遥感蒸散发模型参照干湿限机理及其应用研究
|
摘要
利用遥感技术反演陆面实际蒸散发，是近年全球变化和水循环研究的热点之一。近年文献调研和应用实践表明，目前常用遥感蒸散发模型几乎都存在反演结果不稳定的问题，影响其可靠性。分析表明，结果的不稳定性主要是反演方法的空间歧义性所导致。围绕这个问题，本文提出参照干湿限的概念，并基于参照干湿限改进遥感蒸散发模型，以期丰富遥感蒸散发的理论和方法，对区域尺度水循环研究有所贡献。
提出参照干湿限的概念及相关假设，以解决空间歧义性问题。给出参照干湿限地表温度的推导求解过程，基于泰勒展开式推导了其显式表达式。同时，结合数值模拟和试验观测手段，验证了参照裸土干限和参照裸土湿限的可用能量分配假设及其关键参数取值的合理性。
针对传统遥感蒸散发模型特征空间边界确定存在较大经验性的问题，利用参照干湿限对特征空间边界进行纠正，并利用两种方法插值估算实际蒸散发。利用站点数据对其进行验证，同时将结果与其他研究者相关成果进行对比，结果表明，利用参照干湿限重新确定特征空间边界后，蒸散发反演精度在可接受范围之内。
针对SEBAL模型干湿限像元选取存在较大确定性的问题，基于参照干湿限提出遥感蒸散发模型REDRAW。此外，REDRAW将SEBAL模型中关于地气温差与地表温度存在线性关系的假设推广到不同植被指数条件中，从而更充分考虑植被指数对可用能量分配的影响。验证结果表明，REDRAW在偏干旱和偏湿润地区都较SEBAL有更高的可靠性。
基于参照干湿限提出地表温度空间降尺度的梯形法，尝试解决目前地表温度空间降尺度常用方法在植被指数变化范围较小时可能会失效的问题。两个地区的降尺度试验表明，梯形法在不同植被指数条件下都具有一定可靠性。
最后基于MODIS数据，利用REDRAW模型估算黄河河龙间近10年的蒸散发量。与基于耗水平衡分析得到的蒸散发结果相比，REDRAW模型较SEBAL模型反演结果更为可靠，且对降雨事件的响应更为敏捷。
Estimating land surface evapotranspiration (ET) using remote sensing is recently aresearch focus in the study of global climate change and water cycle. Based on thereview of international remotely sensed ET models and their applications, it was foundthat ET estimation seemed to be highly un-robust due to the spatial ambiguity issueexisting in common remotely sensed ET models. The concepts of reference dry and wetlimits were proposed in this study to solve the spatial ambiguity issue and, thus, toimprove ET estimation. It is hoped that the present study could give its contributions tothe study of water cycle in regional scale.
The study proposed the concepts and the assumptions of reference dry and wetlimits to solve ambiguity issue. The implicit solution of the radiometric temperature ofreference dry and wet limits was abtained according to some important assumptions.Furthermore, the explicit solution was derived through Taylor expansion to make thesolution easier to be understood. This study incorporated numerical simulations andobservations in field scale to verify the assumptions of available energy allocation andthe characteristics of some key parameters of reference dry and wet limits.
Since the boundaries of conventional Ts/VI models were hard to be determined,the study redetermined the boundaries of Ts/VI feature space based on the results ofreference dry and wet limits. Then two inkinds of interpolation methods were used toestimate the actual evapotranspiration. The in-situ data from two flux stations were usedto test the reliabilities of the re-determined Ts/VI feature space. The results indicatedthat the ET models based on the re-determined Ts/VI feature space were acceptablecompared with other researchers' studies.
To reduce the uncertainties of selecting dry and wet pixels in SEBAL, REDRAWwas proposed by using the new trapezoid framework determined by reference dry andwet limits. The important assumption that there was a linearity relationship betweennear-surface temperature gradient and radiometric temperature was applied to the rangesof different vegetation indexes. Thus REDRAW could consider the impact of vegetationindex on the partition of available energy more reasonable. The validation suggestedthat REDRAW had better performance than SEBAL in relatively arid and humid areas.
Considering that conventional methods in downscaling surface temperature data might fail in the condition of low vegetation coverage, a trapezoid method was putforward to avoid this problem. The experiments of downscaling surface temperature intwo areas indicated the validity of the trapezoid method in different conditions ofvegetation coverage.
Finally, REDRAW was applied in the Hekou-Longmen section of Yellow RiverBasin using10years MODIS data. Observed ET from water balance analysis in basinscale showed that REDRAW could provide relatively better ET estimations thanSEBAL. The analysis of the response to the precipitation events also indicated thatREDRAW could better describe the effects of the precipitation on the actualevapotranspiration.
提出参照干湿限的概念及相关假设，以解决空间歧义性问题。给出参照干湿限地表温度的推导求解过程，基于泰勒展开式推导了其显式表达式。同时，结合数值模拟和试验观测手段，验证了参照裸土干限和参照裸土湿限的可用能量分配假设及其关键参数取值的合理性。
针对传统遥感蒸散发模型特征空间边界确定存在较大经验性的问题，利用参照干湿限对特征空间边界进行纠正，并利用两种方法插值估算实际蒸散发。利用站点数据对其进行验证，同时将结果与其他研究者相关成果进行对比，结果表明，利用参照干湿限重新确定特征空间边界后，蒸散发反演精度在可接受范围之内。
针对SEBAL模型干湿限像元选取存在较大确定性的问题，基于参照干湿限提出遥感蒸散发模型REDRAW。此外，REDRAW将SEBAL模型中关于地气温差与地表温度存在线性关系的假设推广到不同植被指数条件中，从而更充分考虑植被指数对可用能量分配的影响。验证结果表明，REDRAW在偏干旱和偏湿润地区都较SEBAL有更高的可靠性。
基于参照干湿限提出地表温度空间降尺度的梯形法，尝试解决目前地表温度空间降尺度常用方法在植被指数变化范围较小时可能会失效的问题。两个地区的降尺度试验表明，梯形法在不同植被指数条件下都具有一定可靠性。
最后基于MODIS数据，利用REDRAW模型估算黄河河龙间近10年的蒸散发量。与基于耗水平衡分析得到的蒸散发结果相比，REDRAW模型较SEBAL模型反演结果更为可靠，且对降雨事件的响应更为敏捷。
Estimating land surface evapotranspiration (ET) using remote sensing is recently aresearch focus in the study of global climate change and water cycle. Based on thereview of international remotely sensed ET models and their applications, it was foundthat ET estimation seemed to be highly un-robust due to the spatial ambiguity issueexisting in common remotely sensed ET models. The concepts of reference dry and wetlimits were proposed in this study to solve the spatial ambiguity issue and, thus, toimprove ET estimation. It is hoped that the present study could give its contributions tothe study of water cycle in regional scale.
