植物性能量源、添加剂及投喂频率对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长性能的影响
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摘要
本文以胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)幼鱼为实验对象,研究了植物性能量源(植物蛋白和脂肪源)、饲料添加剂及投喂频率对胭脂鱼生长性能影响,主要研究结果如下：
1.本实验以初始体重为1.82±0.03g(平均值士标准差)的胭脂鱼幼鱼为实验对象,以鱼粉(FM)为主要蛋白配制胭脂鱼饲料(对照组),以发酵豆粕(FSBM),玉米粕(CGM),豆粕(SBM)和棉粕(CSM)替代对照组饲料中3096的鱼粉配制5种实验饲料,进行56天的饲养实验,探讨不同植物蛋白源替代鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长,体成分及消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,对照组鱼增重最大为9.61g／尾,而当棉粕替代30%鱼粉时(CSM组),鱼体增重最小仅为5.04g／尾。对照组、FSBM组、CGM组和SBM组的鱼体增重均在9.3g／尾以上,并且彼此之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。与其他四组相比,CSM组鱼体增重显著低于其他组(p<0.05)。对照组(FSBM组、CGM组和SBM组之间的特定生长率无明显差异,均显著高于CSM组。CMS组的饲料系数为1.52,显著高于其他四组(均低于1.5)。CSM组的蛋白质效率为1.55,是各实验组中最低的,对照组和FSBM组的蛋白质效率都是1.6,为最高。当棉粕替代30%鱼粉时,鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪显著降低,分别为15.78%和4.92%。与粗蛋白和粗脂肪不同,鱼体的水分含量,没有受到不同植物蛋白源的影响,各实验组之间均无明显差异。与其他实验组相比,当棉粕替代鱼粉时,鱼体肠道和肝脏中的消化酶活性也显著改变(p<0.05)。CSM组鱼体肠道与肝脏中的蛋白酶、脂肪酶及淀粉酶活性明显低于其他实验组。因此,发酵豆粕、玉米粕以及豆粕可以替代胭脂鱼幼鱼饲料中30%的鱼粉,并不会影响其生长。但当棉粕替代30%鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长有抑制作用。
2.本实验设计了5组实验饲料,以实验1中的鱼粉组(FM)为对照组,以实验1中的棉粕(CSM)组为基础,本别添加铁(Fe)、赖氨酸(L)以及同时添加铁和赖氨酸(分别命名为FM组,CSM组,CSM+Fe组,CSM+L组,CSM+F&L组)。选择相同规格(体重3.40士0.08g,平均值士标准差)的胭脂鱼幼鱼为实验对象,喂养56天,探讨棉粕配以铁或赖氨酸替代鱼粉对胭脂鱼生长,体成分及消化酶活性的影响。实验结果显示,与CSM组相比,当棉粕配以铁替代饲料中30%的鱼粉时(CSM+Fe组),鱼体生长并没有显著增加,显著低于FM组(p<0.05)。当饲料中添加了赖氨酸以后(CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组),胭脂鱼生长显著增加,与FM组无明显差异。鱼体增重最大的是对照FM组(12.01g／尾),略微高于CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组,但没有明显差异。FM、CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组的实验鱼特定生长率分别为2.68、2.63和2.66,显著高于CSM(2.25)和CSM+Fe组(2.25)。FM、CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组蛋白质效率之间同样无明显差异,显著高于CSM和CSM+Fe组(P<0.05)。饲料系数则相反,CSM和CSM+Fe组明显高于其他三组,其他三组之问没有显著差异。与CSM和CSM+Fe相比,CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组实验鱼的鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪显著增加(P<0.05),与FM组无明显差异。并且CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组鱼体赖氨酸含量也显著高于CSM和CSM+Fe组,与FM组相似。与在含有棉粕的饲料中添加铁(CSM和CSM+Fe组)相比,在含有棉粕的饲料中添加赖氨酸(CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组),鱼体消化酶活性也显著增强。因此,棉粕配以赖氨酸可以成功替代胭脂鱼幼鱼饲料中30%的鱼粉。
