水平定向钻进技术在土壤环境治理中的应用研究
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摘要
土壤污染对人类的危害性极大,它不仅影响农作物的生长,而且通过植物及其产品影响人体健康,还通过地下水的污染以及污染转移对人类生存环境产生多层面上的不良危害。水平定向钻进技术可以在土壤环境调查、检测、治理与监测中获得应用,并提高土壤环境治理与监测的技术水平。
水平定向钻进技术在土壤环境监测与治理中的应用是指采用水平定向钻进技术施工水平定向井应用于土壤环境监测和治理,主要包括：土壤环境调查取样、土壤环境随钻检测、土壤环境解污治理等。美国等西方少数国家在上世纪九十年代初就开始研发采用导向／水平定向钻进技术钻进定向水平井进行土壤水平取样(HDDS)、定向水平井随钻环境检测(EMWD)、水平井土壤环境监测、水平井土壤气相抽取法(SVE)、生物通风法(BV)和空气注射法(AS)等土壤环境治理技术。
本文总结概述了非开挖水平定向钻进技术、土壤环境治理技术的现状与发展前景;介绍了水平定向钻进技术在土壤环境调查、监测与治理中的应用情况,以及定向水平井土壤环境调查、监测、预防与治理技术的现状和发展前景；结合国内外土壤环境调查、监测与治理技术现状,提出了本文的研究内容。本文主要研究了水平定向钻进取样技术、土壤环境治理定向水平井成井和完井工艺、定向水平井土壤气相抽提去污的气相抽提流场和污染物运移去除模型,并对相关技术进行了现场试验研究。通过本文研究,主要取得以下研究成果：
(1)水平定向钻进土壤环境取样技术
水平定向钻进取样的主要难题是如何保证取样钻具沿原导向孔准确入位,取到预定位置的原样。本文从导向原理上,对水平定向取样钻进进行了力学分析,为保证取样钻进下入钻具时钻孔轨迹不变,取样钻进钻孔轨迹的曲率半径宜大于全面导向钻进最小曲率半径的3倍,取样钻具不宜太长,同时下入钻具时要采用导向工艺,随时检测钻具的状态参数。依据取样导向钻进力学分析结果,设计了水平定向钻进取样钻具的导向钻头结构、钻具结构及其组合。该水平定向钻进取样技术为地表有障碍物时(建筑物、河流等)土壤环境调查取样提供了一套有效的解决技术方案。
(2)土壤环境治理水平定向井成井技术
本文分析了依据水平定向井成井的地表条件和土壤污染物分布合理选用通孔成孔工艺还是盲孔成孔工艺；设计试制了土壤环境治理水平定向井的地下管线总成,通孔为：通气管(附属注气管、注浆管等)+封隔器(膨胀封隔器、碗封封隔器等)+筛管+封隔器+通孔管,盲孔管线总成为：通气管(附属注气管、注浆管等)+封隔器(膨胀封隔器、碗封封隔器等)+筛管+铺管导向头；根据土壤环境治理的工艺要求,设计并试制了两种封隔器：膨胀封隔器和碗封封隔器；研究了盲孔定向水平井的施工工艺,采用理论力学和土力学计算分析了正推铺管施工的正推力,分析了盲孔成井工艺的适应性,设计了盲孔施工工艺和优化的途径；研究了通孔定向水平井的施工工艺,采用理论力学和土力学计算分析了回拖铺管施工的回拖力,分析了通孔成井工艺的适应性,设计了通孔施工工艺和优化的途径；依据土壤环境治理施工对环境的要求,研究了一种适合土壤环境水平井钻进的环保泥浆体系(EPMS):淡水+3-5%人工钠土+0.3%-0.6GSP-2+0.4-0.6%GLUB+或HPT-1+或堵漏剂。该成井技术为土壤环境水平定向钻进提供了一整套技术方案。
(3)土壤环境治理水平定向井完井技术
本文依据土壤环境治理定向水平井的结构,研究了定向水平井的封隔器封隔的机理,分析了膨胀封隔和碗蝶封隔的作用机理及设计了膨胀封隔器和碗蝶封隔器的封隔施工工艺；参考常规钻探固井技术,研究了定向水平井的固井技术,优选了固井泥浆材料,给出了注浆固井的设计,分析了固井注浆的压力平衡原理和施工工艺；参考各种水井洗井工艺原理,研究设计了土壤环境治理定向水平井的洗井工作原理,提出了定向水平井的洗井施工工艺；参考石油钻井的压裂技术,初步设计了定向水平井的压裂介质和施工工艺；初步设计了定向水平井的完井井口安装结构。该完井技术为土壤环境治理定向水平井完井提供了一整套技术方案。
(4)土壤环境治理水平定向井布置研究
本文以土壤气相抽提法(SVE)为例,给出了土壤环境气相抽提法治理技术的气相流场模型和污染物运移去除模型；建立了定向水平井气相流场模型,给出了模型的有限差分法求解方法,计算并分析了定向水平井气相流场规律；研究了定向水平井污染物运移去除模型及其有限差求解分法,分析了去污影响因素；研究了土壤环境治理定向水平井地下抽提系统的设计方法,给出了设计原则和增强技术及使用适应性。
本文的研究成果为土壤调查水平井钻进取样提供了一套解决技术方案,为土壤环境治理气相抽取法(SVE)、空气注射法(AS)、生物通风法(BV)等提供了一套完整的定向水平井完井与成井施工技术解决方案。本论文研究成果填补了我国水平定向钻进技术在土壤环境监测与治理中应用研究方面的空白。
Contaminated soil is very harmful to humans, not only influences crop growing, and also impact humans health through vegetable and its production, and produces multilayer harm of humans being survival environment through underground water and infectant movement. Horizontal Directional drilling (HDD) can be used in survey, measurement, remediation and supervising, enhance technology level of soil environmental remediation and supervising.
Application of HDD to soil environmental remediation is constructing horizontal directional well using HDD for soil environmental supervising remediation, including soil environmental survey sampling, inspecting while drilling, remediation etc.