The study proposed the concepts and the assumptions of reference dry and wetlimits to solve ambiguity issue. The implicit solution of the radiometric temperature ofreference dry and wet limits was abtained according to some important assumptions.Furthermore, the explicit solution was derived through Taylor expansion to make thesolution easier to be understood. This study incorporated numerical simulations andobservations in field scale to verify the assumptions of available energy allocation andthe characteristics of some key parameters of reference dry and wet limits.
Since the boundaries of conventional Ts/VI models were hard to be determined,the study redetermined the boundaries of Ts/VI feature space based on the results ofreference dry and wet limits. Then two inkinds of interpolation methods were used toestimate the actual evapotranspiration. The in-situ data from two flux stations were usedto test the reliabilities of the re-determined Ts/VI feature space. The results indicatedthat the ET models based on the re-determined Ts/VI feature space were acceptablecompared with other researchers' studies.
To reduce the uncertainties of selecting dry and wet pixels in SEBAL, REDRAWwas proposed by using the new trapezoid framework determined by reference dry andwet limits. The important assumption that there was a linearity relationship betweennear-surface temperature gradient and radiometric temperature was applied to the rangesof different vegetation indexes. Thus REDRAW could consider the impact of vegetationindex on the partition of available energy more reasonable. The validation suggestedthat REDRAW had better performance than SEBAL in relatively arid and humid areas.
Considering that conventional methods in downscaling surface temperature data might fail in the condition of low vegetation coverage, a trapezoid method was putforward to avoid this problem. The experiments of downscaling surface temperature intwo areas indicated the validity of the trapezoid method in different conditions ofvegetation coverage.
Finally, REDRAW was applied in the Hekou-Longmen section of Yellow RiverBasin using10years MODIS data. Observed ET from water balance analysis in basinscale showed that REDRAW could provide relatively better ET estimations thanSEBAL. The analysis of the response to the precipitation events also indicated thatREDRAW could better describe the effects of the precipitation on the actualevapotranspiration.
引文
Agam N, Kustas W P, Anderson M C, et al.2007. A vegetation index based technique for spatialsharpening of thermal imagery. Remote Sensing Environment,107:545-558.
Allen R G, Irmak A, Trezza R, et al.2011. Satellite-based ET estimation in agriculture using SEBALand METRIC. Hydrological Processes,25(26):4011-4027.
Allen R G, Pereira L S, Raes D, et al.1998. Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing CropWater Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper vol.56, Food and AgricultureOrganization, Rome, Italy.
Allen R G, Tasumi M and Trezza R.2007. Satellite-based energy balance for mappingevapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC)-model. Journal of Irrigation andDrainage Engineering,133:380-394.
Allen R G, Tasumi M, Morse A.2005. Satellite-based evapotranspiration by METRIC and Landsatfor western states water management. Presented at the US Bureau of ReclamationEvapotranspiration Workshop, Ft. Collins, CO, USA, Feb.2005.
Anderson M C, Norman J M, Mecikalski J R, et al.2004. A multi-scale remote sensing model fordisaggregating regional fluxes to micrometeorological scales. J. Hydrometeor,5:343-363.
Badeck F W, Bondeau A, Bottcher K, et al.2004. Responses of spring phenology to climate change.New Phytologist,162:295-309.
Baguis P, Roulin E, Willems P, et al.2010. Climate change scenarios for precipitation and potentialevapotranspiration over central Belgium. Theoretical and Applied Climatology,99:273-286.
Bastiaanssen W G M, Noordman E J M, Pelgrum H, et al.2005. SEBAL model with remotelysensed data to improve water-resources management under actual field conditions. Journal ofIrrigation and Drainage Engineering,131(1):85-93.
Bastiaanssen W G M, Menenti M, Feddes R A, et al.1998. A remote sensing surface energy balancealgorithm for land (SEBAL):1. Formulation. Journal of Hydrology,212-213(1-4):198-212.
Bastiaanssen W G M.2000. SEBAL-based sensible and latent heat fluxes in the irrigated GedizBasen, Turkey. Journal of Hydrology,229:87-100.
Bastiaanssen W G M.1995. Regionalization of surface flux densities and moisture indicators incomposite terrain, Ph.D. thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Batra N, Islam S, Venturini V, et al.2006. Estimation and comparison of evapotranspiration fromMODIS and AVHRR sensors for clear sky days over the Southern Great Plains. RemoteSensing of Environment,103:1-15.
Bolch T.2007. Climate change and glacier retreat in northern Tien Shan (Kazakhstan/Kyrgystan)using remote sensing data. Global Planetary Change,56:1-12.
Bonan G B.2002. Ecological climatology: Concepts and applications. Cambridge NewYork:Cambridge University Press.
Bowen I S.1926. The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface.Physical Review.27:779-787.Brutsaert W.1986. Catchment-scale evaporation and the atmospheric boundary layer. WaterResources Research,22:39-45.
Brutsaert W.1982. Evaporation into the atmosphere: Theory, hisstory and application, Dordrecht,Holland/Boston. USA:D. Reidel Publishing Company.
Brutsaert W.2005. Hydrology: An introduction. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Brutsaert W.1975. On a derivable formula for long-wave radiation from clear skies. WaterResources Research,11:742-744.
Carlson T N, Gillies R R and Schmugge T J.1995. An interpretation of methodologies for indirectmeasurement of soil-water content. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,77:191-205.
Carlson T N.2007. An overview of the 'triangle method' for estimating surface evapotranspirationand soil moisture from satellite imagery. Sensors,7,1612-1629.
Carlson T N, Perry E M, Schmugge T J.1990. Remote estimation of soil moisture availability andfractional vegetation cover for agricultural fields. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,52:45-69.
Chehbouni A, Lo Seen D, Njoku E G, et al.1996. Examination of the difference between radiativeand aerodynamic surface temperatures over sparsely vegetated surfaces. Remote Sensing ofEnvironment,58(2):177-186.
Chehbouni A, Loseen D, Njoku E G, et al.1997. Estimating of sensible heat flux using radiativesurface temperature. Journal of Hydrology,188:855-868.
