安徽省返乡农民工再就业问题研究
摘要
随着中国现代化建设的推进,数以亿计的农民离开自己的家乡和土地来到城市务工就业,形成了中国社会一个特殊的群体：农民工,具有农村户口身份却在城镇务工的劳动者。他们是目前建筑、纺织、采掘和一般服务业的劳动者主体,已经成为我国产业工人的重要组成部分。然而,在农村劳动力进入城市就业的过程中,一直伴随着回流现象,只是规模比较小。伴随着城乡产业结构的调整和产业转移,农民工回流在一些地区还比较严重。尤其是自2008年9月份以来,受全球金融危机的影响,经济出现大规模衰退,尤其是出口加工业遭受冲击最大,以外向型经济为主的长三角和珠三角地区出口严重受阻,导致企业纷纷大量裁员,甚至破产。大批农民工被迫离开城市,提前返回家乡。
农民工返乡之后,只有重新就业或进行创业,才能满足其生存与发展的需要。返乡农民工回到家乡进行再就业之后,他们会发生哪些变化?现在的就业情况如何?哪些因素会影响他们的返乡再就业?他们的回流又会对农村的经济和社会产生怎样的影响?再就业过程中又存在哪些突出的问题?如何解决返乡农民工再就业问题?大量农民工失业返乡,不仅会直接影响城乡产业结构和劳动力的布局,以及农民的生活状况,同时还将影响城市和农村的和谐发展。因此,政府和全社会必须注重返乡农民工的生存与发展状况,维护和保障返乡农民工的基本生存权与发展权,以保证统筹城乡经济社会和谐发展。本研究以安徽省的实地调查为基础,企图回答上述问题,并对如何促进安徽省返乡农民工进一步再就业工作提供一些思路。
文章从人口学因素、经济因素以及社会因素三个维度对安徽省返乡农民工再就业状况进行了分析。研究发现,相对于女性农民工,男性农民工返乡后更容易就业；年龄在45岁以下的青壮年以及受教育程度越高的农民工返乡后就业的概率更大,与家庭规模较大的农民工相比较,来自于小家庭的农民工返乡后更容易就业；返乡前那份工作收入越高和生活水平越好的农民工返乡后更容易找到工作；农民工初次外出打工的原因对其返乡后再就业的影响体现在：基于发展型目的外出务工的农民工出于对更高需求的追求,其返乡后的概率较小；返乡前的身份为个体经营者的农民工回乡后更容易再就业；回乡后接受过有针对性的技能培训的农民工更容易找到工作,对政府出台的相关政策的了解提高了返乡农民工再就业的可能性。
安徽省返乡农民工再就业过程中存在的问题有：文化程度较低,导致就业隔离；社会支持网络不足,导致获取就业信息渠道狭窄；技能素质低下,欠缺“一技之长”；政策宣传不到位,导致农民工无法享受应有政策优惠。农民工返乡再就业对回流地社会经济产生了深刻的影响,积极方面：农民工回乡就业推动农村经济的发展和繁荣,农民工回乡创业带动劳动力就业,农民工返乡就业促进农村社会文明进步；消极方面：农民增收面临挑战,消耗农村资源,引发社会治安问题。
为了进一步促进安徽省返乡农民工的再就业工作,使返乡农民工能够顺利实现再就业,推动新农村建设,笔者认为,应充分调动政府、返乡农民工自身和社会等各方的积极性,坚持以科学发展观为统领,坚持以人为本,合理配置资源,统筹解决好返乡农民工再就业问题。政府方面：提供良好的就业服务；开展多层次、多形式的面向返乡农民工的职业技能培训；大力发展农村职业技术教育,广泛提高农村劳动力素质；积极扶持中小企业,增加农村劳动力就业岗位；鼓励有条件的返乡农民工创业,以服务支持创业,以创业带动就业。返乡农民工自身方面：提高自身素质,增强就业竞争力；自主创业,带动就业；重视社保。社会方面：营造一个公平的就业氛围；强化企业的责任。
With the promotion of modernization of China, hundreds of millions of farmers leave their homes and lands and come to city to get a job. They form a special group of Chinese society:migrant workers, migrant workers in cities and towns but with rural status. They are the subject of construction of currently textile, mining and general service workers, and have become an important part of China's industrial workers. However, in the process of rural labor into urban employment, it has been accompanied by reflow phenomenon, only a relatively small scale. Along with the urban and rural industrial structure adjustment and industrial transfer, the return of migrant workers in some areas is quite serious. Especially since September2008, affected by the global financial crisis, economic recession on a large scale, especially the export processing industry suffered the biggest impact, mainly export-oriented economy in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta region has suffered serious setbacks in exports, which causes a large number of layoffs, and even bankruptcy. A large number of migrant workers were forced to leave the city and return home ahead of time.
