基于微纳光纤的原子囚禁和类EIT效应的研究
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摘要
纳米光子学近年来得到广泛关注,尤其是微纳光纤在通信、传感等领域实现的新器件和新应用引起了人们的兴趣。利用微纳光纤的优异性能,实现量子光学中的一些应用,如原子的引导与囚禁、类EIT效应等,是本论文所展开的研究工作的出发点。本学位论文介绍了以下几个方面的工作:
首先,综述了激光冷却与囚禁原子、分子的研究历史及发展过程,介绍了国内外的研究现状和最新成果,展望了原子的激光冷却与囚禁技术的应用前景。叙述了激光冷却与囚禁中性原子的相关原理,介绍了一些激光冷却与囚禁中性原子的常用实验方法。
之后,本文中提出了一种基于平面光波导和光纤,利用不同横模产生倏逝场形成原子波导和一维光学晶格的方案。在光波导中引入红失谐光和蓝失谐光,两者远离共振频率。使用一个Mach-Zehnder的干涉仪可以实现对原子波导和一维光学晶格势能的转换,用来精确控制模式的转换。这提供了一种新的途径更加方便实现原子在引导和囚禁状态之间的转换。在此基础上,我们设计了一种基于微纳光纤,利用微纳光纤不同横模产生的双色倏逝场形成原子波导和一维光学晶格的方案。
最后,我们展开了利用微纳光纤实现另一种量子效应—电磁诱导透明(EIT)效应光学模拟的研究。微纳光纤环形谐振腔具有很好的谐振特性,将两个环形谐振腔耦合起来能够完全模拟电磁诱导透明等效应。首先,我们建立了利用耦合的微纳光纤环形谐振类实现类EIT效应的理论模型,并且进行了计算分析,而后在实验中实现了两个微纳光纤扭结光学谐振腔的耦合,并且观察到了类EIT效应。
Nano-Photonics have received widespread attention in recent years. Especially the new devices and new applications of micro/nano-fiber optic communications, sensing and other areas have been an increasing interest. Using micro/nano-fiber excellent performance to realize some applications in quantum optics, for example trapping and guiding of atoms and EIT-like effect, are the main contents of this thesis. The main contents of this thesis are as follow:
Firstly, an overview of the history and development of laser cooling and trapping of cold atoms are provided, and the current research situation and updated achievements in China and abroad are reviewed. The application prospects of laser cooling and trapping of cold atoms are predicted. Principle of laser cooling and trapping of atoms as well as techniques used in laser cooling and trapping are described.
Secondly, a two-color scheme of atom guides and 1D optical lattices using evanescent wave fields of different transverse modes with optical planar waveguides and fibers is proposed. The optical waveguide carries a red-detuned light and a blue-detuned light, with both modes far from resonance. The atom guide and 1D optical lattice potentials can be transformed to each other by using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to accurately control mode transformation. This might provide a new approach to realize flexible transition between the guiding and trapping states of atoms. On the basis we propose a two-color scheme of atom guides and 1D optical lattices using evanescent wave fields of different transverse modes around an optical micro/nano-fiber.
Finally, we research another optical effect, the optical analogy of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect, by using micro/nano-fibers. Due to the excellent resonating characteristic of micro/nano-fiber ring knot optical resonator, the optical analogy of EIT can be realized by using the two coupling micro/nano-fiber knot ring resonators. We establish a calculation model of EIT-like effect, and make some theoretical analysis. Then we experimentally realize the two coupling of the micro/nano-fiber knot ring resonators, and observe the EIT-like effects.