3.在一种实用饲料配方的基础上,用豆粕(SBM)分别替代鱼粉(FM)质量的0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%配制成6种实验饲料。以体重为1.81左右的胭脂鱼幼鱼为实验对象,饲养56天。探讨不同水平的豆粕替代饲料中的鱼粉,对胭脂鱼生长,体成分和肠道及肝脏中的消化酶活性的影响。结果显示,不同水平的豆粕替代鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长性能以及对饲料利用率有显著影响(P<0.05),随着替代水平的增加,胭脂鱼幼鱼的增重显著降低(P<0.05),替代40%鱼粉组的鱼体生长性能均显著高于替代60%、80%和100%组(P<0.05),而与对照组差异不显著,豆粕替代100%鱼粉组的饲料系数显著高于其他各实验组(P<0.05),100%替代鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼的生长以及对饲料的利用率均会造成不良影响(P<0.05),随豆粕替代鱼粉水平的增加,鱼体脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),鱼体蛋白含量随豆粕替代鱼粉水平的增加则无显著差异。随着豆粕替代鱼粉水平的增加,肠和肝脏的蛋白酶,脂肪酶及淀粉酶活力均显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,在无任何辅助添加剂的情况下,豆粕替代40%鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长不会造成影响,而当替代水平达到60%及以上时对胭脂鱼幼鱼的生长不利。
4.本实验设计了7组实验饲料,饲料FM以鱼粉(FM)为主要蛋白源配制而成,是本实验的对照组。用豆粕(SBM)替代饲料FM中60%的鱼粉制成饲料SBM,并在饲料SBM的基础上,添加蛋氨酸(M,0.3%)和不同水平(500、1000、1500和2000Ukgq)的植酸酶(P)制成饲料S+M&P500、S+M&P1000、S+M&P1500和S+M&P2000。以胭脂鱼幼鱼(13±0.04g,平均数±标准差)为实验对象喂养56天,探讨豆粕配以蛋氨酸和不同梯度植酸酶替代饲料中60%的鱼粉对胭脂鱼生长性能及对营养物质表观消化率的影响。实验结果表明,当用单一豆粕替代60%的鱼粉时,对鱼体生长有显著影响(P<0.05)。与SBM组相比,S+M组鱼体生长性能有所增加,但仍然显著低于对照组衅0.05)。与SBM组和S+M组相比,当豆粕配以蛋氨酸及不同水平植酸酶替代60%鱼粉时,鱼体生长和对饲料中磷的表观消化率有显著增加(p<0.05)。S+M&P1500组表现出最适的生长性能,并与对照组无显著差异。用豆粕配以0.3%的蛋氨酸和1500U kgq植酸酶替代饲料中60%的鱼粉,对胭脂鱼生长和体成分无显著影响。并且,与对照组相比,胭脂鱼对S+M&P1500组饲料中磷的利用率更高。
5.在一种实用饲料配方的基础上,用豆油(SO)分别替代鱼油(FO)质量的0%、40%、60%、80%和100%配制成5种实验饲料,分别命名为FO、SO40、SO60、SO80和SO100,其中FO组饲料为对照组,以体重为13.7g左右的胭脂鱼幼鱼为实验对象,饲养56天。探讨不同水平的豆油替代饲料中的鱼油,对胭脂鱼生长,体成分、血清生化指标和肝脏生化组成的影响。实验结果表明,SO40、SO60和SO80组胭脂鱼生长与对照组没有显著差异。但当豆油完全替代鱼油时,胭脂鱼增重显著降低(p<0.05)。尽管随着豆油的增加,鱼体肝脏脂肪含量升高,但是豆油替代鱼油并没有显著改变胭脂鱼的肝体比指数(HSI),饲料系数(FCR)和肝脏的中的生化组成。随着豆油含量的增加,鱼体肝脏中维生素E含量增加,反之硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)和血清胆固醇含量却降低。随着豆油含量的增加,鱼体肝脏中亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量显著升高(P<0.05),反之,二十碳五烯酸,二十二碳六烯酸以及n-3／n-6比值却显著降低(P<0.05)。尽管豆油替代鱼油可以增加鱼体维生素E含量,降低脂质过氧化反应,但当豆油完全替代鱼油时,鱼体生长受到抑制。因此,在胭脂鱼幼鱼饲料中,豆油替代40-80%的鱼油是值得推荐的。
6.本实验以体重为11.85g左右的胭脂鱼幼鱼为研究对象,探讨不同投喂频率对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长、饲料利用及鱼体成分的影响。实验周期为56天,投喂频率为1次／天,2次／天,3次／天和4次／天,每个实验组有三个重复。实验结果表明,投喂3次／天实验组胭脂鱼增重和日摄食率最高,显著高于投喂1次／天和2次／天实验组(P<0.05),但与投喂4次/天组无明显差异。投喂4次/天组蛋白质效率最高,同时饲料系数最低,与投喂3次/天实验组无明显差异。投喂1次/天实验组胭脂鱼鱼体水分含量最高,蛋白含量最低,与投喂3次/天和4次/天组有明显差异(P<0.05)。鱼体脂肪含量随着投喂频率的增加有明显升高的趋势(P<0.05)。根据结果分析,一天投喂三次可以满足胭脂鱼幼鱼最大生长要求。
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant energy resource, additive and feeding frequency on growth performance of juvenile Chinese sucker. The results were as followed.