Chen J, Kan C, Tan C, et al.2002. Use of spectral information for wetland evapotranspirationassessment. Agricultural Water Management,55:239-248.
Choi M, Kustas W P, Anderson M C, et al.2009. An intercomparison of three remote sensing-basedsurface energy balance algorithms over a corn and soybean production region (Iowa, U.S.)during SMACEX. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,149:2082-2097.
Choudhury B J, Ahmed N U, Idso S B, et al.1994. Relations between evaporation coefficients andvegetation indices studied by model simulations. Remote Sensing Environment,50:1-17.
Choudhury B J, Monteith J L.1988. A four layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous landsurfaces. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,114:373-398.
Choudhury B J, Reginato R J, Idso S B.1986. An analysis of infrared temperature observations overwheat and calculation of latent heat fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,37:75-88.
Chung S O, Horton R.1987. Soil heat and water flow with a partial surface mulch. Water ResourcesResearch,23(12):2175-2186.
Cleugh H A, Lenning R, Mu Q.2007. Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODISsatellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment,106:285-304.
Clothier B E, Clawson K L, Pinter P J, et al.1986. Estimation of soil heat flux from net radiationduring the growth of alfalfa. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,37:319-329.
Colaizzi P D, Evett S R, Howell T A, et al.2006. Comparison of five models to scale dailyevapotranspiration from one-time-of-day measurements. Transactions of the American Societyof Agricultural and Biological Engineers,49(5):1409-1417.
Crago R D.1996. Conservation and variability of the evaporative fraction during the daytime.Journal of Hydrology,180:173-194.
De Oliveira M O, Da Mota F S, Da Silva J B.1980. Estimates of Potential Evapotranspiration(Penman) as a Function of Geographical Factors in Brazil. Agricultural Meteorology,22:207-215.
Dyer A J, Hicks B B.1970. Flux-gradient relationship in the constant flux layer. Quarterly Journal ofthe Royal Meteorological Society,96:715-721.
Dyer A J.1961. Measurement of evaporation and heat transfer in the lower atmosphere by anautomatic eddy-correlation technique. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,87:401-412.
Fan L, Liu S, Bernhofer C, et al.2007. Regional land surface energy fluxes by satellite remotesensing in the Upper Xilin River Watershed (Inner Mongolia, China). Theoretical and AppliedClimatology,88:231-245.
Farahani H J, Howell T A, Shuttleworth W J, et al.2007. Evapotranspiration: Progress inmeasurement and modeling in agriculture. Transactions of the American Society of Agriculturaland Biological Engineers,50:1627-1638.
Foken T.2008. The energy balance closure problem: An overview. Ecological Applications,18(6):1351-1367.
Frappart F, Martinez JM, Seyler F, et al.2005. Floodplain water storage in the Negro River basinestimated from microwave remote sensing of inundation area and water levels. Remote Sensingof Environment,99:387-399.
French A N, Jacob F, Anderson M C, et al.2005. Surface energy fluxes with the AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) at the Iowa2002SMACEXsite (USA). Remote Sensing of Environment,99:55-65.
Gillies R R, Carlson T N, Cui J, et al.1997. A verification of the 'triangle' method for obtainingsurface soil water content and energy fluxes from remote measurements of the NormalizedDifference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and surface radiant temperature. International Journal ofRemote Sensing,18:3145-3166.
Gowda P H, Chavez J L, Colaizzi P D, et al.2008. ET mapping for agricultural water management:Present status and challenges. Irrigation Science,26:223-237.
Gutman G, Ignatov A.1998. The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRRdata for use in numerical weather prediction models. International Journal of Remote Sensing,19:1533-1543.
Hargreaves G H, Samani Z A.1985. Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. AppliedEngineering in Agriculture,1(2):96-99.
Heusinkveld B G, Jacobs A F G, Holtslag A A M, et al.2004. Surface energy balance closure in anarid region: Role of soll heat flux, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,122:21-27.
Howell T A, Schneider A D, Jensen M E.1991. History of lysimeter design and use forevapotranspiration measurements. In:Allen, R.G., Howell, T.A., Pruitt, W.O., Walter, I.A.,Jensen, M.E.(Eds.). Proceeding of the International Symposium on Lysimetry, July23-25,Honolulu, HI,1-9.
Jackson R D, Idso S B, Reginato R J, et al.1981. Canopy temperature as a crop water stress indicator.Water Resource Research,17(4):1133-1138.
Jackson R D, Reginato R J, Idso S B.1977. Wheat canopy temperature: A practical tool forevaluating water requirements. Water Resources Research,13:651-656.
Jakobs F G, Heusinkvld B G, HoltslagAM.2008. Towards closing the surface energy budget of amid-latitude grassland. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,12(6):125-136.
Jiang L, Islam S.1999. A methodology for estimation of evapotranspiration over large areas usingremote sensing information. Geophysical Research Letters,26(17):2773-2776.
Jiang L, Islam S.2003. An intercomparison of regional latent heat flux estimation using remotesensing data. International Journal of Remote Sensing,24:2221-2236.
Jiang L, Islam S.2001. Estimation of surface evaporation map over southern Great Plainsusingremote sensing data. Water Resources Research,37:329-340.
Jung M, Reichstein M, Ciais P, et al.2010. Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trenddue to limited moisture supply. Nature,467,951-954, doi:10.1038/nature09396.
Jupp D L B, Tian G, McVicar T R, et al.1998. Soil moisture and drought monitoring using remotesensing I:Theoretical background and methods, EOC Report1.
Kairu E N D R.1991. A review of methods for estimating evapotranspiration particularly those thatutilize remote sensing. Geo. Journal,25:371-376.
Kalma J D, Jupp D L B.1990. Estimating evaporation from pasture using infrared thermometry:Evaluation of a one-layer resistance model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,51:223-246.
Karnieli A, Bayasgalan M, Bayarjargal Y, et al.2006. Comments on the use of the Vegetation HealthIndex over Mongolia. International Journal of Remote Sensing,27:2017-2024.
Kjaersgaard J, Allen R G, Irmak A.2011. Improved methods for estimating monthly and growingseason ET using METRIC applied to moderate resolution satellite imagery. HydrologicalProcesses,25(26):4028-4036.
Kustas W P, Choudhury B J, Moran M S, et al.1989. Determination of sensible heat flux over sparsecanopy using thermal infrared data. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,44:197-216.