Western developed nations,'just like America begin research on soil environmental sampling (HDDS), measuring while drilling (EMWD), supervising, remediation of soil vacuum extraction (SVE), biology vent (BV), air sparing (AS) etc. using guide/horizontal directional drilling technology, in 90 age last century.
In the view of introduce of Current situation and development foreground of HDD technology and soil environmental remediation technology, soil environmental survey, supervising and remediation technology using HDD, and application of HDD to soil environmental survey, supervising and remediation, research content has been put forward in the paper.
The paper had carried out research on soil environmental HDD sampling, developing and completing of remediation horizontal direction well, flow field model of soil gas and vapor stripping of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of SVE using horizontal direction well, and its field experimentation. These research achievements of the paper as follows:
(1) Sampling Technology Using HDD
Key problem of sampling using HDD is that sampling tool enters original guide hole, and gets sample of destine position. From guide principle, the paper has carried through force analysis sampling using HDD. In order to sampling tool enter original track of guide hole, curvature radius of sampling hole trajectory is greater than 3 times of curvature radius of guide hole trajectory,sampling tool is not suitable to long, at sometime, sampling tools is tripped in using guide technics, state parameters of drilling tool is measured while tripping. According as mechanics analysis result of guide drilling, the paper has designed guide bit structure, drilling tool structure and assembly of drill tool of sampling using HDD. The sampling technology using HDD has provided a suit of available technical solution for sampling underground soil where are bar (building, river etc.) in the earth's surface.
(2) Developing Technology of Horizontal Directional Well
On basis of surface condition and soil contamination distributing, that horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation reasonably choose blind well developing or continuous well developing has been analyzed in the paper. Underground pipeline assembly, continuous well:riser (grout pipe, inflate pipe etc.)+ packer (gas inflate packer, bowl shape packer)+ screen pipe+ packer+ riser, blind well:riser (grout pipe, inflate pipe etc.)+ packer (gas inflate packer, bowl shape packer)+ screen pipe+ guide head, has been designed and manufactured. According to technical demand of soil remediation, gas inflate packer and bowl shape packer has been designed and manufactured in the paper. Applying theory mechanics and soil mechanics, thrust force of blind well installing pipeline had been calculated and analyzed, construction technology and adaptability of blind well had been studied, construction technology and optimizing method of blind well developing has been given out.