1. A feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fish meal (FM, Diet1)with fermented soybean meal (FSBM, Diet2), corn gluten meal(CGM, Diet3), soybean meal (SBM, Diet4) and cottonseed meal(CSM, Diet5) in practical diets of juvenile Chinese sucker. Diet containing FM as the main protein source was used as a control (Diet1). Diets2-5had30%of the FM protein replaced with FSBM, CGM, SBM or CSM protein. Fish (average weight,1.82±0.03g, mean±SD) were hand-fed for8weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed Diets1-4showed no significant difference in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), while fish fed Diet5showed significant inferior weight gain (WG,5.04g/fish), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR,1.52) and protein efficiency ratio (PER,1.55). Body crude protein (15.78%) and crude lipid (4.92%) of the fish fed Diet5were significantly lower than those of the fish fed the other diets. Essential amino acids (EAAs) contents (%dry matter) of the fish showed significant differences among the different treatments. Digestive enzyme activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas of the fish fed Diet5were significantly lower than those of the fish fed Diets1-4. Results of the present study indicated that about30%of FM protein can be replaced by FSBM, CGM or SBM protein in Chinese sucker diets without adversely affecting growth.
2. In experiment2, juvenile Chinese sucker (3.403.40±0.08g) was fed one of five experimental diets twice daily for8weeks. Dietl in experiment I were used as a control and Diet4(CSM) in experiment1, with ferrous sulfate, with lysine or with both ferrous sulfate and lysine were used as the experimental diets (designated as FM, CSM, CSM+Fe, CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L, respectively). Results from feeding trial indicated that about30%of FM protein can be replaced by CSM with lysine supplement in Chinese sucker diets without adversely affecting growth. The highest weight gain was found in group FM (12.01g/fish), littlely higher than groups CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L, but no significant difference. The SGR in groups FM, CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L were2.68,2.63and2.66, were significantly higher than groups CSM and CSM+Fe (both were2.25). The PER in in groups FM, CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L were significantly higher than groups CSM and CSM+Fe. The protein, lipid as well as lysine contents of fish body in groups CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L were significantly higher than groups CSM and CSM+Fe. The results indicated that cottonseed meal with lysine supplyment could replace30%fish meal in the diets for juvenile Chinese sucker without affecting growth performance.