After returning home, Migrant workers have to get reemployed or entrepreneurship, in order to survive and develop. What changes will happen after migrant workers returning home to re-employment? What is their employment situation? What factors will affect their re-employment after returning home? Their return rural economic and social what kind of impact? What are prominent issues process re-employment? How solve re-employment migrant workers return home? Unemployment of migrant workers to return home, not only directly affect urban and rural industrial structure and layout labor force, and the living conditions farmers, and will also affect the harmonious development urban and rural. Therefore, government and society must focus survival and development return of migrant workers safeguard and protect return of migrant workers the basic right to life and the right to development, in order to ensure harmonious development urban and rural economic and social. In this study, based on field surveys Anhui Province, attempt answer these questions, and how to promote the return of migrant workers Anhui to further re-employment to provide some ideas.
The article analyzes re-employment of migrant workers from three dimensions including demographic factors, economic factors and social factors in Anhui Province. It is found that compared with women migrant workers, male migrant workers return home are easier to get a employment; age young adults under the age45and greater the probability of employment by higher level of education of migrant workers return home after, and family size easier to find comparison of migrant workers, migrant workers return home from small family easier employment; return home before the job the higher the income and living standards of the better migrant workers return home after work; migrant workers work outside the home for the first time the reasons for their return home after employment:development purposes migrant workers migrant workers return home after a low probability for pursuit of higher demand,; identity before returning home for the self-employed of migrant workers return home easier to re-employment; came back to accept the targeted skills training of migrant workers easier to find a job, learn how to increase possibility re-employment of migrant workers return policy introduced by the Government.
Problems existing in the process of re-employment of migrant workers returning home in Anhui Province:lower level, employment lead to isolation; lack social support networks, resulting in access to the narrow channels employment information; skills of low quality, lack of "skills" low quality skills, lack ofskills; policy advocacy in place, migrant workers can not enjoy preferential policies should. Migrant workers return home re-employment had a profound impact socio-economic return to positive aspects:employment migrant workers return promote the development and prosperity rural economy, migrant workers return home business driven labor force employment migrant workers return home to promote rural community the progress of civilization; negative aspects:farmers' income challenges, consumption of rural resources, lead to problem of social order.
In order to further promote the re-employment of returning migrant workers in Anhui Province, let migrant workers successfully re-employed, promote new rural construction, I think, should fully mobilize the government, return migrant workers and social enthusiasm of all parties, adhere to scientific hair as a guide, adhere people-oriented, rational allocation of resources, co-ordination to solve the re-employment migrant workers return home. Government:to provide good employment services; carry out multi-level, multi-form face return of migrant workers vocational skills training; vigorously develop vocational and technical education rural, improve quality rural labor force is widely; actively support small and medium enterprises, increase rural labor jobs; encourage qualified migrant workers return home business, to support entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship to create jobs. Migrant workers to return their areas:improve their own quality, and enhance the employability and competitiveness; their own businesses, promote employment; attention social security. Social aspects:create a fair employment environment; strengthening corporate responsibility
农民工返乡之后,只有重新就业或进行创业,才能满足其生存与发展的需要。返乡农民工回到家乡进行再就业之后,他们会发生哪些变化?现在的就业情况如何?哪些因素会影响他们的返乡再就业?他们的回流又会对农村的经济和社会产生怎样的影响?再就业过程中又存在哪些突出的问题?如何解决返乡农民工再就业问题?大量农民工失业返乡,不仅会直接影响城乡产业结构和劳动力的布局,以及农民的生活状况,同时还将影响城市和农村的和谐发展。因此,政府和全社会必须注重返乡农民工的生存与发展状况,维护和保障返乡农民工的基本生存权与发展权,以保证统筹城乡经济社会和谐发展。本研究以安徽省的实地调查为基础,企图回答上述问题,并对如何促进安徽省返乡农民工进一步再就业工作提供一些思路。
文章从人口学因素、经济因素以及社会因素三个维度对安徽省返乡农民工再就业状况进行了分析。研究发现,相对于女性农民工,男性农民工返乡后更容易就业；年龄在45岁以下的青壮年以及受教育程度越高的农民工返乡后就业的概率更大,与家庭规模较大的农民工相比较,来自于小家庭的农民工返乡后更容易就业；返乡前那份工作收入越高和生活水平越好的农民工返乡后更容易找到工作；农民工初次外出打工的原因对其返乡后再就业的影响体现在：基于发展型目的外出务工的农民工出于对更高需求的追求,其返乡后的概率较小；返乡前的身份为个体经营者的农民工回乡后更容易再就业；回乡后接受过有针对性的技能培训的农民工更容易找到工作,对政府出台的相关政策的了解提高了返乡农民工再就业的可能性。
安徽省返乡农民工再就业过程中存在的问题有：文化程度较低,导致就业隔离；社会支持网络不足,导致获取就业信息渠道狭窄；技能素质低下,欠缺“一技之长”；政策宣传不到位,导致农民工无法享受应有政策优惠。农民工返乡再就业对回流地社会经济产生了深刻的影响,积极方面：农民工回乡就业推动农村经济的发展和繁荣,农民工回乡创业带动劳动力就业,农民工返乡就业促进农村社会文明进步；消极方面：农民增收面临挑战,消耗农村资源,引发社会治安问题。
为了进一步促进安徽省返乡农民工的再就业工作,使返乡农民工能够顺利实现再就业,推动新农村建设,笔者认为,应充分调动政府、返乡农民工自身和社会等各方的积极性,坚持以科学发展观为统领,坚持以人为本,合理配置资源,统筹解决好返乡农民工再就业问题。政府方面：提供良好的就业服务；开展多层次、多形式的面向返乡农民工的职业技能培训；大力发展农村职业技术教育,广泛提高农村劳动力素质；积极扶持中小企业,增加农村劳动力就业岗位；鼓励有条件的返乡农民工创业,以服务支持创业,以创业带动就业。返乡农民工自身方面：提高自身素质,增强就业竞争力；自主创业,带动就业；重视社保。社会方面：营造一个公平的就业氛围；强化企业的责任。
