高重力坝抗震措施及坝体—库水—地基系统动力相互作用研究
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摘要
我国是能源需求大国,加速水电能源等可再生资源的发展已经列入我国十二五能源规划。这也是保证我国能源供给、节能减排、保护环境的重要战略举措。一大批高混凝上坝已建、正建、拟建于我们西南水资源丰富地区——也是地震活跃地区。本文为了研究重力土坝强震下非线性动力反应、损伤机理、破坏模式以及抗震加固措施的效果,进行了一系列的坝体动力模型破坏试验,并数值重构重力坝动力模型试验验证其纬果的可靠性;从动水压力模型试验着手,研究了地震作用下重力坝与库水相互作用,并通过流固耦合模型分析了库水及淤积层对高重力坝动力反应的影响。本文各章具体研究内容如下：
(1)进行了仿真混凝土材料长方体立柱试件地震破坏试验,研究该模型材料在动力作用下的损伤特性、机理及形态；从而为更好的应用仿真混凝土材料于动力模型破坏试验中再现混凝土原型坝体的动态特征提供可靠依据。根据仿真混凝土材料脆性过大的特性,进行了向仿真混凝土中添加软粘土或橡胶颗粒材料使其降脆增韧的两种方法的试验研究；
(2)进行了非完全相似条件的理论推导,提出了通过追求断裂特性相似以解决模型材料应变比尺λc≠1时相似要求的处理技巧；通过数值重构地震动力模型试验可知,在试验设备及条件、模型材料不完全满足相似要求的情况下,根据非完全相似条件设计模型,并采取一定的相似技巧,模型试验是可以得到稳定可靠地试验结果的：
(3)为了研究强震下坝体动力反应、破坏形态及抗震措施效果,进行了有、无抗震配筋措施的重力坝动力模型破坏对比试验。由试验结果可知,重力坝抗震的薄弱环节位于坝颈部位,对其配筋可以提高坝体抗震性能。采用混凝土塑性损伤模型与基于能量等效的钢筋混凝土模型进行了强震下有、无抗震配筋措施重力坝动力响应、坝体内部应力分布以及损伤分布的数值分析。采用流固耦合模型模拟上游库水作用,计算结果发现,与试验结果相同,对坝体抗震的薄弱部位配筋虽不能提高起裂加速度,但是对控制裂缝的张开度,阻止裂缝向把体内部延伸有明显作用。这对保持强震下混凝土坝的整体性是有积极作用的;
(4)进行了振动台上重力坝-库水系统动力模型试验,测得大坝自振频率及上游面动水压力。将试验结果与模拟库水作用的流固耦合模型及附加质量模型计算结果相比较发现,流固耦合模型结果与试验测得结果十分一致,而附加质量模型夸大了库水对坝体结构动力作用的影响。因此,基于库水有限元的流固耦合模型应该是研究坝体-库水相互作用问题的首选方法。采用数值重构动水压力模型试验的方法研究了采用自来水模拟地震作用下库水对坝体作用效果引起误差的原因。模型试验的数值重构分析发现水体密度及可压缩性是产生上述误差的原因,并以此提出了修正误差的可行性方法。
(5)对5种不同高度的重力坝分别采用流固耦合模型进行了坝体-库水系统相互作用的时域地震动分析。将算得动水压力结果与Westergaard公式解相比较可知,约70m高的低重力坝采用Westergaard公式计算动水压力就能满足工程实际的要求,对于160m以上的中高重力坝,采用流固耦合模型计算库水作用及坝体动力响应较为接近现实情况。地基性质对200m级高坝库水作用的影响非常明显,在计算坝体与库水相互作用时地基作用不可忽略；对于70m高的低坝,地基作用可以不用考虑；由于动水压力的影响因素较多,因此对Westergaard公式的修正考虑到多方面因素的影响,对原公式引入了坝体高度修正项、坝体弹性修正项、库底吸收修正项。修正的Westergaard公式解与流固耦合结果及以往文献的试验及计算结果吻合良好；为明确地震中重力坝-库水-淤积层-地基系统动力相互作用下坝体的反应,将泥沙淤积层作为粘性、可压缩及大密度流体,考虑柔性地基作用建立了二维的计算模型。本文提出的模型计算结果与以往报道结果相一致：柔性地基与淤积层都能够降低库坝系统的共振频率及反应幅值。该模型方法简单、编程方便及运算速度快等特点可以较方便的应用到混凝土坝体非线性动力响应计算中。
To meet the enormous energy demands, the development of hydropower sources of energy and other renewable sources have been included12th5-Year Plan in China. It is an important strategic move of energy supplies, energy saving, emission reduction, and protection of the environment many concrete dams have been built, being constructed and will be built in earthquake zone of Southwestern China. A series of tests were performed to investigate nonlinear response, damage mechanism and failure modes of concrete dams, and seismic measure effects under strong earthquake, and the numerical reconstruction of dynamic failure modal test is conducted to study reliability of the results of test. The hydrodynamic pressure model test and the reservoir FEM-based numerical method were applied to study gravity dam-reservoir system interaction, and analysis results of the fluid-solid model were compared with those of the added mass model for reservoir effects on dam body. The main contents in this paper are summarized as follow:
(1) The cuboid specimens of5groups were tested to study damage properties, mechanism and modes of emulation concrete. It provides reliable basis for emulation concrete to be better applied to dynamic model rupture test in order to represent the corresponding behavior of its prototype accurately. Since emulation concrete is over brittle, the lab tests were carried out to provide two methods to improve the brittleness of the material. The test results found that emulation concrete mixed with clay or rubber particles can be improved in its brittleness and deformability.
(2) The non-full similarity laws are deducted on the basis of the existing similar theory. The disposal skill of fracture characteristics similarity between prototype and model materials is proposed to meet non-full similitude (λε≠1) requirements. The analysis of numerical reconstruction of model test implicates that model test results are reliable when the model is designed according to non-full similarity laws and the treatment skills and the experiment equipment and condition, model material don't meet all for the similitude requirements.
