华东地区连栋塑料温室夏季降温措施研究
摘要
塑料温室是我国主要的园艺设施类型，自五十年代引进应用以来已取得了显著的社会效益和经济效益。但是由于温室效应的存在，导致了夏季温室内的气温高达40℃以上，这大大超出了大多数经济作物所需的上限温度值(35℃)，严重破坏了温室作物适宜的生长环境，降低了温室的周年使用率，引起了城市的蔬菜供应“秋荒”，从而减少了农户的经济利益，造成了温室在夏季被抛荒的现象，形成了资源的浪费。因此如何防止温室内夏季高温，即如何把夏季温室内的温度控制在作物适宜的生长范围之内(28℃—32℃)，已成为一个社会迫需解决的问题。
正是基于上述原因，国内许多科技工作者对此进行了深入的研究，并作出了一定的科技成果，发明了各具特色的温室降温措施。其中具有代表性的是：
(1) 80年代北京农业工程大学根据我国北方的气候条件研制而成的湿帘一风机降温系统，降温效果好，设计合理，并在北方地区得到大面积推广；
(2) 中国农业大学马承伟的沸腾炉式集中雾化降温系统，设计新颖，效果佳；
(3) 高压喷雾排风系统，投资少，效果好；
(4) 浙江大学农业生物环境和能源工程研究所苗香雯教授首创的喷雾水膜降温系统，节水节能，降温效果明显；
(5) 采用温室内外遮阳网降温，不会增湿效果好。
然而上述每一种降温系统都不可避免地存在其自身的不足之处:
(1)中投资大，耗能多，运行成本高，湿帘材料易受损:
(2)中室内温度分布不均匀，投资成本高;
(3)中降温效果易受喷头，喷雾量，水头差等参数影响
(4)中降温效果易受喷水压力影响，也易造成增湿现象;
(5)中遮荫系统会减弱温室的有效生理辐射，使某些特殊作物的光照得不
到满足。
因此目前国内明显缺乏一种既经济(节水节能)，又强效果，且不增湿的夏
季温室降温系统。针对上述现状，本文首先积极研究国内所有的温室降温技
术;其次认真分析了温室的热环境理论，并且根据该理论着力去研究和发展
一种适合华东地区的高效，经济，简易的组合降温系统:最后，通过具体的
温室夏季(7月中旬—8月中旬)降温试验，得出了有关温室降温的一些
有用的结论。
1.在研究已有温室降温技术方面，本文逐一分析了各种降温技术的降温
原理和降温效果，比较了它们的优缺点以及适宜使用的范围。并且进一步分
析了几种综合降温系统的结构参数，性能影响，初步得出了遮荫网上喷雾降
温是华东地区最适宜，最经济的实用降温系统。
2.在温室的热环境理论方面，本文初步阐述了“温室效应”的产生原理，
简单地提出了温室在白天和夜晚温室内的热量平衡方程，从理论上指导设计
温室降温方案，使试验具有针对性，科学性，减少试验的盲目性和随意性，
而且又仔细研究了温室内各部分的热量平衡方程，总结了整个温室主体的热
平衡方程，为试验综合降温系统提供了有力的科学理论根据。
)
3.在探索影响温室降温技术的降温效果的因素方面，本文设计了合理的
实验方案，分别研究了天气、时段、气候、遮阳网材料、喷雾压力、通风状
况等因素对温室降温效果的影响程度，得出了许多有益的结果，给温室降温
的具体应用提供了一定的依据。
4.在比较各种单独降温技术的降温效果方面，本文首此设计了通过试验
温室和对照温室来比较遮荫和喷雾等降温方法的降温效果，确定了三个衡量
降温效果的指标(温室内外空气的温度差，试验和对照温室内的温度差，试
验温室内降温效率)，并利用它们去处理所得的实验数据。结果表明喷雾法
降温明显，降温快，但易增湿;遮荫法降温好，不易增湿，但降温慢，降温
幅度不均匀。
5.在摸索遮阳网上喷雾的组合降温系统的降温效果方面，本文合理地
选择可能会影响降温效果的有关参数(遮荫材料，遮荫方式，喷雾压力，顶
窗和侧窗的开启，喷雾的工作和间歇比等)，并且通过改变某一技术参数来
观察降温效果的变化，从而得出自然通风状况下，该系统要达到最大的降温
效果且又不增加湿度的理想运行参数。
6.理论分析和具体试验均表明华东地区较佳的组合降温系统应为外遮
荫一内遮荫一喷雾的三重组合降温系统，该系统具有投资少，见效快，易操
作，且和坏原有温室结构，对喷雾系统要求低，降温显著。同时，根据不
同时段，天气及时调整系统运行参数，达到既不增加温室内的下部作物区的
相对湿度，又使温室内的气温分布大体均匀，初步实现夏季温室降温的人工
调控化。
七尹
Plastic greenhouse is one of the main horticultural facilities ,and shows notable benefit both in social and economical aspects since introduced in 1950's. Hower, the environment inside greenhouse with high temperature leads to the fact of developing of plants distorted ,and the rate of annual use of greenhouse diseased ,and the lack of urban vegetable application, and the economical benefits of farmer dropped . Therefore, How to prevent the greenhouse from making high temperature is one of the important problems of agricultural produce .