Kustas W P, Norman J M, Anderson M C, et al.2003. Estimating subpixel surface temperatures andenergy fluxes from the vegetation index-radiometric temperature relationship. Remote Sensingof Environment,85:429-440.
Kustas W P, Daughtry C S T.1990. Estimation of the soil heat flux/net radiation ratio from spectraldata. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,49:205-223.
Lambin E F, Ehrlich D.1996. The surface temperature-vegetation index space for land cover andland-cover change analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing,17:463-487.
Lhomme J P, Monteny B, Troufleau D, et al.1997. Sensible heat flux and radiometric surfacetemperature over sparse Sahelian vegetation II. A model for the kB-1parameter. Journal ofHydrology,188-189:839-854.
Lhomme J P, Monteny B, Amadou M.1994. Estimating sensibel heat flux from radiometrictemperature over sparse millet. Agricultural Forest Meteorology,68:77-91.
Li F and Lyons T J.1998. Estimation of regional evapotranspiration through remote sensing. Journalof Applied Meteorology,38:1644-1654.
Li L, Yu Q.2007. Quantifying the effects of advection on canopy energy budgets and water useefficiency in an irrigated wheat field in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,89:116-122.
Lobell D B, Asner G P, Ortiz-Monasterio J I, et al.2003. Remote sensing of regional crop productionin the Yaqui Valley, Mexicoestimates and uncertainties. Agriculture, Ecosystems andEnvironment,94:205-220.
Long D and Singh V P.2012. A modified surface energy balance algorithm for land (M-SEBAL)based on a trapezoidal framework, Water Resources Research,48, W02528,doi:10.1029/2011WR010607.
Long D, Singh V P and Li Z.2011. How sensitive is SEBAL to changes in input variables, domainsize and satellite sensor?, Journal of Geophysical Research,116, D21107,doi:10.1029/2011JD016542.
McLaughlin D.2002. An integrated approach to hydrologic data assimilation: Inter polation,smoothing, and filtering. Advances in Water Resources,25:1275-1286.
Menenti M, Choudhury B.1993. Parameterization of land surface evaporation by means of locationdependent potential evaporation and surface temperature range. Proceedings of IAHSconference on Land Surface Processes, IAHS Publ.,212:561-568.
Monteith J L.1975. Principles of Environmental Physic. Edward Arnold, London.
Monteith J.L.1965. Evaporation and environment. Symposium of the society for ExperimentalBiology19. England: Cambridge University Press,19:205-234.
Moran M S, Clarke T R, Inoue Y, et al.1994. Estimating crop water deficit using the relationbetween surface air temperature and spectral vegetation index. Remote Sensing of Environment,49:246-263.
Moran M S, Jackson R D, Raymond L H, et al.1989. Mapping surface energy balance componentsby combining landsat thematic mapper and ground-based meteorological data. Remote Sensingof Environment,30:77-87.
Moran M S, Maas S J, Pinter P J.1995. Combining remote sensing and modeling for estimatingsurface evaporation and biomass production. Remote Sensing Reviews,12:335-353.
Moran M S, Rahman A F, Washburne J C, et al.1996. Combining Penman-Monteith equation withmeasurements of surface temperature and reflectance to estimate evaporation rates fromsemiarid grassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,80:87-109.
Morse A, Tasumi M, Allen R G, et al.2000. Application of the SEBAL methodology for estimatingconsumptive use of water and streamflow depletion in the Bear River Basin of Idaho throughremote sensing. Final Report, Phase I, Submitted to Raytheon Systems, Earth ObservationSystem Data and Information System Project, by Idaho Department of Water Resources andUniversity of Idaho.
Mu Q, Heinsch F, Zhao M, et al.2007. Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm basedon MODIS and global meteorology data. Remote Sensing of Environment,111:519-536.
Nemani R R, Pierce L, Running S W.1993. Developing satellite-derived estimates of surfacemoisture status. J. Appl. Meteorol.,32:548-557.
Nemani R R, Running S W.1989. Estimation of regional surface resistance to evapotranspirationfrom NDVI and Thermal-IR AVHRR data. Journal of Applied Meteorology,28:276-284.
Nishida K, Nemani R R, Running S W.2003. An operational remote sensing algorithm of landsurface evaporation. Journal of Geophysical Research,108(D9),4270.(doi:10.1029/2002JD002062)
Norman J M, Anderson M C, Kustas W P.2006. Are single-source, remote-sensing surface-fluxmodels too simple?. In: Proceedings of the international conference on earth observation forvegetation monitoring and water management,852:170-177.
Norman J M, Kustas W P, Humes K S.1995. Source approach for estimating soil and vegetationenergy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature. Agricultural andForest Meteorology,77:263-293.
Owen P R, Thomson W R.1963. Heat transfer across rough surfaces. J. Fluid Mech.,15:321-324.
Penman H L.1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of theRoyal Society of Loudon. A Series,193:120-145.
Peters A J, Walter-Shea E A, Ji L, et al.2002. Drought monitoring with NDVI-based standardizedvegetation index. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,68:71-75.
Petropoulos G, Carlson T N, Wooster M J, et al.2009. A review of Ts/VI remote sensing basedmethods for the retrieval of land surface energy fluxes and soil surface moisture. Prog. Phys.Geogr.33:224-250.
Philip J R, de Vries D A.1957. Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients.Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union,38:222-232.
Pieri D and Abrams M.2005. ASTER observations of thermal anomalies preceding the April2003eruption of Chikurachki volcano, Kurile Islands, Russia. Remote Sensing of Environment,99:84-94.
Price J C.1990. Using spatial context in satellite data to infer regional scale evapotranspiration.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,28:940-948.
Priestley C H B, Taylor R J.1972. On the Assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation usinglarge-scale parameters. Monthly Weather Review,100(2):81-92.
Qin Z, Berliner P, Karnieli A.2005. Ground temperature measurement and emissivity determinationto understand the thermal anomaly and its significance on the development of an aridenvironmental ecosystem in the sand dunes across the Israel-Egypt border. Journal of AridEnvironments.60(1):27-52.
Quattrochi D A and Luvall J.(Eds.).2004.Thermal remote sensing in land surface processes:CRC.
Rana G, Katerji N.2000. Measurement and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field underMediterranean climate: A review. European Journal of Agronomy,13:125-153.
Reicosky D C, Winkelman L J, Baker J M, et al.1989. Accuracy of hourly air temperaturescalculated from daily minima and maxima. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,46:193-209.