Applying theory mechanics and soil mechanics, back drag force of continuous well installing pipeline had been calculated and analyzed, construction technology and adaptability of continuous well had been researched, construction technology and optimizing method of continuous well developing has been provided. On the basis of Environmental demand of soil remediation, a kind of environmental mud system suitable for drilling horizontal directional well of soil remediation:water+3-5% synthetic sodium clay + 0.3%-0.6 GSP-2+0.4-0.6% GLUB+ or HPT-1+ or lost circulation additive has been studied and given out. The well developing technology has provided a suit of available technical solution for developing of horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation.
(3) Completing Technology of Horizontal Directional Well
According to structure of horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation, the paper has studied insulation mechanism of packer, analyzed working mechanism of gas inflate packer and bowl shape packer, and designed insulating construction technology of them. referring to well cementation of conventional drilling technology, cementing of horizontal directional well, pressure balance cementing and cementing technology have been researched, cementing materials has been chosen, grouting design has been given out. Refer to the technics of washover principle of water well, washover principle and technology of horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation has been studied and resigned; refer to fracture technology of petroleum drilling engineering, fracture media and technics, wellhead installing structure of the horizontal directional well have been preliminarily resigned. The completing technology has provided a suit of available technical solution for completing of horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation.
(4) Research on Horizontal Directional Well Disposing
The paper takes Soil Vacuum Extraction for example, provides flow field model and (VOCs) movement model of soil environmental remediation SVE;sets up flow field model of horizontal directional well, gives finite difference solution method, calculates and analyses flow field rule; study VOCs movement model and finite difference solution method, analyses influence factor of VOCs removing; analyses design method of horizontal directional well of SVE, givs design principle, its enhancing technology and adaptability.
These research achievements in the paper has provided technology scheme for horizontal directional drilling sampling, and horizontal directional well developing & completing of SVE, AS, BV etc in soil environmental remediation, fill the gap of application of HDD to soil environmental remediation in our country.
