三能级原子激光冷却、囚禁与操控的理论研究
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摘要
在过去的二十年中，中性原子的激光冷却、囚禁与操控的理论与实验研究得到了快速的发展。本文首先综述了中性原子的激光导引、囚禁与冷却研究的发展概况及其玻色—爱因斯坦凝聚实验的进展；其次，就“三能级原子的激光冷却、囚禁与操控”进行了深入系统的理论研究；最后，就本文的研究工作进行了总结，并就本课题的未来研究进行了展望。
本文利用缀饰原子方法，得到了Λ型三能级原子与激光场相互作用的一般解析解，它包括本征值、本征态和光学势等。对~(87)Rb原子，当光强I＜2.5×10~6W／m~2时，本文得到的一般解析解对任意失谐都成立，它是到目前为止最精确的解析表达式。在小饱和参数近似下，这些一般解析解可简化为一些文献中的近似表达式。我们的研究发现缀饰三能级原子的光学势和偶极力具有一对失谐非共振峰，自发辐射率具有一对失谐共振峰。我们还发现自发辐射率和耗散力在小失谐条件下具有强度饱和效应。利用有效摩擦系数，我们发现偶极梯度力可用于实现三能级原子的蓝失谐激光Sisyphus冷却。
本文利用基于原子密度矩阵的光学布拉赫方程得到了Λ型三能级原子在单频率光场中所受平均耗散力和偶极力的一般解析表达式。我们发现三能级原子的平均耗散力具有频率共振特性(有两个共振峰)，而三能级原子的平均偶极力具有频率非共振特性(有两个非共振峰)。在大失谐近似下，平均耗散力和偶极力的表达式都可以简化为由二能级原子得到的表达式。两相对传输的高阶贝塞耳光束可以分别在轴向和弧向形成一维光学粘胶，从而实现原子在轴向和弧向的多普勒冷却。弧向多普勒冷却可看作是轴向多普勒冷却的一个补充，并且轨道角动量量子数越大或原子运动的平均径向距离越小，弧向多普勒冷却效果越明显。
本文提出了一种采用空心金属波导中蓝失谐TE_(01)模实现冷原子(或分子)激光导引的方案。TE_(01)模是一种环状的空心模式，条件匹配时，其最大耦合效率可以达到96.7％。当输入激光功率为0.5mW，失谐为3 GHz时，原子直线导引效率可达到98％。对较小的曲率半径，只要入射激光功率足够大，原子导引效率也可以达到一个很大的值。在TE_(01)模中，导引原子的背景热碰撞损失、自发辐射加热和非绝热跃迁损失都可以忽略不计。本文还讨论了超冷原子在空心金属波导TE_(01)模中的量子运动及相干传输等问题。当入射角θ＜5°时，并且当BEC原子
In last two decades, the theoretical and experimental study on laser cooling, trapping, manipulating and controlling of neutral atoms has obtained many fast development and important progress. In this thesis, the general situation and recent progress on laser cooling, trapping and guiding of neutral atoms and experiments of Bose-Einstein Condensate have been first briefly introduced and reviewed. Afterwards, laser cooling, trapping, manipulating and controlling of three-level atoms are studied in detail theoretically. In final, our research work is summarized and the future investigation is briefly looked ahead.
Using the dressed-atom approach, the general analytic expressions of eigenenergies, eigenstates and their optical potentials of a A -configuration three-level atom system in a linearly-polarized laser light are derived. The derived general expressions on the optical potentials are valid for any laser detuning and the resulting maximum relative error is only ~ 3% as I≤2.5×10~6 W/m~2, which have been the most exact solutions for a three-level atomic system so far. The general expressions for the three-level dressed atom can be reduced as the same as the results in relative references under the approximation of a small saturation parameter.
The general expressions of the average dissipative and dipole forces acting on a A -configuration three-level atom in an arbitrary light field are derived by means of the optical Bloch equations based on the atomic density matrix elements. There are a resonant property of the dissipative force and a non-resonant property of the dipole force on the three-level atom. There is a saturation effect of the average dissipative force in the high order Bessel beam (HBB). The Doppler limit of atoms in the molasses HBB is slightly below the conventional Doppler limit of hΓ/2k_B due to the orbital angular momentum lh of the HBB.