Roerink G J, Su Z, Menenti M.2000. A simple remote sensing algorithm to estimate the surfaceenergy balance. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth(B),25(2):147-157.
Romero, M. G.2004. Daily evapotranspiration estimation by means of evaporative fraction andreference ET fraction. Ph.D. dissertation, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.
Running S.2004. What should we do for the next10years of FLUXNET? FLUXNET2004OpenWorkshop, Dec.13-15, Frienze, Italy.
Sandholt I, Rasmussen K, Andersen J.2002. A simple interpretation of the surfacetemperature/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status. Remote Sensingof Environment,79:213-224.
Seguin B, Itier B.1983. Using midday surface temperature to estimate daily evaporation fromsatellite thermal IR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing,4:371-383.
Shuttleworth W J, Wallace J S.1985. Evaporation from sparse crops-an energy combination theory.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,111:839-855.
Shuttleworth W J.2007. Putting the "vap" into evaporation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,11:210-244.
Sinclair T R, Tanner C B and Bennett J M.1984. Water-use efficiency in crop production.BioScience,34:36-40.
Sobrino J A, Gómez M, Jiménez-Mu?oz J C, et al.2007. Application of a simple algorithm toestimate the daily evapotranspiration from NOAA-AVHRR images for the Iberian Peninsula.Remote Sensing of Environment,110:139-148.
Soer G J R.1980. Estimation of regional evapotranspiration and soil moisture conditions usingremotely sensed crop surface temperatures. Remote Sensing of Environment,9:27-45.
Song C, Woodcock C E, Seto K C, et al.1994. Classification and change detection using LandsatTM data: When and how to correct atmospheric effects?. Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,75:230-244.
Stewart J B, Kustas W P, Humes K S, et al.1994. Sensible heat flux-radiometric surface temperaturerelationship for eight semiarid areas. Journal of Applied Meteorology,33:111-1117.
Stisen S, Sandholt I, N?rgaard A, et al.2008. Combining the triangle method with thermal inertia toestimate regional evapotranspiration-Applied to MSG/SEVIRI data in the Senegal River basin.Remote Sens. Environ.112:1242-1255.
Su Z, Menenti M.1999. Mesoscale climate hydrology:the contribution of the new observing systems.Report USP-2,99-05.
Su Z, Schmugge T, Kustas W P, et al.2001. An evaluation of two models for estimation of theroughness height for heat transfer between the land surface and the atmosphere. Journal ofApplied Meteorology,40:1933-1951.
Su Z.2002. The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,6(1):85-99.
Su H, Mccabe M F, Wood E F, et al.2005. Modeling evapotranspiration during SMACEX:Comparing two approaches for local-and regional-scale prediction. Journal ofHydrometeorology,6:910-922.
Sun D, Kafatos M.2007. Note on the NDVI-LST relationship and the use of temperature-relateddrought indices over North America. Geophysical Research Letters,34, L24406.
Sun J and Mahrt L.1995. Determination of surface fluxes from the surface radiative temperature.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,52(8):1096-1108.
Sun L, Sun R, Li X, et al.2011. Estimating evapotranspiration using improved fractional vegetationcover and land surface temperature space. Journal of Resources and Ecology,2(3):225-231.
Sun Z, Wang Q,2009. Matsushita B, et al. Development of a Simple Remote SensingEvapoTranspiration model (Sim-ReSET): Algorithm and model test. Journal of Hydrology,376:476-485.
Tan C.1998. Regional scale evapotranspiration estimation using vegetation index and surfacetemperature from NOAA AVHRR satellite data. PhD thesis, University of Florida,244.
Tang R, Li Z, Tang B.2010. An application of the Ts-VI triangle method with enhanced edgesdetermination for evapotranspiration estimation from MODIS data in arid and semi-arid regions:Implementation and validation. Remote Sensing of Environment,114:540-551.
Tasumi M, Allen R G and Bastiaanssen W G M.2000. Application of the SEBAL methodology forestimating consumptive use of water and streamflow depletion in the Bear River basin of Idahothrough remote sensing. Final report to the Raytheon Systems Company, Earth ObservationSystem Data and Information System Project. Idaho.
Tasumi M.2003. Progress in operational estimation of regional evapotranspiration using satelliteimagery. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Id.
Thom A S.1972. Momentum, mass and heat exchange of vegetation. Quarterly Journal of the RoyalMeteorological Society,98:124-134.
Thornthwaite C W, Holzman B.1939. The Determination of Evaporation from Land and WaterSurfaces. Monthly Weather Review,67:4-11.
Thornthwaite C W.1948. An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate. Geogr. Rev.38:55-94.
Timmermans W J, Kustas W P, Anderson M C, et al.2007. An intercomparison of the SurfaceEnergy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB).Remote Sensing of Environment,108:369-384.
Tourula T, Heikinheimo M.1998. Modeling Evapotranspiration from a Barley Field Over theGrowing Season. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,91:237-250.
Trezza R.2002. Evapotranspiration using a satellite-based surface energy balance with standardizedground control. Ph.D. dissertation, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.
Troufleau D, Lhomme J P, Monteny B, et al.1997. Sensible heat fluxes and radiometric remperatureover sparse Sahelian vegetation: I. An experimental analysis of the kB-1parameter. Journal ofHydrology,188-189:815-838.
Tucker C J, Slayback D A, Pinzon J E, et al.2001. Higher northern latitude normalized differencevegetation index and growing season trends from1982to1999. International Journal ofBiometeorology,45:184-190.
Twine T E, Kustas W P, Norman J M, et al.2000. Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimatesover a grassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,103:279-300.
Van Bavel C H M, Hillel D I.1976. Calculating potential and actual evaporation from a bare soilsurface by simulation of concurrent flow of water and heat. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,17:453-476.
Venturini V, Bisht G, Islam S, et al.2004. Comparison of evaporative fractions estimated fromAVHRR and MODIS sensors over South Florida. Remote Sensing of Environment,93:77-86.
Verhoef H, Debruin H A R, Vandenhurk B J J M.1997. Some practical notes on the parameter kB-1for sparse vegetation. Journal of Applied Meteorology,36:560-572.
Verma S B.1989. Aerodynamic resistances to transfers of heat, mass and momentum. Estimation ofareal evapotranspiration. IAHS Publication,177:13-20.
Voogt J A and Oke T R.2003. Thermal remote sensing of urban climates. Remote Sensing ofEnvironment,86:370-384.