3. Six isonitrogenous diets with six levels of soybean meal in substitution offish meal (0,20,40,60,80and100%) were evaluated in Chinese sucker of1.81±0.01g (mean±SD) initial weight for8weeks. There existed a significant difference (P<0.05) in growth performance of fish when the replacement level for fish meal protein was increased from40%to60%, indicating that up to40%of fish meal protein could be replaced with soybean meal protein without causing reduction in growth and protein utilization. Lipid contents in the Chinese sucker body decreased significantly (P<0.05) as dietary soybean meal increased. Digestive enzyme activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas of the fish were significantly different (P<0.001) as the soybean meal protein replacement level was increased. Results of the present study appear to indicate that40%FM can be replaced by SBM in practical feeds of Chinese sucker.
4. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of using soybean meal supplemented with or without methionine (M) and graded levels of phytase (P) to replace high level (60%) fish meal in the diets of juvenile Chinese sucker. Seven experimental diets (about430g kg-1crude protein on dry matter basis) were formulated from practical ingredients. The control feed (diet1) was formulated to contain400g kg-1white fish meal (FM), whereas in the other six feeds (diets2-7), soybean meal (SBM) was used to replace60%fish meal with or without methionine(3g kg-1) and0,500,1000,1500and2000U kg-1phytase (designated as SBM, S+M, S+M&P500, S+M&P1000, S+M&P1500and S+M&P2000, respectively). Results from the feeding trial indicated that SBM without any methionine or phytase supplement replacing about60%FM significantly affected the growth of fish. Growth of fish which fed diet S+M was improved compared with the group which fed diet SBM, but still much lower than fish fed the control diet. SBM with methionine and graded levels of phytase supplement significantly improved growth of fish and apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus compared with the groups which fed diet SBM and diet S+M. Fish fed S+M&P1500showed optimal growth performance and no significant difference compared with control group. This suggested that soybean meal with3g kg-1methionine and1500U kg-1phytase supplement could successfully replace60%fish meal in the diet for juvenile Chinese sucker without affecting growth of fish, and enhanced the apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus.
5. A8weeks feeding experiment was carried out on juvenile Chinese sucker to evaluate the effects of dietary replacement of fish oil by soybean oil on fish growth,body composition and liver biochemical composition. Fish (average weight,13.7g) in triplicate were fed five diets, in which0%(FO as control),40%(SO40),60%(SO60),80%(SO80) and100%(SO100) offish oil was replaced by soybean oil. The weight gain offish fed SO40, SO60or SO80diet was similar to that of fish fed the control diet, but a total replacement of fish oil by soybean oil significantly reduced fish growth(P<0.05). Although the level of soybean oil resulted in an increase in the crude lipid content of the liver, the level of fish oil replacement did not significantly alter the hepatosomatic index and feed conversion ratio. The inclusion of soybean oil in Chinese sucker diets increased hepatic vitamin E concentrations, but reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and plasma cholesterol. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid significantly increased in fish liver fed soybean oil diets, but docosahexaenoic acid and the ratio n-3/n-6were significantly reduced by the inclusion of dietary soybean oil (P<0.05). Our results indicated that the inclusion of soybean oil increased the hepatic vitamin E content and reduced lipid peroxidation in fish. However, complete substitution of fish oil with soybean oil reduced growth efficiency. Thus,40-80%replacement of fish oil by soybean oil is recommended in diet formulation for juvenile Chinese sucker.
6. A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding frequency on the growth performance, feed utilization and body proximate composition of juvenile Chinese sucker. Triplicate groups of fish (average weight,11.85g) were fed each feed type to visual satiation at four meals per day, three meals per day, two meals per day and one meal per day for8weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, Weight gain was affected by the feeding frequency. The highest weight gain was observed in the group which fish were fed three meals per day, significantly higher than fish fed one or two meals per day. There existed a significant difference in daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) when the feedingn frequeny was increased from one or two to three or four meals per day (P<0.05), but no different with the fish fed four meals per day. The body proximate composition of fish was altered by feeding frequency. The crude lipid content increased with the increase of feeding frequency. The present findings suggest that three feedings per day may be sufficient for the maximal growth performance of juvenile Chinese sucker.
