知识管理中的知识供需匹配新方法与实例研究
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摘要
用计算机技术来管理显性知识是当前知识管理领域研究的重点。如何针对不同的用户，在最短的时间内提供用户最合适的知识是目前知识管理研究领域中的一个分支，这就是知识搜索(Knowledge Search)。
借鉴有形市场上的商品供需匹配，本文论述了知识供需匹配的基本思想和方法来实现知识搜索，不同类型的用户能够精确地搜索到知识库中特定领域和特定深度的知识，并能自由调整所涉及的知识量。
本文首先从知识需方的角度分析了知识用户的特点，用户基本信息的获取。接着，从知识供方的角度，提出了知识单元的概念，并分析了文档的属性。接着，提出了所谓的适合度和适合度矩阵的概念用以描述供需匹配的实现原理，然后结合一个实例详述了知识供需匹配设计与实现的整个过程，包括实例项目简介、知识库的设计与构建、文档管理系统和文档适合度值管理系统的构建、中间层运作流程及用户接口设计，最后对全文所做工作进行了总结，对知识搜索有待研究的工作进行了展望，并附上核心实现程序。
The management of explicit knowledge using computer technology is the research emphasis of knowledge management. Pointing to different types of users, how to provide users with most suitable knowledge in the shortest time is one of research subdivisions of knowledge management, which is the knowledge search.
The commodity supply and demand matching in the tangible market is used for reference and the basic ideas and methods of knowledge supply and demand matching are discussed to solve the problem of knowledge search. Different types of users are able to precisely search the knowledge of specific domain and depth in the knowledge base (KB), and adjust the knowledge amount "exposed" to them.
Firstly, from the knowledge demand view, the characteristics of the knowledge users and basic methods of gathering user grade are analyzed. Secondly, from the knowledge supply view, the concept of knowledge cell is discussed and the document attributes in the matching solution are analyzed. Thirdly, the so-called fit degree and fit degree matrix are discussed to describe the rationale of knowledge supply and demand matching. Furthermore, the entire design and implementation process of knowledge supply and demand matching based on an instance is discussed, including instance project introduction, knowledge base design and implementation, document management system and document fit degree management system implementation, middle layer operation process and user interface design. Lastly, it summarizes the jobs the paper has done, focuses the prospect of knowledge search that should be done in the future and gives the essential program text of the system implementation.
借鉴有形市场上的商品供需匹配，本文论述了知识供需匹配的基本思想和方法来实现知识搜索，不同类型的用户能够精确地搜索到知识库中特定领域和特定深度的知识，并能自由调整所涉及的知识量。
本文首先从知识需方的角度分析了知识用户的特点，用户基本信息的获取。接着，从知识供方的角度，提出了知识单元的概念，并分析了文档的属性。接着，提出了所谓的适合度和适合度矩阵的概念用以描述供需匹配的实现原理，然后结合一个实例详述了知识供需匹配设计与实现的整个过程，包括实例项目简介、知识库的设计与构建、文档管理系统和文档适合度值管理系统的构建、中间层运作流程及用户接口设计，最后对全文所做工作进行了总结，对知识搜索有待研究的工作进行了展望，并附上核心实现程序。
The management of explicit knowledge using computer technology is the research emphasis of knowledge management. Pointing to different types of users, how to provide users with most suitable knowledge in the shortest time is one of research subdivisions of knowledge management, which is the knowledge search.
The commodity supply and demand matching in the tangible market is used for reference and the basic ideas and methods of knowledge supply and demand matching are discussed to solve the problem of knowledge search. Different types of users are able to precisely search the knowledge of specific domain and depth in the knowledge base (KB), and adjust the knowledge amount "exposed" to them.