Walter I A, Allen R G, Elliott R, et al.2000. ASCE's standardized reference evapotranspirationequation. Proceedings of Fourth National Irrigation Symposium, American Society ofAgricultural Engineers, Phoenix, AZ, USA,14-16November2000.
Wang J, Sammis T W, Meier C A, et al.2005. A modified SEBAL model for spatially estimatingpecan consumptive water use for Las Cruces, New Mexico, in15th Conference on AppliedClimatology,20-24June2005, Hilton Savannah DeSoto, Savannah, Georgia.
Wang K, Li Z, Cribb M.2006. Estimation of evaporative fraction from a combination of day andnight land surface temperatures and NDVI: A new method to determine the Priestley-Taylorparameter. Remote Sensing of Environment,102:293-305.
Wang T, Ochs G R, Clifford S F.1978. A saturation-resistant optical scintillometer to measure C2n.Journal of Optical Society of America,68(3):334-338.
Webb E K.1970. Profile relationships: The log-linear range, and extension to strong stability.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,96:67-90.
White M A, Thornton P E, Running S W, et al.1997. A continental phenology model for monitoringvegetation responses to interannual climatic variability. Biogeochemical Cycles,11:217-234.
Wilson K, Goldstein A, Falge, E, et al.2002. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,113:223-243.
Wood E F, Su H, McCabe M, et al.2003. Estimating Evaporation from Satellite Remote Sensing.Paper presented at the IGARSS,7:21-25.
Xue Y, Sellers P J, Kinter J L, et al.1991. A simplified biosphere model for global climate studies.Journal of Climate,4:345-364.
Yang H, Cong Z, Liu Z, et al.2010. Estimating sub-pixel temperatures using the triangle algorithm,International Journal of Remote Sensing,31(23):6047-6060.
Zhang L, Lemeur R, Goutorbe J P.1995. A one-layer resistance model for estimating regionalevapotranspiration using remote sensing data. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,77:241-261.
陈镜明.1988.现用遥感蒸散模式中的一个重要缺点及改进.科学通报,33:454-458.
程乾,黄敬峰,王人潮,等.2004. MODIS植被指数与水稻叶面积指数及叶片叶绿素含量相关性研究.应用生态学报,15(8):1363-1367.
邓时琴.中国土壤质地图.1986.中国科学院土壤研究所.中国土壤图集.北京:地图出版社,23-24.
高彦春,龙笛.2008.遥感蒸散发模型研究进展.遥感学报,12(3):515-528.
韩丽娟,王鹏新,王锦地,等.2005.植被指数-地表温度构成的特征空间研究.中国科学D辑,35(4):371-377.
黄春林,李新.2004.陆面数据同化系统的研究综述.遥感技术与应用,19(5):424-430.
康玲玲,王昌高,张永兰,等.2004.近50年黄河中游降水变化及其对径流的影响.人民黄河,26(8):26-28.
雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.1988.土壤水动力学.北京:清华大学出版社.
李新,黄春林,车涛,等.2007.中国陆面数据同化系统研究的进展与前瞻.自然科学进展,17(8):881-892.
林家鼎,孙菽芬.1983.土壤内水分流动、温度分布及其表面蒸发效应的研究.水利学报,(7):1-7
刘朝顺.2008.区域尺度地表水热的遥感模拟及应用研究[博士学位论文].南京信息工程大学.
刘辉志,董文杰,符淙斌,等.2004.半干旱地区吉林通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测试验.气候与环境研究,9(2):378-389.
刘辉志,涂钢,董文杰,等.2006.半干旱地区地气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量的日变化及季节变化.大气科学,30(1):108-118.
刘晓燕,赵军,石成,等.2007.土壤恒温层温度及深度研究.太阳能学报,28(5):494-498.
刘志红,郭伟玲,杨勤科.2011.近20年黄土高原不同地貌类型区植被覆盖变化及原因分析.中国水土保持科学,9(1):16-23.
刘志武.2005.阿克苏平原绿洲蒸散发遥感模型研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学.
马耀明,王介民, Menenti,等.1999.卫星遥感结合地面卫星遥感结合地面观测估算非均匀地表区域能量通量.气象学报,57(2):180-189.
毛晓敏.1999.干旱区绿洲潜水-土壤-植物-大气系统水热传输模拟研究[博士学位论文].北京：清华大学.
穆兴民,巴桑赤烈,ZHANG L,等.2007.黄河河口镇至龙门区间来水来沙变化及其对水利水保措施的响应.泥沙研究,(2):36-41.
冉大川,柳林旺,赵力仪,等.2000.黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间水土保持与水沙变化.郑州:黄河水利出版社,124-137.
尚松浩,毛晓敏,雷志栋,等.2009.土壤水分动态模拟模型及其应用.科学出版社.
史辅成.2006.河口镇-龙门区间降雨径流关系变化的原因.人民黄河,28(4):24-25.
司建华,冯起,张小由等.2005.植物蒸散耗水量测定方法研究进展.水科学进展,16(3):450-459.
覃志豪, Zhang M, Karnieli A,等.2001.用陆面卫星TM6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法.地理学报,56(4):456-466.
田静,苏红波,孙晓敏,陈少辉.2009.遥感反演土壤蒸发/植被蒸腾二层模型在华北地区的应用.地理研究,28(5):1297-1306
王介民,刘绍民,孙敏章,等.2005. ET的遥感监测与流域尺度水资源管理.干旱气象,23(2):1-7.
王维真,徐自为,刘绍民,等.2009.黑河流域不同下垫面水热通量特征分析.地球科学进展,24(7):714-723.
吴炳方,熊隽,闫娜娜,等.2008.基于遥感的区域蒸散量监测方法——ETWatch.水科学进展,19(5):671-678.
吴炳方,熊隽,闫娜娜.2011. ETWatch的模型与方法.遥感学报,15(2):224-239.
辛晓洲.2003.用定量遥感方法计算地表蒸散[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院遥感应用研究所
信忠保,许炯心,马元旭.2009.近50年黄土高原侵蚀性降水的时空变化特征.地理科学,29(1):98-104.
徐希孺,庄家礼,陈良富.2000.热红外多角度遥感和反演混合像元组分温度.北京大学学报(自然科学版),36(4):555-560.
许炯心.2004.黄河流域河口镇至龙门区间的径流可再生性变化及其影响因素.自然科学进展,14(7):787-791.