With the promotion of modernization of China, hundreds of millions of farmers leave their homes and lands and come to city to get a job. They form a special group of Chinese society:migrant workers, migrant workers in cities and towns but with rural status. They are the subject of construction of currently textile, mining and general service workers, and have become an important part of China's industrial workers. However, in the process of rural labor into urban employment, it has been accompanied by reflow phenomenon, only a relatively small scale. Along with the urban and rural industrial structure adjustment and industrial transfer, the return of migrant workers in some areas is quite serious. Especially since September2008, affected by the global financial crisis, economic recession on a large scale, especially the export processing industry suffered the biggest impact, mainly export-oriented economy in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta region has suffered serious setbacks in exports, which causes a large number of layoffs, and even bankruptcy. A large number of migrant workers were forced to leave the city and return home ahead of time.
After returning home, Migrant workers have to get reemployed or entrepreneurship, in order to survive and develop. What changes will happen after migrant workers returning home to re-employment? What is their employment situation? What factors will affect their re-employment after returning home? Their return rural economic and social what kind of impact? What are prominent issues process re-employment? How solve re-employment migrant workers return home? Unemployment of migrant workers to return home, not only directly affect urban and rural industrial structure and layout labor force, and the living conditions farmers, and will also affect the harmonious development urban and rural. Therefore, government and society must focus survival and development return of migrant workers safeguard and protect return of migrant workers the basic right to life and the right to development, in order to ensure harmonious development urban and rural economic and social. In this study, based on field surveys Anhui Province, attempt answer these questions, and how to promote the return of migrant workers Anhui to further re-employment to provide some ideas.
The article analyzes re-employment of migrant workers from three dimensions including demographic factors, economic factors and social factors in Anhui Province. It is found that compared with women migrant workers, male migrant workers return home are easier to get a employment; age young adults under the age45and greater the probability of employment by higher level of education of migrant workers return home after, and family size easier to find comparison of migrant workers, migrant workers return home from small family easier employment; return home before the job the higher the income and living standards of the better migrant workers return home after work; migrant workers work outside the home for the first time the reasons for their return home after employment:development purposes migrant workers migrant workers return home after a low probability for pursuit of higher demand,; identity before returning home for the self-employed of migrant workers return home easier to re-employment; came back to accept the targeted skills training of migrant workers easier to find a job, learn how to increase possibility re-employment of migrant workers return policy introduced by the Government.
Problems existing in the process of re-employment of migrant workers returning home in Anhui Province:lower level, employment lead to isolation; lack social support networks, resulting in access to the narrow channels employment information; skills of low quality, lack of "skills" low quality skills, lack ofskills; policy advocacy in place, migrant workers can not enjoy preferential policies should. Migrant workers return home re-employment had a profound impact socio-economic return to positive aspects:employment migrant workers return promote the development and prosperity rural economy, migrant workers return home business driven labor force employment migrant workers return home to promote rural community the progress of civilization; negative aspects:farmers' income challenges, consumption of rural resources, lead to problem of social order.
In order to further promote the re-employment of returning migrant workers in Anhui Province, let migrant workers successfully re-employed, promote new rural construction, I think, should fully mobilize the government, return migrant workers and social enthusiasm of all parties, adhere to scientific hair as a guide, adhere people-oriented, rational allocation of resources, co-ordination to solve the re-employment migrant workers return home. Government:to provide good employment services; carry out multi-level, multi-form face return of migrant workers vocational skills training; vigorously develop vocational and technical education rural, improve quality rural labor force is widely; actively support small and medium enterprises, increase rural labor jobs; encourage qualified migrant workers return home business, to support entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship to create jobs. Migrant workers to return their areas:improve their own quality, and enhance the employability and competitiveness; their own businesses, promote employment; attention social security. Social aspects:create a fair employment environment; strengthening corporate responsibility
引文
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