On the basis of above , many scientists in china have completed deeply studies about it , obtained possible results, found a lots of methods of cooling greenhouse . For instance, (1) wet film-fan system by the agricultural university in Bei jing meeting climate condition in north china, which has the advantage of high efficiency, but has the weakness of high energy consumption . (2) Centralized spa ray cooling system by Ma Cheng Wei of agricultural university of china , which is good because of reasonable design , but with high cost .(3) Spraying water on the film underneath the glass of roof system by Miao Xiang Wen of Zhejiang University , which has advantages of high cooling efficiency and low cost ,but lower solar radiation is not good to plants growing .(4)Shading solar radiation inside or outside greenhouse system ,which can not increase relative humidity while cooling temperature ,but has the weakness of lower efficiency.
Therefore, there is lack of cooling system inside greenhouse which is not only economical but also high efficiency without over humidity in summer in china. With the view of the above condition ,the paper made the first try to study all demotic cooling methods inside greenhouse . The second try to analyze curiously the theory of thermal radiation environment, the thirst try to invent and
develop a economical cooling system in order to obtain notable cooling results with experiment.
In the aspect of study on found cooling systems , the paper analyzed cooling principal and efficiency of every system step by step , compared their advantage and weakness and used range , found that spraying fog on the screen in greenhouse is the best system meeting zhejiang region .
In the aspect of the theory of thermal environment , the paper illustrated the principal of high temperature inside greenhouse in the summer ,and set up the thermal balance equation of greenhouse in day and night, which provide theorily a direct t o cooling experiment.
In the aspect of the facts of effecting cooling result, reasonable experimental issue was designed based on study of effection of climate condition and time region and screen material and ventilation ,it shows that above facts all can effect cooling result.
In the aspect of study on cooling efficiency of single methods , the paper compared typical cooling systems with temperature difference between inside and outside greenhouse , and up-down inside greenhouse, and experimenting comparing greenhouse in summer , found that the temperature inside greenhouse was lower than outside greenhouse about 6 by spraying fog on the solar screen with lower relative humidity .
Both theory analysis and spot experiment demonstrated that spraying cooling on solar screen method had the advantage of lower
the inside air temperature noticeably while maintain the relative humidity under a reasonable lavel ,low requirement for spraying
system and a lven air temperature distribution inside greenhouse.