1.本实验以初始体重为1.82±0.03g(平均值士标准差)的胭脂鱼幼鱼为实验对象,以鱼粉(FM)为主要蛋白配制胭脂鱼饲料(对照组),以发酵豆粕(FSBM),玉米粕(CGM),豆粕(SBM)和棉粕(CSM)替代对照组饲料中3096的鱼粉配制5种实验饲料,进行56天的饲养实验,探讨不同植物蛋白源替代鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长,体成分及消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,对照组鱼增重最大为9.61g／尾,而当棉粕替代30%鱼粉时(CSM组),鱼体增重最小仅为5.04g／尾。对照组、FSBM组、CGM组和SBM组的鱼体增重均在9.3g／尾以上,并且彼此之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。与其他四组相比,CSM组鱼体增重显著低于其他组(p<0.05)。对照组(FSBM组、CGM组和SBM组之间的特定生长率无明显差异,均显著高于CSM组。CMS组的饲料系数为1.52,显著高于其他四组(均低于1.5)。CSM组的蛋白质效率为1.55,是各实验组中最低的,对照组和FSBM组的蛋白质效率都是1.6,为最高。当棉粕替代30%鱼粉时,鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪显著降低,分别为15.78%和4.92%。与粗蛋白和粗脂肪不同,鱼体的水分含量,没有受到不同植物蛋白源的影响,各实验组之间均无明显差异。与其他实验组相比,当棉粕替代鱼粉时,鱼体肠道和肝脏中的消化酶活性也显著改变(p<0.05)。CSM组鱼体肠道与肝脏中的蛋白酶、脂肪酶及淀粉酶活性明显低于其他实验组。因此,发酵豆粕、玉米粕以及豆粕可以替代胭脂鱼幼鱼饲料中30%的鱼粉,并不会影响其生长。但当棉粕替代30%鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长有抑制作用。
2.本实验设计了5组实验饲料,以实验1中的鱼粉组(FM)为对照组,以实验1中的棉粕(CSM)组为基础,本别添加铁(Fe)、赖氨酸(L)以及同时添加铁和赖氨酸(分别命名为FM组,CSM组,CSM+Fe组,CSM+L组,CSM+F&L组)。选择相同规格(体重3.40士0.08g,平均值士标准差)的胭脂鱼幼鱼为实验对象,喂养56天,探讨棉粕配以铁或赖氨酸替代鱼粉对胭脂鱼生长,体成分及消化酶活性的影响。实验结果显示,与CSM组相比,当棉粕配以铁替代饲料中30%的鱼粉时(CSM+Fe组),鱼体生长并没有显著增加,显著低于FM组(p<0.05)。当饲料中添加了赖氨酸以后(CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组),胭脂鱼生长显著增加,与FM组无明显差异。鱼体增重最大的是对照FM组(12.01g／尾),略微高于CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组,但没有明显差异。FM、CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组的实验鱼特定生长率分别为2.68、2.63和2.66,显著高于CSM(2.25)和CSM+Fe组(2.25)。FM、CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组蛋白质效率之间同样无明显差异,显著高于CSM和CSM+Fe组(P<0.05)。饲料系数则相反,CSM和CSM+Fe组明显高于其他三组,其他三组之问没有显著差异。与CSM和CSM+Fe相比,CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组实验鱼的鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪显著增加(P<0.05),与FM组无明显差异。并且CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组鱼体赖氨酸含量也显著高于CSM和CSM+Fe组,与FM组相似。与在含有棉粕的饲料中添加铁(CSM和CSM+Fe组)相比,在含有棉粕的饲料中添加赖氨酸(CSM+L和CSM+Fe&L组),鱼体消化酶活性也显著增强。因此,棉粕配以赖氨酸可以成功替代胭脂鱼幼鱼饲料中30%的鱼粉。
3.在一种实用饲料配方的基础上,用豆粕(SBM)分别替代鱼粉(FM)质量的0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%配制成6种实验饲料。以体重为1.81左右的胭脂鱼幼鱼为实验对象,饲养56天。探讨不同水平的豆粕替代饲料中的鱼粉,对胭脂鱼生长,体成分和肠道及肝脏中的消化酶活性的影响。结果显示,不同水平的豆粕替代鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长性能以及对饲料利用率有显著影响(P<0.05),随着替代水平的增加,胭脂鱼幼鱼的增重显著降低(P<0.05),替代40%鱼粉组的鱼体生长性能均显著高于替代60%、80%和100%组(P<0.05),而与对照组差异不显著,豆粕替代100%鱼粉组的饲料系数显著高于其他各实验组(P<0.05),100%替代鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼的生长以及对饲料的利用率均会造成不良影响(P<0.05),随豆粕替代鱼粉水平的增加,鱼体脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),鱼体蛋白含量随豆粕替代鱼粉水平的增加则无显著差异。随着豆粕替代鱼粉水平的增加,肠和肝脏的蛋白酶,脂肪酶及淀粉酶活力均显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,在无任何辅助添加剂的情况下,豆粕替代40%鱼粉对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长不会造成影响,而当替代水平达到60%及以上时对胭脂鱼幼鱼的生长不利。