杨红娟,刘志武,雷志栋,等.2008.一种简易遥感腾发模型在干旱区平原绿洲的应用.水利学报,38(4):483-489.
杨红娟.2009.遥感腾发模型研究及其在干旱区平原绿洲的应用[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学.
杨曦,武建军,闫峰,等.2009.基于地表温度-植被指数特征空间的区域土壤干湿状况.生态学报,29(3):1205-1216.
易永红.2008.植被参数与蒸发的遥感反演方法及区域干旱评估应用研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学.
尹航.2005.流域下垫面变化条件下的水文响应及尺度影响研究[硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学.
张仁华,孙晓敏,王伟民,等.2004.一种可操作的区域尺度地表通量定量遥感二层模型的物理基础.中国科学:D辑,34:200-216.
张晓萍,张橹,穆兴民,等.2007.黄河中游河口—龙门区间多年平均流域水平衡特征.地理学报,62(7):753-763.
张志明.1990.计算蒸发量的原理和方法.成都科技大学出版社.
Allen R G, Irmak A, Trezza R, et al.2011. Satellite-based ET estimation in agriculture using SEBALand METRIC. Hydrological Processes,25(26):4011-4027.
Allen R G, Pereira L S, Raes D, et al.1998. Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing CropWater Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper vol.56, Food and AgricultureOrganization, Rome, Italy.
Allen R G, Tasumi M and Trezza R.2007. Satellite-based energy balance for mappingevapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC)-model. Journal of Irrigation andDrainage Engineering,133:380-394.
Allen R G, Tasumi M, Morse A.2005. Satellite-based evapotranspiration by METRIC and Landsatfor western states water management. Presented at the US Bureau of ReclamationEvapotranspiration Workshop, Ft. Collins, CO, USA, Feb.2005.
Anderson M C, Norman J M, Mecikalski J R, et al.2004. A multi-scale remote sensing model fordisaggregating regional fluxes to micrometeorological scales. J. Hydrometeor,5:343-363.
Badeck F W, Bondeau A, Bottcher K, et al.2004. Responses of spring phenology to climate change.New Phytologist,162:295-309.
Baguis P, Roulin E, Willems P, et al.2010. Climate change scenarios for precipitation and potentialevapotranspiration over central Belgium. Theoretical and Applied Climatology,99:273-286.
Bastiaanssen W G M, Noordman E J M, Pelgrum H, et al.2005. SEBAL model with remotelysensed data to improve water-resources management under actual field conditions. Journal ofIrrigation and Drainage Engineering,131(1):85-93.
Bastiaanssen W G M, Menenti M, Feddes R A, et al.1998. A remote sensing surface energy balancealgorithm for land (SEBAL):1. Formulation. Journal of Hydrology,212-213(1-4):198-212.
Bastiaanssen W G M.2000. SEBAL-based sensible and latent heat fluxes in the irrigated GedizBasen, Turkey. Journal of Hydrology,229:87-100.
Bastiaanssen W G M.1995. Regionalization of surface flux densities and moisture indicators incomposite terrain, Ph.D. thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Batra N, Islam S, Venturini V, et al.2006. Estimation and comparison of evapotranspiration fromMODIS and AVHRR sensors for clear sky days over the Southern Great Plains. RemoteSensing of Environment,103:1-15.
Bolch T.2007. Climate change and glacier retreat in northern Tien Shan (Kazakhstan/Kyrgystan)using remote sensing data. Global Planetary Change,56:1-12.
Bonan G B.2002. Ecological climatology: Concepts and applications. Cambridge NewYork:Cambridge University Press.
Bowen I S.1926. The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface.Physical Review.27:779-787.Brutsaert W.1986. Catchment-scale evaporation and the atmospheric boundary layer. WaterResources Research,22:39-45.
Brutsaert W.1982. Evaporation into the atmosphere: Theory, hisstory and application, Dordrecht,Holland/Boston. USA:D. Reidel Publishing Company.
Brutsaert W.2005. Hydrology: An introduction. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Brutsaert W.1975. On a derivable formula for long-wave radiation from clear skies. WaterResources Research,11:742-744.
Carlson T N, Gillies R R and Schmugge T J.1995. An interpretation of methodologies for indirectmeasurement of soil-water content. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,77:191-205.
Carlson T N.2007. An overview of the 'triangle method' for estimating surface evapotranspirationand soil moisture from satellite imagery. Sensors,7,1612-1629.
Carlson T N, Perry E M, Schmugge T J.1990. Remote estimation of soil moisture availability andfractional vegetation cover for agricultural fields. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,52:45-69.
Chehbouni A, Lo Seen D, Njoku E G, et al.1996. Examination of the difference between radiativeand aerodynamic surface temperatures over sparsely vegetated surfaces. Remote Sensing ofEnvironment,58(2):177-186.
Chehbouni A, Loseen D, Njoku E G, et al.1997. Estimating of sensible heat flux using radiativesurface temperature. Journal of Hydrology,188:855-868.
Chen J, Kan C, Tan C, et al.2002. Use of spectral information for wetland evapotranspirationassessment. Agricultural Water Management,55:239-248.
Choi M, Kustas W P, Anderson M C, et al.2009. An intercomparison of three remote sensing-basedsurface energy balance algorithms over a corn and soybean production region (Iowa, U.S.)during SMACEX. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,149:2082-2097.
Choudhury B J, Ahmed N U, Idso S B, et al.1994. Relations between evaporation coefficients andvegetation indices studied by model simulations. Remote Sensing Environment,50:1-17.
Choudhury B J, Monteith J L.1988. A four layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous landsurfaces. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,114:373-398.
Choudhury B J, Reginato R J, Idso S B.1986. An analysis of infrared temperature observations overwheat and calculation of latent heat fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,37:75-88.
Chung S O, Horton R.1987. Soil heat and water flow with a partial surface mulch. Water ResourcesResearch,23(12):2175-2186.
Cleugh H A, Lenning R, Mu Q.2007. Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODISsatellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment,106:285-304.
Clothier B E, Clawson K L, Pinter P J, et al.1986. Estimation of soil heat flux from net radiationduring the growth of alfalfa. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,37:319-329.
Colaizzi P D, Evett S R, Howell T A, et al.2006. Comparison of five models to scale dailyevapotranspiration from one-time-of-day measurements. Transactions of the American Societyof Agricultural and Biological Engineers,49(5):1409-1417.
Crago R D.1996. Conservation and variability of the evaporative fraction during the daytime.Journal of Hydrology,180:173-194.