水平定向钻进技术在土壤环境监测与治理中的应用是指采用水平定向钻进技术施工水平定向井应用于土壤环境监测和治理,主要包括：土壤环境调查取样、土壤环境随钻检测、土壤环境解污治理等。美国等西方少数国家在上世纪九十年代初就开始研发采用导向／水平定向钻进技术钻进定向水平井进行土壤水平取样(HDDS)、定向水平井随钻环境检测(EMWD)、水平井土壤环境监测、水平井土壤气相抽取法(SVE)、生物通风法(BV)和空气注射法(AS)等土壤环境治理技术。
本文总结概述了非开挖水平定向钻进技术、土壤环境治理技术的现状与发展前景;介绍了水平定向钻进技术在土壤环境调查、监测与治理中的应用情况,以及定向水平井土壤环境调查、监测、预防与治理技术的现状和发展前景；结合国内外土壤环境调查、监测与治理技术现状,提出了本文的研究内容。本文主要研究了水平定向钻进取样技术、土壤环境治理定向水平井成井和完井工艺、定向水平井土壤气相抽提去污的气相抽提流场和污染物运移去除模型,并对相关技术进行了现场试验研究。通过本文研究,主要取得以下研究成果：
(1)水平定向钻进土壤环境取样技术
水平定向钻进取样的主要难题是如何保证取样钻具沿原导向孔准确入位,取到预定位置的原样。本文从导向原理上,对水平定向取样钻进进行了力学分析,为保证取样钻进下入钻具时钻孔轨迹不变,取样钻进钻孔轨迹的曲率半径宜大于全面导向钻进最小曲率半径的3倍,取样钻具不宜太长,同时下入钻具时要采用导向工艺,随时检测钻具的状态参数。依据取样导向钻进力学分析结果,设计了水平定向钻进取样钻具的导向钻头结构、钻具结构及其组合。该水平定向钻进取样技术为地表有障碍物时(建筑物、河流等)土壤环境调查取样提供了一套有效的解决技术方案。
(2)土壤环境治理水平定向井成井技术
本文分析了依据水平定向井成井的地表条件和土壤污染物分布合理选用通孔成孔工艺还是盲孔成孔工艺；设计试制了土壤环境治理水平定向井的地下管线总成,通孔为：通气管(附属注气管、注浆管等)+封隔器(膨胀封隔器、碗封封隔器等)+筛管+封隔器+通孔管,盲孔管线总成为：通气管(附属注气管、注浆管等)+封隔器(膨胀封隔器、碗封封隔器等)+筛管+铺管导向头；根据土壤环境治理的工艺要求,设计并试制了两种封隔器：膨胀封隔器和碗封封隔器；研究了盲孔定向水平井的施工工艺,采用理论力学和土力学计算分析了正推铺管施工的正推力,分析了盲孔成井工艺的适应性,设计了盲孔施工工艺和优化的途径；研究了通孔定向水平井的施工工艺,采用理论力学和土力学计算分析了回拖铺管施工的回拖力,分析了通孔成井工艺的适应性,设计了通孔施工工艺和优化的途径；依据土壤环境治理施工对环境的要求,研究了一种适合土壤环境水平井钻进的环保泥浆体系(EPMS):淡水+3-5%人工钠土+0.3%-0.6GSP-2+0.4-0.6%GLUB+或HPT-1+或堵漏剂。该成井技术为土壤环境水平定向钻进提供了一整套技术方案。
(3)土壤环境治理水平定向井完井技术
本文依据土壤环境治理定向水平井的结构,研究了定向水平井的封隔器封隔的机理,分析了膨胀封隔和碗蝶封隔的作用机理及设计了膨胀封隔器和碗蝶封隔器的封隔施工工艺；参考常规钻探固井技术,研究了定向水平井的固井技术,优选了固井泥浆材料,给出了注浆固井的设计,分析了固井注浆的压力平衡原理和施工工艺；参考各种水井洗井工艺原理,研究设计了土壤环境治理定向水平井的洗井工作原理,提出了定向水平井的洗井施工工艺；参考石油钻井的压裂技术,初步设计了定向水平井的压裂介质和施工工艺；初步设计了定向水平井的完井井口安装结构。该完井技术为土壤环境治理定向水平井完井提供了一整套技术方案。
(4)土壤环境治理水平定向井布置研究
本文以土壤气相抽提法(SVE)为例,给出了土壤环境气相抽提法治理技术的气相流场模型和污染物运移去除模型；建立了定向水平井气相流场模型,给出了模型的有限差分法求解方法,计算并分析了定向水平井气相流场规律；研究了定向水平井污染物运移去除模型及其有限差求解分法,分析了去污影响因素；研究了土壤环境治理定向水平井地下抽提系统的设计方法,给出了设计原则和增强技术及使用适应性。
本文的研究成果为土壤调查水平井钻进取样提供了一套解决技术方案,为土壤环境治理气相抽取法(SVE)、空气注射法(AS)、生物通风法(BV)等提供了一套完整的定向水平井完井与成井施工技术解决方案。本论文研究成果填补了我国水平定向钻进技术在土壤环境监测与治理中应用研究方面的空白。
Contaminated soil is very harmful to humans, not only influences crop growing, and also impact humans health through vegetable and its production, and produces multilayer harm of humans being survival environment through underground water and infectant movement. Horizontal Directional drilling (HDD) can be used in survey, measurement, remediation and supervising, enhance technology level of soil environmental remediation and supervising.
Application of HDD to soil environmental remediation is constructing horizontal directional well using HDD for soil environmental supervising remediation, including soil environmental survey sampling, inspecting while drilling, remediation etc.
Western developed nations,'just like America begin research on soil environmental sampling (HDDS), measuring while drilling (EMWD), supervising, remediation of soil vacuum extraction (SVE), biology vent (BV), air sparing (AS) etc. using guide/horizontal directional drilling technology, in 90 age last century.