4.本实验设计了7组实验饲料,饲料FM以鱼粉(FM)为主要蛋白源配制而成,是本实验的对照组。用豆粕(SBM)替代饲料FM中60%的鱼粉制成饲料SBM,并在饲料SBM的基础上,添加蛋氨酸(M,0.3%)和不同水平(500、1000、1500和2000Ukgq)的植酸酶(P)制成饲料S+M&P500、S+M&P1000、S+M&P1500和S+M&P2000。以胭脂鱼幼鱼(13±0.04g,平均数±标准差)为实验对象喂养56天,探讨豆粕配以蛋氨酸和不同梯度植酸酶替代饲料中60%的鱼粉对胭脂鱼生长性能及对营养物质表观消化率的影响。实验结果表明,当用单一豆粕替代60%的鱼粉时,对鱼体生长有显著影响(P<0.05)。与SBM组相比,S+M组鱼体生长性能有所增加,但仍然显著低于对照组衅0.05)。与SBM组和S+M组相比,当豆粕配以蛋氨酸及不同水平植酸酶替代60%鱼粉时,鱼体生长和对饲料中磷的表观消化率有显著增加(p<0.05)。S+M&P1500组表现出最适的生长性能,并与对照组无显著差异。用豆粕配以0.3%的蛋氨酸和1500U kgq植酸酶替代饲料中60%的鱼粉,对胭脂鱼生长和体成分无显著影响。并且,与对照组相比,胭脂鱼对S+M&P1500组饲料中磷的利用率更高。
5.在一种实用饲料配方的基础上,用豆油(SO)分别替代鱼油(FO)质量的0%、40%、60%、80%和100%配制成5种实验饲料,分别命名为FO、SO40、SO60、SO80和SO100,其中FO组饲料为对照组,以体重为13.7g左右的胭脂鱼幼鱼为实验对象,饲养56天。探讨不同水平的豆油替代饲料中的鱼油,对胭脂鱼生长,体成分、血清生化指标和肝脏生化组成的影响。实验结果表明,SO40、SO60和SO80组胭脂鱼生长与对照组没有显著差异。但当豆油完全替代鱼油时,胭脂鱼增重显著降低(p<0.05)。尽管随着豆油的增加,鱼体肝脏脂肪含量升高,但是豆油替代鱼油并没有显著改变胭脂鱼的肝体比指数(HSI),饲料系数(FCR)和肝脏的中的生化组成。随着豆油含量的增加,鱼体肝脏中维生素E含量增加,反之硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)和血清胆固醇含量却降低。随着豆油含量的增加,鱼体肝脏中亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量显著升高(P<0.05),反之,二十碳五烯酸,二十二碳六烯酸以及n-3／n-6比值却显著降低(P<0.05)。尽管豆油替代鱼油可以增加鱼体维生素E含量,降低脂质过氧化反应,但当豆油完全替代鱼油时,鱼体生长受到抑制。因此,在胭脂鱼幼鱼饲料中,豆油替代40-80%的鱼油是值得推荐的。
6.本实验以体重为11.85g左右的胭脂鱼幼鱼为研究对象,探讨不同投喂频率对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长、饲料利用及鱼体成分的影响。实验周期为56天,投喂频率为1次／天,2次／天,3次／天和4次／天,每个实验组有三个重复。实验结果表明,投喂3次／天实验组胭脂鱼增重和日摄食率最高,显著高于投喂1次／天和2次／天实验组(P<0.05),但与投喂4次/天组无明显差异。投喂4次/天组蛋白质效率最高,同时饲料系数最低,与投喂3次/天实验组无明显差异。投喂1次/天实验组胭脂鱼鱼体水分含量最高,蛋白含量最低,与投喂3次/天和4次/天组有明显差异(P<0.05)。鱼体脂肪含量随着投喂频率的增加有明显升高的趋势(P<0.05)。根据结果分析,一天投喂三次可以满足胭脂鱼幼鱼最大生长要求。
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant energy resource, additive and feeding frequency on growth performance of juvenile Chinese sucker. The results were as followed.
1. A feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fish meal (FM, Diet1)with fermented soybean meal (FSBM, Diet2), corn gluten meal(CGM, Diet3), soybean meal (SBM, Diet4) and cottonseed meal(CSM, Diet5) in practical diets of juvenile Chinese sucker. Diet containing FM as the main protein source was used as a control (Diet1). Diets2-5had30%of the FM protein replaced with FSBM, CGM, SBM or