We propose a new scheme to guide cold atoms using a blue-detuned TE_(01) mode in a hollow metallic waveguide (HMW), where the TE_(01) mode is a doughnut mode and has a maximum coupling efficiency of 96.7%. When the input laser power is 0.5 Wand its detuning is 3 GHz, the guiding efficiency of cold atoms in the straight HMW can reach 98%, and it will be almost unchanged with the middle bending of the HMW. The losses of the guided atoms in the HMW are very small, even can be
本文利用缀饰原子方法，得到了Λ型三能级原子与激光场相互作用的一般解析解，它包括本征值、本征态和光学势等。对~(87)Rb原子，当光强I＜2.5×10~6W／m~2时，本文得到的一般解析解对任意失谐都成立，它是到目前为止最精确的解析表达式。在小饱和参数近似下，这些一般解析解可简化为一些文献中的近似表达式。我们的研究发现缀饰三能级原子的光学势和偶极力具有一对失谐非共振峰，自发辐射率具有一对失谐共振峰。我们还发现自发辐射率和耗散力在小失谐条件下具有强度饱和效应。利用有效摩擦系数，我们发现偶极梯度力可用于实现三能级原子的蓝失谐激光Sisyphus冷却。
本文利用基于原子密度矩阵的光学布拉赫方程得到了Λ型三能级原子在单频率光场中所受平均耗散力和偶极力的一般解析表达式。我们发现三能级原子的平均耗散力具有频率共振特性(有两个共振峰)，而三能级原子的平均偶极力具有频率非共振特性(有两个非共振峰)。在大失谐近似下，平均耗散力和偶极力的表达式都可以简化为由二能级原子得到的表达式。两相对传输的高阶贝塞耳光束可以分别在轴向和弧向形成一维光学粘胶，从而实现原子在轴向和弧向的多普勒冷却。弧向多普勒冷却可看作是轴向多普勒冷却的一个补充，并且轨道角动量量子数越大或原子运动的平均径向距离越小，弧向多普勒冷却效果越明显。
本文提出了一种采用空心金属波导中蓝失谐TE_(01)模实现冷原子(或分子)激光导引的方案。TE_(01)模是一种环状的空心模式，条件匹配时，其最大耦合效率可以达到96.7％。当输入激光功率为0.5mW，失谐为3 GHz时，原子直线导引效率可达到98％。对较小的曲率半径，只要入射激光功率足够大，原子导引效率也可以达到一个很大的值。在TE_(01)模中，导引原子的背景热碰撞损失、自发辐射加热和非绝热跃迁损失都可以忽略不计。本文还讨论了超冷原子在空心金属波导TE_(01)模中的量子运动及相干传输等问题。当入射角θ＜5°时，并且当BEC原子
In last two decades, the theoretical and experimental study on laser cooling, trapping, manipulating and controlling of neutral atoms has obtained many fast development and important progress. In this thesis, the general situation and recent progress on laser cooling, trapping and guiding of neutral atoms and experiments of Bose-Einstein Condensate have been first briefly introduced and reviewed. Afterwards, laser cooling, trapping, manipulating and controlling of three-level atoms are studied in detail theoretically. In final, our research work is summarized and the future investigation is briefly looked ahead.
Using the dressed-atom approach, the general analytic expressions of eigenenergies, eigenstates and their optical potentials of a A -configuration three-level atom system in a linearly-polarized laser light are derived. The derived general expressions on the optical potentials are valid for any laser detuning and the resulting maximum relative error is only ~ 3% as I≤2.5×10~6 W/m~2, which have been the most exact solutions for a three-level atomic system so far. The general expressions for the three-level dressed atom can be reduced as the same as the results in relative references under the approximation of a small saturation parameter.
The general expressions of the average dissipative and dipole forces acting on a A -configuration three-level atom in an arbitrary light field are derived by means of the optical Bloch equations based on the atomic density matrix elements. There are a resonant property of the dissipative force and a non-resonant property of the dipole force on the three-level atom. There is a saturation effect of the average dissipative force in the high order Bessel beam (HBB). The Doppler limit of atoms in the molasses HBB is slightly below the conventional Doppler limit of hΓ/2k_B due to the orbital angular momentum lh of the HBB.
We propose a new scheme to guide cold atoms using a blue-detuned TE_(01) mode in a hollow metallic waveguide (HMW), where the TE_(01) mode is a doughnut mode and has a maximum coupling efficiency of 96.7%. When the input laser power is 0.5 Wand its detuning is 3 GHz, the guiding efficiency of cold atoms in the straight HMW can reach 98%, and it will be almost unchanged with the middle bending of the HMW. The losses of the guided atoms in the HMW are very small, even can be
引文
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