首先,综述了激光冷却与囚禁原子、分子的研究历史及发展过程,介绍了国内外的研究现状和最新成果,展望了原子的激光冷却与囚禁技术的应用前景。叙述了激光冷却与囚禁中性原子的相关原理,介绍了一些激光冷却与囚禁中性原子的常用实验方法。
之后,本文中提出了一种基于平面光波导和光纤,利用不同横模产生倏逝场形成原子波导和一维光学晶格的方案。在光波导中引入红失谐光和蓝失谐光,两者远离共振频率。使用一个Mach-Zehnder的干涉仪可以实现对原子波导和一维光学晶格势能的转换,用来精确控制模式的转换。这提供了一种新的途径更加方便实现原子在引导和囚禁状态之间的转换。在此基础上,我们设计了一种基于微纳光纤,利用微纳光纤不同横模产生的双色倏逝场形成原子波导和一维光学晶格的方案。
最后,我们展开了利用微纳光纤实现另一种量子效应—电磁诱导透明(EIT)效应光学模拟的研究。微纳光纤环形谐振腔具有很好的谐振特性,将两个环形谐振腔耦合起来能够完全模拟电磁诱导透明等效应。首先,我们建立了利用耦合的微纳光纤环形谐振类实现类EIT效应的理论模型,并且进行了计算分析,而后在实验中实现了两个微纳光纤扭结光学谐振腔的耦合,并且观察到了类EIT效应。
Nano-Photonics have received widespread attention in recent years. Especially the new devices and new applications of micro/nano-fiber optic communications, sensing and other areas have been an increasing interest. Using micro/nano-fiber excellent performance to realize some applications in quantum optics, for example trapping and guiding of atoms and EIT-like effect, are the main contents of this thesis. The main contents of this thesis are as follow:
Firstly, an overview of the history and development of laser cooling and trapping of cold atoms are provided, and the current research situation and updated achievements in China and abroad are reviewed. The application prospects of laser cooling and trapping of cold atoms are predicted. Principle of laser cooling and trapping of atoms as well as techniques used in laser cooling and trapping are described.
Secondly, a two-color scheme of atom guides and 1D optical lattices using evanescent wave fields of different transverse modes with optical planar waveguides and fibers is proposed. The optical waveguide carries a red-detuned light and a blue-detuned light, with both modes far from resonance. The atom guide and 1D optical lattice potentials can be transformed to each other by using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to accurately control mode transformation. This might provide a new approach to realize flexible transition between the guiding and trapping states of atoms. On the basis we propose a two-color scheme of atom guides and 1D optical lattices using evanescent wave fields of different transverse modes around an optical micro/nano-fiber.
Finally, we research another optical effect, the optical analogy of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect, by using micro/nano-fibers. Due to the excellent resonating characteristic of micro/nano-fiber ring knot optical resonator, the optical analogy of EIT can be realized by using the two coupling micro/nano-fiber knot ring resonators. We establish a calculation model of EIT-like effect, and make some theoretical analysis. Then we experimentally realize the two coupling of the micro/nano-fiber knot ring resonators, and observe the EIT-like effects.
引文
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[2]C.S.Adams,M.S.a.J.M.,"Atom optics ",Physics Reports,1994(240),(3):143-210.
[3]Monroe,C.,"Quantum information processing with atoms and photons",Nature,2002(416):238.
[4]R.W.Fox,S.L.G.,L.Hollberg,et al."Optical probing of cold trapped atoms",Opt.Lett.,1993(18):1456.
[5]A Peters,K.C.,S Chu."High-precision gravity measurements using atom interferometry",Metrologia,2001(38):25-61.
[6]M.Kohl,e.a.,"Fermionic Atoms in a Three Dimensional Optical Lattice:Observing Fermi Surfaces,Dynamics,and Interactions",Phys.Rev.Lett.,2005(94):080403.
[7]."BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR:Areas to Watch in 2007",Science,2006(314):1854-1855.
[8]RW Boyd,D.G.,"Photonics:Transparency on an optical chip ",Nature,2006(441):701.
[9]王义道.原子的激光冷却与陷俘.北京:北京大学出版社.2D07
[10]S.Chu,e.a.,Laser Spectroscopy Ⅷ.New York:Springer-Verlag.1987
[11]K.-A.Suominen,K.B.,ES.Julienne."Role of off-resonant excitation in cold collisions in a strong laser field",Phys.Rev.A,1996(53):1220.