CSM protein. Fish (average weight,1.82±0.03g, mean±SD) were hand-fed for8weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed Diets1-4showed no significant difference in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), while fish fed Diet5showed significant inferior weight gain (WG,5.04g/fish), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR,1.52) and protein efficiency ratio (PER,1.55). Body crude protein (15.78%) and crude lipid (4.92%) of the fish fed Diet5were significantly lower than those of the fish fed the other diets. Essential amino acids (EAAs) contents (%dry matter) of the fish showed significant differences among the different treatments. Digestive enzyme activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas of the fish fed Diet5were significantly lower than those of the fish fed Diets1-4. Results of the present study indicated that about30%of FM protein can be replaced by FSBM, CGM or SBM protein in Chinese sucker diets without adversely affecting growth.
2. In experiment2, juvenile Chinese sucker (3.403.40±0.08g) was fed one of five experimental diets twice daily for8weeks. Dietl in experiment I were used as a control and Diet4(CSM) in experiment1, with ferrous sulfate, with lysine or with both ferrous sulfate and lysine were used as the experimental diets (designated as FM, CSM, CSM+Fe, CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L, respectively). Results from feeding trial indicated that about30%of FM protein can be replaced by CSM with lysine supplement in Chinese sucker diets without adversely affecting growth. The highest weight gain was found in group FM (12.01g/fish), littlely higher than groups CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L, but no significant difference. The SGR in groups FM, CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L were2.68,2.63and2.66, were significantly higher than groups CSM and CSM+Fe (both were2.25). The PER in in groups FM, CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L were significantly higher than groups CSM and CSM+Fe. The protein, lipid as well as lysine contents of fish body in groups CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L were significantly higher than groups CSM and CSM+Fe. The results indicated that cottonseed meal with lysine supplyment could replace30%fish meal in the diets for juvenile Chinese sucker without affecting growth performance.