(3) To study the dynamic failure mechanism and seismic measure effects for high concrete gravity dam under strong earthquake, the comparative model experiments on the shaking table were conducted with concrete gravity dam with and without strengthening reinforcement. For the two model dams with and without strengthening reinforcement tested, vulnerable parts of them are the necks near the crests. The results also indicate that the reinforcement is beneficial for improving the seismic-resistant capacity of the gravity dam. To investigate nonlinear responses, stress and damage distributions, the gravity dams with and without strengthening reinforcement under strong earthquake are analyzed with nonlinear numerical model based on concrete plastic damage model and reinforced concrete energy equivalent model. The fluid-solid coupling model is applied to model dam-reservoir interaction in the analysis. It is found that the reinforcing bars can't improve cracking acceleration of dam, but the cracks opening can be controlled effectively, and the cracks propagations arc restrained in dam surface which is similar with results of dynamic model test. It has a positive impact to maintain integrity of dam.
(4) Dynamic model test of gravity dam-reservoir system for gravity dam was carried out on a shaking table. The natural frequency and hydrodynamic pressure on upstream were got from the test. The results of finite element model based on fluid-solid coupling arc well consistent with those of the test, while the Added mass model amplifies the dynamic influence of water on dam. According to the analyses above, finite element method based on fluid-solid coupling should be the first choice to analysis the dam-reservoir interaction. The error analysis was performed by numerical reconstruction of hydrodynamic pressure model test. It is found that water compressibility and its low density is the reason for the error. The feasible methods to reduce the error arc proposed by numerical analysis.
(5) Earthquake analysis of gravity dams with five different heights in time domains was performed with the fluid-structure coupling model. The hydrodynamic pressure obtained from the model was compared with Westergaard solutions, and it shows that hydrodynamic pressure can be calculated well with Westergaard formula for the dams with a height of about70m.But when the height of dams is more than160m, it is more reasonable to calculate the dynamic responses of dam-reservoir system with the fluid-structure coupling model. As for the dams with a height of about200m, the influence of foundation on dam-reservoir interaction is significant and must be considered. As for the dams with a height of about70m, the influence of foundation can be neglcctd. Because of many influence factors on hydrodynamic pressure, the Westergaard equation was modified considering the influence of dam height, elasticity, reservoir bottom condition. The results of Westcrgaard formula modified arc coincident with those of fluid-structure coupling models and previous reports. To investigate dynamic responses of gravity dam under dam-water-sediment-foundation interaction system, a2D model was created in which sediment deposition layer is taken as a kind of viscous, compressible and great density fluid and the influence of flexible foundation is also considered. The results obtained from the model are in agreement with those of previous reports:both of flexible foundation and sediment can reduce resonance peaks of dam-reservoir system. In addition, the computational method of the model is simple, and the procedure is finished easily and fast in speed of operation. So it can also be used to study nonlinear dynamic response of dam-reservoir-sediment-foundation systems.