Firstly, from the knowledge demand view, the characteristics of the knowledge users and basic methods of gathering user grade are analyzed. Secondly, from the knowledge supply view, the concept of knowledge cell is discussed and the document attributes in the matching solution are analyzed. Thirdly, the so-called fit degree and fit degree matrix are discussed to describe the rationale of knowledge supply and demand matching. Furthermore, the entire design and implementation process of knowledge supply and demand matching based on an instance is discussed, including instance project introduction, knowledge base design and implementation, document management system and document fit degree management system implementation, middle layer operation process and user interface design. Lastly, it summarizes the jobs the paper has done, focuses the prospect of knowledge search that should be done in the future and gives the essential program text of the system implementation.
引文
[1]孔繁胜．知识库系统原理．浙江大学出版社．计算机应用技术前沿丛书，2000：25-26
[2]王众托．知识系统工程．《信息化与管理变革》，国家自然科学基金重点项目研究成果专著，王众托主编．大连理工大学出版社，2000：125-130
[3]党延忠．基于多维数据结构的面向主题文档库系统的设计．国家自然科学基金重点项目研究成果专著，王众托主编．大连理工大学出版社，2000：284-289
[4]金镝．经济学．大连理工大学出版社，1998．3：5-25
[5]程瀛．系统数学．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1999：45-58
[6]张云超．全文检索——第二代计算机检索技术。中国档案，1995年02期
[7]周强．中文信息的全文检索技术．微型电脑应用，1998年第2期
[8]陈光祚．论全文检索系统．《武汉大学学报(社会科学版)》．1989．(6)．107-113
[9]方正．张子枫．王海东．周虎．基于超文本的全文检索系统的研究．情报学报，Vol．15，No．6，1996．12
[10]汪大海．政府知识管理的基本特征．管理现代化，1999，(5)：28-29
[11]孙定．知识管理初探．计算机世界网2000
[12]王如富，徐金发，徐嫒．知识管理的职能及其与组织学习的关系．浙江大学出版社，2000，3：10-11
[13]陈瑞．知识管理的实现思路与实现技术．图书情报知识．1999，1：10-13
[14]党延忠．项目信息管理系统总体设计方案[M]．大连理工大学系统工程研究所．2001，5
[15]邱晖，孙政顺．知识管理系统的构建及其策略．计算机工程与应用．2001，1
[16]宋佳兴，周悦芝，刘卫东．基于Web的分布式信息系统体系结构模型．计算机工程与应用．2001，3
[17]乐飞红，陈锐．知识管理实现流程中知识地图的几个问题 图书情报知识 2000 03期
[18]孔桂兰，杨岳湘，张银福．基于Internet／Intranet的知识管理研究及实现．计算机工程．1999年11月
[19]谢季坚，邓小炎编．现代数学方法选讲．北京：高等教育出版社．2001
[20]胡永宏，贺思辉编著．综合评价方法．北京：科学出版社．2000
[21]李相镐等编著．模糊聚类分析及其应用．贵阳：贵阳科技出版社
[22]王耀南编著．计算智能信息处理技术及其应用．湖南大学出版社．1999：10-12
[23]陈佳编著．信息系统开发方法教程．清华大学出版社．1999：12-15
[24]韩客松，王永成．文本挖掘、数据挖掘和知识管理——二十一世纪的智能信息处理．情报学报．2001，2：100-104
[25]希望图书创作室编译．PHP4．0程序员参考．北京：北京希望电子出版社．2000
[26]Tim Converse Joyce Park著．PHP 4宝典．电子工业出版社．2001．2
[27]汪晓岩等．面向Internet的个性化智能信息检索．计算机研究与发展．1999．9
[28]大连市创建软件产业国际化示范城市的知识与信息管理系统的研制 课题研究报告书 大连市科学技术局 2001年12月
[29]Daniel R. Tobin, Networking Your Knowledge, Management Review, April 1998 5.
[30]25,26 Yogesh Malholra: Knowledge Management for the new world of business,1998.7.13
[31]Xi yunjiang, Dang yanzhong, Xia Haoxiang, Rong lili. On Governmental Knowledge Management Systems: A Case Study for Foreign Loan Knowledge Management, International Symposium on Knowledge and Systems Sciences. 2001(9): 1-2.