正是基于上述原因，国内许多科技工作者对此进行了深入的研究，并作出了一定的科技成果，发明了各具特色的温室降温措施。其中具有代表性的是：
(1) 80年代北京农业工程大学根据我国北方的气候条件研制而成的湿帘一风机降温系统，降温效果好，设计合理，并在北方地区得到大面积推广；
(2) 中国农业大学马承伟的沸腾炉式集中雾化降温系统，设计新颖，效果佳；
(3) 高压喷雾排风系统，投资少，效果好；
(4) 浙江大学农业生物环境和能源工程研究所苗香雯教授首创的喷雾水膜降温系统，节水节能，降温效果明显；
(5) 采用温室内外遮阳网降温，不会增湿效果好。
然而上述每一种降温系统都不可避免地存在其自身的不足之处:
(1)中投资大，耗能多，运行成本高，湿帘材料易受损:
(2)中室内温度分布不均匀，投资成本高;
(3)中降温效果易受喷头，喷雾量，水头差等参数影响
(4)中降温效果易受喷水压力影响，也易造成增湿现象;
(5)中遮荫系统会减弱温室的有效生理辐射，使某些特殊作物的光照得不
到满足。
因此目前国内明显缺乏一种既经济(节水节能)，又强效果，且不增湿的夏
季温室降温系统。针对上述现状，本文首先积极研究国内所有的温室降温技
术;其次认真分析了温室的热环境理论，并且根据该理论着力去研究和发展
一种适合华东地区的高效，经济，简易的组合降温系统:最后，通过具体的
温室夏季(7月中旬—8月中旬)降温试验，得出了有关温室降温的一些
有用的结论。
1.在研究已有温室降温技术方面，本文逐一分析了各种降温技术的降温
原理和降温效果，比较了它们的优缺点以及适宜使用的范围。并且进一步分
析了几种综合降温系统的结构参数，性能影响，初步得出了遮荫网上喷雾降
温是华东地区最适宜，最经济的实用降温系统。
2.在温室的热环境理论方面，本文初步阐述了“温室效应”的产生原理，
简单地提出了温室在白天和夜晚温室内的热量平衡方程，从理论上指导设计
温室降温方案，使试验具有针对性，科学性，减少试验的盲目性和随意性，
而且又仔细研究了温室内各部分的热量平衡方程，总结了整个温室主体的热
平衡方程，为试验综合降温系统提供了有力的科学理论根据。
)
3.在探索影响温室降温技术的降温效果的因素方面，本文设计了合理的
实验方案，分别研究了天气、时段、气候、遮阳网材料、喷雾压力、通风状
况等因素对温室降温效果的影响程度，得出了许多有益的结果，给温室降温
的具体应用提供了一定的依据。
4.在比较各种单独降温技术的降温效果方面，本文首此设计了通过试验
温室和对照温室来比较遮荫和喷雾等降温方法的降温效果，确定了三个衡量
降温效果的指标(温室内外空气的温度差，试验和对照温室内的温度差，试
验温室内降温效率)，并利用它们去处理所得的实验数据。结果表明喷雾法
降温明显，降温快，但易增湿;遮荫法降温好，不易增湿，但降温慢，降温
幅度不均匀。
5.在摸索遮阳网上喷雾的组合降温系统的降温效果方面，本文合理地
选择可能会影响降温效果的有关参数(遮荫材料，遮荫方式，喷雾压力，顶
窗和侧窗的开启，喷雾的工作和间歇比等)，并且通过改变某一技术参数来
观察降温效果的变化，从而得出自然通风状况下，该系统要达到最大的降温
效果且又不增加湿度的理想运行参数。
6.理论分析和具体试验均表明华东地区较佳的组合降温系统应为外遮
荫一内遮荫一喷雾的三重组合降温系统，该系统具有投资少，见效快，易操
作，且和坏原有温室结构，对喷雾系统要求低，降温显著。同时，根据不
同时段，天气及时调整系统运行参数，达到既不增加温室内的下部作物区的
相对湿度，又使温室内的气温分布大体均匀，初步实现夏季温室降温的人工
调控化。
七尹
Plastic greenhouse is one of the main horticultural facilities ,and shows notable benefit both in social and economical aspects since introduced in 1950's. Hower, the environment inside greenhouse with high temperature leads to the fact of developing of plants distorted ,and the rate of annual use of greenhouse diseased ,and the lack of urban vegetable application, and the economical benefits of farmer dropped . Therefore, How to prevent the greenhouse from making high temperature is one of the important problems of agricultural produce .
