology of sand washing and broken down is not applicable tolow pressure wells because the fluid is water and it can easily produce leakage in lowpressure reservoir bed thus aggravate the pollution to it. Foam is a kind ofnon-Newtonian fluid. With its fine characteristics such as low density, low filtration,high ability of sand carrying and circulating out, stability, low damage to the reservoirbed and so on, it can be used in the low pressure wells to relieve the plugging in thereservoir bed and sand prevention tools because it can avoid the leakage of fluid andthus effectively protect the hydrocarbon reservoir.
Rheological property and stability of foam are studied both theoretically andexperimentally. Rheological model of foam fluid has been established and the mainfactors affecting stability of foam have also been found out. The influences ofconcentration of foaming agent, shearing rate, pressure, temperature and waste water tofoam system performance have been researched.
The laminar jet of foam fluid is researched by numerical method. Velocity decayrule, apparent viscosity distribution, and influence of K and n to axial velocitydistribution of non-Newtonian fluid laminar jet has been studied. Through experimentin laboratory, performance of foam fluid jet has been researched. The results show thatwhen L/d is less than 4, axial pressure of jet holds a constant value; when L/d is largerthan 4, axial pressure of jet decreases. Radical pressure of jet decreases. Along with theincrease of pump pressure, revolving velocity of nozzle increases which is less than that of water.Velocity distribution of power-law fluid in annulus pipeline was deduced, andimpact of K, n and size of annulus pipeline to velocity distribution and flux wasresearched.
Combined with the factual material the flow law of foam in well bore and annulusis analyzed and the ability of foam to carry sand has been figured out. Numericalsimulation for sand carrying capability of foam fluid was conducted using discretephase model. The relations of sand carrying rate and residence time in foam fluid toinclination angle of annular pipe were researched. The simulation results of foam fluidwere compared with the results of water on the same condition, and qualitative analyseswere provided. It can be seen that sanding carrying capability of foam fluid is muchbetter, and it is especially suitable for well cleanout of horizontal well.
Based on the above study a program of foam jet broken down has beenprogrammed which can provide the required construction parameters for the fieldthereby supervise the field application. Field application indicates that the technology offoam jet broken down can really solve the plugging problem in low pressure wells so ithas certain economic significance.
引文
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