[32]Frank Halasz, Mayer Schwartz. The Dexter Hypertext Reference Model,
Communication of the ACM, 1994,37． (2) .30-39
[30] Dr. Ted Kesik. Knowledge Mapping. Ryerson Polytechnic University, 12(3) , 12-15．
[33] Piet-Hein Speel. Knowledge Mapping for Industrial Purposes. Unilever Research P.O. Box 114 3130 AC Vlaardingen The Netherlands, 1999．
[34] Chaomei Chen and Roy Rada(1996) , Interacting with Hypertext:A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies, Human-Computer Interaction, 11(2) , 125-156．
[35] Brachman, R.J. & Schmolze, J. G. (1985) . An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation system, Cognitive Science, Vol. 9, 171-216
[36] Davenport, Th. H. & Prusak, L. (1997) . Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press
[37] O'Leary, D. E. (1998) . Enterprise Knowledge Management, IEEE Computer, March 1998, Vol. 31, No. 3, 54-61
[38] Mostafa J et, al.A multilevel approach to intelligent information filtering: model , system and evaluation. ACM Trans on Information Systems, 1997; 15(4) ; 368-399
[39] Mladenic D. Turning Yahoo into an automatic web-page classifier. E-CAI.98,13"' European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, John Wiley& Sons, Ltd, 1998;473-474
[40] G Piatetsky-shapiro, W J Frawley. Knowledge Discovery in Databases. AAAI/MIT Press, 1991
[4l]C Apte, S Weiss. Data Mining with Decision Trees and Decision Rules. Future Generation Computer Systems. 1997; 13(2) ; 197-210
[42] H Nakajima. Fuzzy Logic and Data Mining. Proc, 1996 Asian Fuzzy Systems Symposium, Taiwan, 1996; 133-138
[43] Wojciech Ziarko. Introduction to the Special Issue on Rough Sets and Knowledge Discovery. Computational Intelligence, 1995; 11(2) ; 223-226
[44] Barclay R. 0, Marray P C. What is Knowledge Management? 1997
[45] Skyrme D J. Knowledge Management Solutions-The IT Contribution. SIGGROUP Bulletin, 1998
[46] Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy. W. Chan Kim. Renee Mauborgne. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 1997
[47] Yogesh Malholra. Knowledge Management in inquiring organizations, 1998． 7． 13
[2]王众托．知识系统工程．《信息化与管理变革》，国家自然科学基金重点项目研究成果专著，王众托主编．大连理工大学出版社，2000：125-130
[3]党延忠．基于多维数据结构的面向主题文档库系统的设计．国家自然科学基金重点项目研究成果专著，王众托主编．大连理工大学出版社，2000：284-289
[4]金镝．经济学．大连理工大学出版社，1998．3：5-25
[5]程瀛．系统数学．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1999：45-58
[6]张云超．全文检索——第二代计算机检索技术。中国档案，1995年02期
[7]周强．中文信息的全文检索技术．微型电脑应用，1998年第2期
[8]陈光祚．论全文检索系统．《武汉大学学报(社会科学版)》．1989．(6)．107-113
[9]方正．张子枫．王海东．周虎．基于超文本的全文检索系统的研究．情报学报，Vol．15，No．6，1996．12
[10]汪大海．政府知识管理的基本特征．管理现代化，1999，(5)：28-29
[11]孙定．知识管理初探．计算机世界网2000
[12]王如富，徐金发，徐嫒．知识管理的职能及其与组织学习的关系．浙江大学出版社，2000，3：10-11
[13]陈瑞．知识管理的实现思路与实现技术．图书情报知识．1999，1：10-13
[14]党延忠．项目信息管理系统总体设计方案[M]．大连理工大学系统工程研究所．2001，5
[15]邱晖，孙政顺．知识管理系统的构建及其策略．计算机工程与应用．2001，1
[16]宋佳兴，周悦芝，刘卫东．基于Web的分布式信息系统体系结构模型．计算机工程与应用．2001，3
[17]乐飞红，陈锐．知识管理实现流程中知识地图的几个问题 图书情报知识 2000 03期
[18]孔桂兰，杨岳湘，张银福．基于Internet／Intranet的知识管理研究及实现．计算机工程．1999年11月
[19]谢季坚，邓小炎编．现代数学方法选讲．北京：高等教育出版社．2001