On the basis of above , many scientists in china have completed deeply studies about it , obtained possible results, found a lots of methods of cooling greenhouse . For instance, (1) wet film-fan system by the agricultural university in Bei jing meeting climate condition in north china, which has the advantage of high efficiency, but has the weakness of high energy consumption . (2) Centralized spa ray cooling system by Ma Cheng Wei of agricultural university of china , which is good because of reasonable design , but with high cost .(3) Spraying water on the film underneath the glass of roof system by Miao Xiang Wen of Zhejiang University , which has advantages of high cooling efficiency and low cost ,but lower solar radiation is not good to plants growing .(4)Shading solar radiation inside or outside greenhouse system ,which can not increase relative humidity while cooling temperature ,but has the weakness of lower efficiency.
Therefore, there is lack of cooling system inside greenhouse which is not only economical but also high efficiency without over humidity in summer in china. With the view of the above condition ,the paper made the first try to study all demotic cooling methods inside greenhouse . The second try to analyze curiously the theory of thermal radiation environment, the thirst try to invent and
develop a economical cooling system in order to obtain notable cooling results with experiment.
In the aspect of study on found cooling systems , the paper analyzed cooling principal and efficiency of every system step by step , compared their advantage and weakness and used range , found that spraying fog on the screen in greenhouse is the best system meeting zhejiang region .
In the aspect of the theory of thermal environment , the paper illustrated the principal of high temperature inside greenhouse in the summer ,and set up the thermal balance equation of greenhouse in day and night, which provide theorily a direct t o cooling experiment.
In the aspect of the facts of effecting cooling result, reasonable experimental issue was designed based on study of effection of climate condition and time region and screen material and ventilation ,it shows that above facts all can effect cooling result.
In the aspect of study on cooling efficiency of single methods , the paper compared typical cooling systems with temperature difference between inside and outside greenhouse , and up-down inside greenhouse, and experimenting comparing greenhouse in summer , found that the temperature inside greenhouse was lower than outside greenhouse about 6 by spraying fog on the solar screen with lower relative humidity .
Both theory analysis and spot experiment demonstrated that spraying cooling on solar screen method had the advantage of lower
the inside air temperature noticeably while maintain the relative humidity under a reasonable lavel ,low requirement for spraying
system and a lven air temperature distribution inside greenhouse.
引文
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41. P. Feuilloley et al,1996. Greenhouse Covering Materials Measurement and Modelling of Thermal Properties Using the Hot Box Method, and Condensation Effects .J,Agric Engng Res,65,129—142
42. G.A.Giacomelli et al,1985, Improved methods of greenhouse oevaporative cooling ,Acta Horiculturae, 174,49-55
43. H.J.M.Vollebregt rt al ,1995.Analysis of Radiative and Convective Heat Exchange at Greenhouse Walls. J.Agric Engng Res.60. 99-106
44. A.F.Miguel.1998, Physical Modeling of Natural Through Screen and windows in greenhouse, J, Agric Engng Res.70. 165-176
45. K.V.Garzoli 1989.Cooling of Greenhouse in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Climates. Acta Horiculturae,257.93—98
46. T.Boulard et al, 1996. The mechanisms involved in the natural ventilation of greenhouse. Agricultural and Forest Meteorlogy .79, 61—77
47. T.Boulard et al, 1998,Natural ventilation by Thermal Effect in a one-half Scale Model Mono—span Greenhouse .Transactions of the ASAE,41 (30),773-781
48. T.Boulard et al,,1999.Characterization and Modeling of the Air Fluxes induced by Natural Ventilation in a Greenhouse.J,Agric Engng Res ,74. 135—144