(1)进行了仿真混凝土材料长方体立柱试件地震破坏试验,研究该模型材料在动力作用下的损伤特性、机理及形态；从而为更好的应用仿真混凝土材料于动力模型破坏试验中再现混凝土原型坝体的动态特征提供可靠依据。根据仿真混凝土材料脆性过大的特性,进行了向仿真混凝土中添加软粘土或橡胶颗粒材料使其降脆增韧的两种方法的试验研究；
(2)进行了非完全相似条件的理论推导,提出了通过追求断裂特性相似以解决模型材料应变比尺λc≠1时相似要求的处理技巧；通过数值重构地震动力模型试验可知,在试验设备及条件、模型材料不完全满足相似要求的情况下,根据非完全相似条件设计模型,并采取一定的相似技巧,模型试验是可以得到稳定可靠地试验结果的：
(3)为了研究强震下坝体动力反应、破坏形态及抗震措施效果,进行了有、无抗震配筋措施的重力坝动力模型破坏对比试验。由试验结果可知,重力坝抗震的薄弱环节位于坝颈部位,对其配筋可以提高坝体抗震性能。采用混凝土塑性损伤模型与基于能量等效的钢筋混凝土模型进行了强震下有、无抗震配筋措施重力坝动力响应、坝体内部应力分布以及损伤分布的数值分析。采用流固耦合模型模拟上游库水作用,计算结果发现,与试验结果相同,对坝体抗震的薄弱部位配筋虽不能提高起裂加速度,但是对控制裂缝的张开度,阻止裂缝向把体内部延伸有明显作用。这对保持强震下混凝土坝的整体性是有积极作用的;
(4)进行了振动台上重力坝-库水系统动力模型试验,测得大坝自振频率及上游面动水压力。将试验结果与模拟库水作用的流固耦合模型及附加质量模型计算结果相比较发现,流固耦合模型结果与试验测得结果十分一致,而附加质量模型夸大了库水对坝体结构动力作用的影响。因此,基于库水有限元的流固耦合模型应该是研究坝体-库水相互作用问题的首选方法。采用数值重构动水压力模型试验的方法研究了采用自来水模拟地震作用下库水对坝体作用效果引起误差的原因。模型试验的数值重构分析发现水体密度及可压缩性是产生上述误差的原因,并以此提出了修正误差的可行性方法。
(5)对5种不同高度的重力坝分别采用流固耦合模型进行了坝体-库水系统相互作用的时域地震动分析。将算得动水压力结果与Westergaard公式解相比较可知,约70m高的低重力坝采用Westergaard公式计算动水压力就能满足工程实际的要求,对于160m以上的中高重力坝,采用流固耦合模型计算库水作用及坝体动力响应较为接近现实情况。地基性质对200m级高坝库水作用的影响非常明显,在计算坝体与库水相互作用时地基作用不可忽略；对于70m高的低坝,地基作用可以不用考虑；由于动水压力的影响因素较多,因此对Westergaard公式的修正考虑到多方面因素的影响,对原公式引入了坝体高度修正项、坝体弹性修正项、库底吸收修正项。修正的Westergaard公式解与流固耦合结果及以往文献的试验及计算结果吻合良好；为明确地震中重力坝-库水-淤积层-地基系统动力相互作用下坝体的反应,将泥沙淤积层作为粘性、可压缩及大密度流体,考虑柔性地基作用建立了二维的计算模型。本文提出的模型计算结果与以往报道结果相一致：柔性地基与淤积层都能够降低库坝系统的共振频率及反应幅值。该模型方法简单、编程方便及运算速度快等特点可以较方便的应用到混凝土坝体非线性动力响应计算中。
To meet the enormous energy demands, the development of hydropower sources of energy and other renewable sources have been included12th5-Year Plan in China. It is an important strategic move of energy supplies, energy saving, emission reduction, and protection of the environment many concrete dams have been built, being constructed and will be built in earthquake zone of Southwestern China. A series of tests were performed to investigate nonlinear response, damage mechanism and failure modes of concrete dams, and seismic measure effects under strong earthquake, and the numerical reconstruction of dynamic failure modal test is conducted to study reliability of the results of test. The hydrodynamic pressure model test and the reservoir FEM-based numerical method were applied to study gravity dam-reservoir system interaction, and analysis results of the fluid-solid model were compared with those of the added mass model for reservoir effects on dam body. The main contents in this paper are summarized as follow:
(1) The cuboid specimens of5groups were tested to study damage properties, mechanism and modes of emulation concrete. It provides reliable basis for emulation concrete to be better applied to dynamic model rupture test in order to represent the corresponding behavior of its prototype accurately. Since emulation concrete is over brittle, the lab tests were carried out to provide two methods to improve the brittleness of the material. The test results found that emulation concrete mixed with clay or rubber particles can be improved in its brittleness and deformability.