3. Six isonitrogenous diets with six levels of soybean meal in substitution offish meal (0,20,40,60,80and100%) were evaluated in Chinese sucker of1.81±0.01g (mean±SD) initial weight for8weeks. There existed a significant difference (P<0.05) in growth performance of fish when the replacement level for fish meal protein was increased from40%to60%, indicating that up to40%of fish meal protein could be replaced with soybean meal protein without causing reduction in growth and protein utilization. Lipid contents in the Chinese sucker body decreased significantly (P<0.05) as dietary soybean meal increased. Digestive enzyme activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas of the fish were significantly different (P<0.001) as the soybean meal protein replacement level was increased. Results of the present study appear to indicate that40%FM can be replaced by SBM in practical feeds of Chinese sucker.
4. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of using soybean meal supplemented with or without methionine (M) and graded levels of phytase (P) to replace high level (60%) fish meal in the diets of juvenile Chinese sucker. Seven experimental diets (about430g kg-1crude protein on dry matter basis) were formulated from practical ingredients. The control feed (diet1) was formulated to contain400g kg-1white fish meal (FM), whereas in the other six feeds (diets2-7), soybean meal (SBM) was used to replace60%fish meal with or without methionine(3g kg-1) and0,500,1000,1500and2000U kg-1phytase (designated as SBM, S+M, S+M&P500, S+M&P1000, S+M&P1500and S+M&P2000, respectively). Results from the feeding trial indicated that SBM without any methionine or phytase supplement replacing about60%FM significantly affected the growth of fish. Growth of fish which fed diet S+M was improved compared with the group which fed diet SBM, but still much lower than fish fed the control diet. SBM with methionine and graded levels of phytase supplement significantly improved growth of fish and apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus compared with the groups which fed diet SBM and diet S+M. Fish fed S+M&P1500showed optimal growth performance and no significant difference compared with control group. This suggested that soybean meal with3g kg-1methionine and1500U kg-1phytase supplement could successfully replace60%fish meal in the diet for juvenile Chinese sucker without affecting growth of fish, and enhanced the apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus.
5. A8weeks feeding experiment was carried out on juvenile Chinese sucker to evaluate the effects of dietary replacement of fish oil by soybean oil on fish growth,body composition and liver biochemical composition. Fish (average weight,13.7g) in triplicate were fed five diets, in which0%(FO as control),40%(SO40),60%(SO60),80%(SO80) and100%(SO100) offish oil was replaced by soybean oil. The weight gain offish fed SO40, SO60or SO80diet was similar to that of fish fed the control diet, but a total replacement of fish oil by soybean oil significantly reduced fish growth(P<0.05). Although the level of soybean oil resulted in an increase in the crude lipid content of the liver, the level of fish oil replacement did not significantly alter the hepatosomatic index and feed conversion ratio. The inclusion of soybean oil in Chinese sucker diets increased hepatic vitamin E concentrations, but reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and plasma cholesterol. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid significantly increased in fish liver fed soybean oil diets, but docosahexaenoic acid and the ratio n-3/n-6were significantly reduced by the inclusion of dietary soybean oil (P<0.05). Our results indicated that the inclusion of soybean oil increased the hepatic vitamin E content and reduced lipid peroxidation in fish. However, complete substitution of fish oil with soybean oil reduced growth efficiency. Thus,40-80%replacement of fish oil by soybean oil is recommended in diet formulation for juvenile Chinese sucker.
6. A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding frequency on the growth performance, feed utilization and body proximate composition of juvenile Chinese sucker. Triplicate groups of fish (average weight,11.85g) were fed each feed type to visual satiation at four meals per day, three meals per day, two meals per day and one meal per day for8weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, Weight gain was affected by the feeding frequency. The highest weight gain was observed in the group which fish were fed three meals per day, significantly higher than fish fed one or two meals per day. There existed a significant difference in daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) when the feedingn frequeny was increased from one or two to three or four meals per day (P<0.05), but no different with the fish fed four meals per day. The body proximate composition of fish was altered by feeding frequency. The crude lipid content increased with the increase of feeding frequency. The present findings suggest that three feedings per day may be sufficient for the maximal growth performance of juvenile Chinese sucker.
引文
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