[20]胡永宏，贺思辉编著．综合评价方法．北京：科学出版社．2000
[21]李相镐等编著．模糊聚类分析及其应用．贵阳：贵阳科技出版社
[22]王耀南编著．计算智能信息处理技术及其应用．湖南大学出版社．1999：10-12
[23]陈佳编著．信息系统开发方法教程．清华大学出版社．1999：12-15
[24]韩客松，王永成．文本挖掘、数据挖掘和知识管理——二十一世纪的智能信息处理．情报学报．2001，2：100-104
[25]希望图书创作室编译．PHP4．0程序员参考．北京：北京希望电子出版社．2000
[26]Tim Converse Joyce Park著．PHP 4宝典．电子工业出版社．2001．2
[27]汪晓岩等．面向Internet的个性化智能信息检索．计算机研究与发展．1999．9
[28]大连市创建软件产业国际化示范城市的知识与信息管理系统的研制 课题研究报告书 大连市科学技术局 2001年12月
[29]Daniel R. Tobin, Networking Your Knowledge, Management Review, April 1998 5.
[30]25,26 Yogesh Malholra: Knowledge Management for the new world of business,1998.7.13
[31]Xi yunjiang, Dang yanzhong, Xia Haoxiang, Rong lili. On Governmental Knowledge Management Systems: A Case Study for Foreign Loan Knowledge Management, International Symposium on Knowledge and Systems Sciences. 2001(9): 1-2.
[32]Frank Halasz, Mayer Schwartz. The Dexter Hypertext Reference Model,
Communication of the ACM, 1994,37． (2) .30-39
[30] Dr. Ted Kesik. Knowledge Mapping. Ryerson Polytechnic University, 12(3) , 12-15．
[33] Piet-Hein Speel. Knowledge Mapping for Industrial Purposes. Unilever Research P.O. Box 114 3130 AC Vlaardingen The Netherlands, 1999．
[34] Chaomei Chen and Roy Rada(1996) , Interacting with Hypertext:A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies, Human-Computer Interaction, 11(2) , 125-156．
[35] Brachman, R.J. & Schmolze, J. G. (1985) . An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation system, Cognitive Science, Vol. 9, 171-216
[36] Davenport, Th. H. & Prusak, L. (1997) . Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press
[37] O'Leary, D. E. (1998) . Enterprise Knowledge Management, IEEE Computer, March 1998, Vol. 31, No. 3, 54-61
[38] Mostafa J et, al.A multilevel approach to intelligent information filtering: model , system and evaluation. ACM Trans on Information Systems, 1997; 15(4) ; 368-399
[39] Mladenic D. Turning Yahoo into an automatic web-page classifier. E-CAI.98,13"' European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, John Wiley& Sons, Ltd, 1998;473-474
[40] G Piatetsky-shapiro, W J Frawley. Knowledge Discovery in Databases. AAAI/MIT Press, 1991
[4l]C Apte, S Weiss. Data Mining with Decision Trees and Decision Rules. Future Generation Computer Systems. 1997; 13(2) ; 197-210
[42] H Nakajima. Fuzzy Logic and Data Mining. Proc, 1996 Asian Fuzzy Systems Symposium, Taiwan, 1996; 133-138
[43] Wojciech Ziarko. Introduction to the Special Issue on Rough Sets and Knowledge Discovery. Computational Intelligence, 1995; 11(2) ; 223-226
[44] Barclay R. 0, Marray P C. What is Knowledge Management? 1997
[45] Skyrme D J. Knowledge Management Solutions-The IT Contribution. SIGGROUP Bulletin, 1998
[46] Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy. W. Chan Kim. Renee Mauborgne. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 1997
[47] Yogesh Malholra. Knowledge Management in inquiring organizations, 1998． 7． 13
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