(2) The non-full similarity laws are deducted on the basis of the existing similar theory. The disposal skill of fracture characteristics similarity between prototype and model materials is proposed to meet non-full similitude (λε≠1) requirements. The analysis of numerical reconstruction of model test implicates that model test results are reliable when the model is designed according to non-full similarity laws and the treatment skills and the experiment equipment and condition, model material don't meet all for the similitude requirements.
(3) To study the dynamic failure mechanism and seismic measure effects for high concrete gravity dam under strong earthquake, the comparative model experiments on the shaking table were conducted with concrete gravity dam with and without strengthening reinforcement. For the two model dams with and without strengthening reinforcement tested, vulnerable parts of them are the necks near the crests. The results also indicate that the reinforcement is beneficial for improving the seismic-resistant capacity of the gravity dam. To investigate nonlinear responses, stress and damage distributions, the gravity dams with and without strengthening reinforcement under strong earthquake are analyzed with nonlinear numerical model based on concrete plastic damage model and reinforced concrete energy equivalent model. The fluid-solid coupling model is applied to model dam-reservoir interaction in the analysis. It is found that the reinforcing bars can't improve cracking acceleration of dam, but the cracks opening can be controlled effectively, and the cracks propagations arc restrained in dam surface which is similar with results of dynamic model test. It has a positive impact to maintain integrity of dam.
(4) Dynamic model test of gravity dam-reservoir system for gravity dam was carried out on a shaking table. The natural frequency and hydrodynamic pressure on upstream were got from the test. The results of finite element model based on fluid-solid coupling arc well consistent with those of the test, while the Added mass model amplifies the dynamic influence of water on dam. According to the analyses above, finite element method based on fluid-solid coupling should be the first choice to analysis the dam-reservoir interaction. The error analysis was performed by numerical reconstruction of hydrodynamic pressure model test. It is found that water compressibility and its low density is the reason for the error. The feasible methods to reduce the error arc proposed by numerical analysis.
(5) Earthquake analysis of gravity dams with five different heights in time domains was performed with the fluid-structure coupling model. The hydrodynamic pressure obtained from the model was compared with Westergaard solutions, and it shows that hydrodynamic pressure can be calculated well with Westergaard formula for the dams with a height of about70m.But when the height of dams is more than160m, it is more reasonable to calculate the dynamic responses of dam-reservoir system with the fluid-structure coupling model. As for the dams with a height of about200m, the influence of foundation on dam-reservoir interaction is significant and must be considered. As for the dams with a height of about70m, the influence of foundation can be neglcctd. Because of many influence factors on hydrodynamic pressure, the Westergaard equation was modified considering the influence of dam height, elasticity, reservoir bottom condition. The results of Westcrgaard formula modified arc coincident with those of fluid-structure coupling models and previous reports. To investigate dynamic responses of gravity dam under dam-water-sediment-foundation interaction system, a2D model was created in which sediment deposition layer is taken as a kind of viscous, compressible and great density fluid and the influence of flexible foundation is also considered. The results obtained from the model are in agreement with those of previous reports:both of flexible foundation and sediment can reduce resonance peaks of dam-reservoir system. In addition, the computational method of the model is simple, and the procedure is finished easily and fast in speed of operation. So it can also be used to study nonlinear dynamic response of dam-reservoir-sediment-foundation systems.
引文
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