In the view of introduce of Current situation and development foreground of HDD technology and soil environmental remediation technology, soil environmental survey, supervising and remediation technology using HDD, and application of HDD to soil environmental survey, supervising and remediation, research content has been put forward in the paper.
The paper had carried out research on soil environmental HDD sampling, developing and completing of remediation horizontal direction well, flow field model of soil gas and vapor stripping of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of SVE using horizontal direction well, and its field experimentation. These research achievements of the paper as follows:
(1) Sampling Technology Using HDD
Key problem of sampling using HDD is that sampling tool enters original guide hole, and gets sample of destine position. From guide principle, the paper has carried through force analysis sampling using HDD. In order to sampling tool enter original track of guide hole, curvature radius of sampling hole trajectory is greater than 3 times of curvature radius of guide hole trajectory,sampling tool is not suitable to long, at sometime, sampling tools is tripped in using guide technics, state parameters of drilling tool is measured while tripping. According as mechanics analysis result of guide drilling, the paper has designed guide bit structure, drilling tool structure and assembly of drill tool of sampling using HDD. The sampling technology using HDD has provided a suit of available technical solution for sampling underground soil where are bar (building, river etc.) in the earth's surface.
(2) Developing Technology of Horizontal Directional Well
On basis of surface condition and soil contamination distributing, that horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation reasonably choose blind well developing or continuous well developing has been analyzed in the paper. Underground pipeline assembly, continuous well:riser (grout pipe, inflate pipe etc.)+ packer (gas inflate packer, bowl shape packer)+ screen pipe+ packer+ riser, blind well:riser (grout pipe, inflate pipe etc.)+ packer (gas inflate packer, bowl shape packer)+ screen pipe+ guide head, has been designed and manufactured. According to technical demand of soil remediation, gas inflate packer and bowl shape packer has been designed and manufactured in the paper. Applying theory mechanics and soil mechanics, thrust force of blind well installing pipeline had been calculated and analyzed, construction technology and adaptability of blind well had been studied, construction technology and optimizing method of blind well developing has been given out.
Applying theory mechanics and soil mechanics, back drag force of continuous well installing pipeline had been calculated and analyzed, construction technology and adaptability of continuous well had been researched, construction technology and optimizing method of continuous well developing has been provided. On the basis of Environmental demand of soil remediation, a kind of environmental mud system suitable for drilling horizontal directional well of soil remediation:water+3-5% synthetic sodium clay + 0.3%-0.6 GSP-2+0.4-0.6% GLUB+ or HPT-1+ or lost circulation additive has been studied and given out. The well developing technology has provided a suit of available technical solution for developing of horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation.
(3) Completing Technology of Horizontal Directional Well
According to structure of horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation, the paper has studied insulation mechanism of packer, analyzed working mechanism of gas inflate packer and bowl shape packer, and designed insulating construction technology of them. referring to well cementation of conventional drilling technology, cementing of horizontal directional well, pressure balance cementing and cementing technology have been researched, cementing materials has been chosen, grouting design has been given out. Refer to the technics of washover principle of water well, washover principle and technology of horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation has been studied and resigned; refer to fracture technology of petroleum drilling engineering, fracture media and technics, wellhead installing structure of the horizontal directional well have been preliminarily resigned. The completing technology has provided a suit of available technical solution for completing of horizontal directional well of soil environmental remediation.
(4) Research on Horizontal Directional Well Disposing
The paper takes Soil Vacuum Extraction for example, provides flow field model and (VOCs) movement model of soil environmental remediation SVE;sets up flow field model of horizontal directional well, gives finite difference solution method, calculates and analyses flow field rule; study VOCs movement model and finite difference solution method, analyses influence factor of VOCs removing; analyses design method of horizontal directional well of SVE, givs design principle, its enhancing technology and adaptability.
These research achievements in the paper has provided technology scheme for horizontal directional drilling sampling, and horizontal directional well developing & completing of SVE, AS, BV etc in soil environmental remediation, fill the gap of application of HDD to soil environmental remediation in our country.
引文
[1]叶建良,蒋国盛,窦斌.非开挖铺设地下管线施工技术与实践.武汉：中国地质大学出版社：2000：
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