[12]H.R.Thorshim,J.W.,ES.Julienne."Laser-induced photoassociation of ultracold sodium atoms",Phys.Rev.Lett.,1987(58),(2420).
[13]M.A.Kasevich,E.Riis.,S.Chu,and R.G.DeVoe."rf spectroscopy in an atomic fountain ",Phys.Rev.Lett.,1989(63):612.
[14]周士康,詹明生.“原子物质波干涉”,量子电子学,1993(10):97-102.
[15] M.Morinaga, M.Y., T.Kishimoto,and F.Shimizu."Holographic manipulation of a cold atomic beam", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1996 (77): 802.
[16] P.S.Jessen, a.I.H.D.,"Optical lattices", Adv.At.Mol.Opt.Phys., 1994 (37): 95.
[17] M.H.Anderson, J.R.E., M.R.Matthews, C.E.Wieman, and E.A.Cornell. "Observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor", Science, 1995 (269): 198.
[18] C.CBradley, C.A.S., J.J.Tollett,et al.,"Evidence of Bose-Eintein condensation in an atomic gas with attractive interactions", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1995 (75): 1687.
[19] B.Davis, M.-O.M., M.R.Andrews,N.J.van Druten,D.S.Durfee,D.M.Kurn,and W.Ketterle. "Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1995 (75): 3969.
[20] T.Takekoshi, B.M.P., and R.J.Knize."Observation of optically trapped cold Cesium molecules", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1998 (81): 5105.
[21] C.Monroe, D.M.M., B.E.King,et al.,"Demonstration of a fundamental quantum logic gate", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1995 (75): 4714.
[22] A.P.Kazantsev, V.S.S., GI.Surdutovich,et al.,"Kinetic phenomena of atomic motion in a light field", J.Opt.Soc.Am.B, 1985 (2): 1731.
[23] A.Ashkin, J.P.Ga.,"Motion of atoms in a radiation field", Phys.Rev.A., 1980 (21): 1606.
[24] A.Ashkin, a.J.P.G,"Stability of radiation-pressure particle traps:a optical Earnshaw theorem", Opt.Lett, 1983 (8): 511.
[25] A.Ashkin."Stable radiation-pressure particle traps using alternating light beams", Opt.Lett, 1984 (9): 454.
[26] D.E.Pritchard, e.a.,"Light traps using spontaneous forces", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1985 (57): 310.
[27] V.Letokhov."Narrowing of the Doppler width in a standing light wave", JETP Lett., 1968 (7): 272.
[28] S.Chu."Experimental observation of optically trapped atoms", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1986 (57): 314.
[29] A.Ashkin."Trapping of atoms by resonance radiation pressure", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1978 (40): 729.
[30] E.Raab, M.P., A.Cable,S.Chu,and D.Pritchard.'Trapping of netral sodium atoms with radiation pressure", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1987 (59): 2631.
[31] A.Aspect."Cooling atoms with stimulated emission", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1986 (57): 1688.
[32] P.L.Gould, P.D.L., P.S.Julienne."Observation of associative ionization of ultracold laser-trapped sodium atoms", Phys.Rev.Lett., 1988 (60): 788.
[33] Ol'shanii, M.A.,"Atomic interferometry", Laser Physics, 1994 (4),(5): 995-1010.
[34] Donatella Cassettari, B.H., Ron Folman, Thomas Maier, and Jorg Schmiedmayer."Beam Splitter for Guided Atoms", Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000 (85): 5483 - 5487.
[35] Dirk Müller, E.A.C., Marco Prevedelli, Peter D. D. Schwindt, Alex Zozulya, and Dana Z. Anderson."Waveguide atom beam splitter for laser-cooled neutral atoms", Optics Letters, 2000 (25),(18): 1382-1384.
[36] W. Hansel, J.R., P. Hommelhoff, and T. W. Hansch. "Magnetic Conveyor Belt for Transporting and Merging Trapped Atom Clouds", Phys. Rev. Lett., 2001 (86): 608-611.
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