49. A.F.Miguel et al. 1997.Analysis of the Airflow Characteristics of greenhouse
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55. T.Boulard et al.1996. Characterisation of The Mechanisms Involved in the Natural Ventilation of Greenhouse .Acta Horticulturae
56. Ted H.Short et al ,1996. Natural Ventilated Greenhouse for Mediterranean Climate. Acta Horiculturae,434, 229-235
57. C.Kittas et al, 1997. Natural Ventilation of a Greenhouse With Ridge and side Openings:Sensitivity to Temperature and wind Effects .Transactions of the ASAE 40(2), 415—425
58. A.M.G.Van den kieboom .1985,Light measurement and calculations,Acta Horticulturae ,170,185-191
59. G.A.Duncan et al 1989. Simulation of Energy-Flows in a Greenhouse: Magnitudes and Conservation Potential. Transactions of the ASAE .1014—1021
60. G.Papadakis. et al ,1992. Mixed ,forced and free Convection Heat Transfer at the Greenhouse Cover .J.Agric Engng Res.51. 191—205
61. G.Papadakis et al,1989,Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Radiation Transfer in polyethylence Covered Greenhouses .J. Agric Engng Res .44.87-111
62. S.R.Kosmos et al ,1993. Force and Static Pressure Resulting Form Airfiow Through Screens .Transactions of the ASAE ,36 (5), 1467-1472
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42. G.A.Giacomelli et al,1985, Improved methods of greenhouse oevaporative cooling ,Acta Horiculturae, 174,49-55
43. H.J.M.Vollebregt rt al ,1995.Analysis of Radiative and Convective Heat Exchange at Greenhouse Walls. J.Agric Engng Res.60. 99-106
44. A.F.Miguel.1998, Physical Modeling of Natural Through Screen and windows in greenhouse, J, Agric Engng Res.70. 165-176
45. K.V.Garzoli 1989.Cooling of Greenhouse in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Climates. Acta Horiculturae,257.93—98
46. T.Boulard et al, 1996. The mechanisms involved in the natural ventilation of greenhouse. Agricultural and Forest Meteorlogy .79, 61—77
47. T.Boulard et al, 1998,Natural ventilation by Thermal Effect in a one-half Scale Model Mono—span Greenhouse .Transactions of the ASAE,41 (30),773-781
48. T.Boulard et al,,1999.Characterization and Modeling of the Air Fluxes induced by Natural Ventilation in a Greenhouse.J,Agric Engng Res ,74. 135—144
49. A.F.Miguel et al. 1997.Analysis of the Airflow Characteristics of greenhouse
screening Materials ,J.Agric Engng Res.67, 105—112
50. K.Luchow et al,1992.Investigation of a spray cooling system in a plastic—film greenhouse.J. Agric Engng Res,52.1-10
51. O.Jolliet, 1994,Hortitrans.a model for Predicting andOptimizing Humidity and Transpiration in greenhouse.57 23-37
52. P.H.Heinemann et al ,1987, Effectsof Greenhouse Surface Heating Water on light Transmission ,Transactions of the ASAE, 215—220
53. S.Sase et al,1984. Wind Tunnel Testing on Airflow and Temperature Distribution of a Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse. Acta. Horticulturae. 148,329-336
54. J.E.Femandez et al, 1994.The Influence of Fans on Environmental Conditions in Greenhouse. J. Agric Engng Res.58.201—210
55. T.Boulard et al.1996. Characterisation of The Mechanisms Involved in the Natural Ventilation of Greenhouse .Acta Horticulturae
56. Ted H.Short et al ,1996. Natural Ventilated Greenhouse for Mediterranean Climate. Acta Horiculturae,434, 229-235
57. C.Kittas et al, 1997. Natural Ventilation of a Greenhouse With Ridge and side Openings:Sensitivity to Temperature and wind Effects .Transactions of the ASAE 40(2), 415—425
58. A.M.G.Van den kieboom .1985,Light measurement and calculations,Acta Horticulturae ,170,185-191
59. G.A.Duncan et al 1989. Simulation of Energy-Flows in a Greenhouse: Magnitudes and Conservation Potential. Transactions of the ASAE .1014—1021
60. G.Papadakis. et al ,1992. Mixed ,forced and free Convection Heat Transfer at the Greenhouse Cover .J.Agric Engng Res.51. 191—205
61. G.Papadakis et al,1989,Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Radiation Transfer in polyethylence Covered Greenhouses .J. Agric Engng Res .44.87-111
62. S.R.Kosmos et al ,1993. Force and Static Pressure Resulting Form Airfiow Through Screens .Transactions of the ASAE ,36 (5), 1467-1472