De Oliveira M O, Da Mota F S, Da Silva J B.1980. Estimates of Potential Evapotranspiration(Penman) as a Function of Geographical Factors in Brazil. Agricultural Meteorology,22:207-215.
Dyer A J, Hicks B B.1970. Flux-gradient relationship in the constant flux layer. Quarterly Journal ofthe Royal Meteorological Society,96:715-721.
Dyer A J.1961. Measurement of evaporation and heat transfer in the lower atmosphere by anautomatic eddy-correlation technique. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,87:401-412.
Fan L, Liu S, Bernhofer C, et al.2007. Regional land surface energy fluxes by satellite remotesensing in the Upper Xilin River Watershed (Inner Mongolia, China). Theoretical and AppliedClimatology,88:231-245.
Farahani H J, Howell T A, Shuttleworth W J, et al.2007. Evapotranspiration: Progress inmeasurement and modeling in agriculture. Transactions of the American Society of Agriculturaland Biological Engineers,50:1627-1638.
Foken T.2008. The energy balance closure problem: An overview. Ecological Applications,18(6):1351-1367.
Frappart F, Martinez JM, Seyler F, et al.2005. Floodplain water storage in the Negro River basinestimated from microwave remote sensing of inundation area and water levels. Remote Sensingof Environment,99:387-399.
French A N, Jacob F, Anderson M C, et al.2005. Surface energy fluxes with the AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) at the Iowa2002SMACEXsite (USA). Remote Sensing of Environment,99:55-65.
Gillies R R, Carlson T N, Cui J, et al.1997. A verification of the 'triangle' method for obtainingsurface soil water content and energy fluxes from remote measurements of the NormalizedDifference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and surface radiant temperature. International Journal ofRemote Sensing,18:3145-3166.
Gowda P H, Chavez J L, Colaizzi P D, et al.2008. ET mapping for agricultural water management:Present status and challenges. Irrigation Science,26:223-237.
Gutman G, Ignatov A.1998. The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRRdata for use in numerical weather prediction models. International Journal of Remote Sensing,19:1533-1543.
Hargreaves G H, Samani Z A.1985. Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. AppliedEngineering in Agriculture,1(2):96-99.
Heusinkveld B G, Jacobs A F G, Holtslag A A M, et al.2004. Surface energy balance closure in anarid region: Role of soll heat flux, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,122:21-27.
Howell T A, Schneider A D, Jensen M E.1991. History of lysimeter design and use forevapotranspiration measurements. In:Allen, R.G., Howell, T.A., Pruitt, W.O., Walter, I.A.,Jensen, M.E.(Eds.). Proceeding of the International Symposium on Lysimetry, July23-25,Honolulu, HI,1-9.
Jackson R D, Idso S B, Reginato R J, et al.1981. Canopy temperature as a crop water stress indicator.Water Resource Research,17(4):1133-1138.
Jackson R D, Reginato R J, Idso S B.1977. Wheat canopy temperature: A practical tool forevaluating water requirements. Water Resources Research,13:651-656.
Jakobs F G, Heusinkvld B G, HoltslagAM.2008. Towards closing the surface energy budget of amid-latitude grassland. Boundary-Layer Meteorology,12(6):125-136.
Jiang L, Islam S.1999. A methodology for estimation of evapotranspiration over large areas usingremote sensing information. Geophysical Research Letters,26(17):2773-2776.
Jiang L, Islam S.2003. An intercomparison of regional latent heat flux estimation using remotesensing data. International Journal of Remote Sensing,24:2221-2236.
Jiang L, Islam S.2001. Estimation of surface evaporation map over southern Great Plainsusingremote sensing data. Water Resources Research,37:329-340.
Jung M, Reichstein M, Ciais P, et al.2010. Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trenddue to limited moisture supply. Nature,467,951-954, doi:10.1038/nature09396.
Jupp D L B, Tian G, McVicar T R, et al.1998. Soil moisture and drought monitoring using remotesensing I:Theoretical background and methods, EOC Report1.
Kairu E N D R.1991. A review of methods for estimating evapotranspiration particularly those thatutilize remote sensing. Geo. Journal,25:371-376.
Kalma J D, Jupp D L B.1990. Estimating evaporation from pasture using infrared thermometry:Evaluation of a one-layer resistance model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,51:223-246.
Karnieli A, Bayasgalan M, Bayarjargal Y, et al.2006. Comments on the use of the Vegetation HealthIndex over Mongolia. International Journal of Remote Sensing,27:2017-2024.
Kjaersgaard J, Allen R G, Irmak A.2011. Improved methods for estimating monthly and growingseason ET using METRIC applied to moderate resolution satellite imagery. HydrologicalProcesses,25(26):4028-4036.
Kustas W P, Choudhury B J, Moran M S, et al.1989. Determination of sensible heat flux over sparsecanopy using thermal infrared data. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,44:197-216.
Kustas W P, Norman J M, Anderson M C, et al.2003. Estimating subpixel surface temperatures andenergy fluxes from the vegetation index-radiometric temperature relationship. Remote Sensingof Environment,85:429-440.
Kustas W P, Daughtry C S T.1990. Estimation of the soil heat flux/net radiation ratio from spectraldata. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,49:205-223.
Lambin E F, Ehrlich D.1996. The surface temperature-vegetation index space for land cover andland-cover change analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing,17:463-487.
Lhomme J P, Monteny B, Troufleau D, et al.1997. Sensible heat flux and radiometric surfacetemperature over sparse Sahelian vegetation II. A model for the kB-1parameter. Journal ofHydrology,188-189:839-854.
Lhomme J P, Monteny B, Amadou M.1994. Estimating sensibel heat flux from radiometrictemperature over sparse millet. Agricultural Forest Meteorology,68:77-91.
Li F and Lyons T J.1998. Estimation of regional evapotranspiration through remote sensing. Journalof Applied Meteorology,38:1644-1654.
Li L, Yu Q.2007. Quantifying the effects of advection on canopy energy budgets and water useefficiency in an irrigated wheat field in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,89:116-122.
Lobell D B, Asner G P, Ortiz-Monasterio J I, et al.2003. Remote sensing of regional crop productionin the Yaqui Valley, Mexicoestimates and uncertainties. Agriculture, Ecosystems andEnvironment,94:205-220.
Long D and Singh V P.2012. A modified surface energy balance algorithm for land (M-SEBAL)based on a trapezoidal framework, Water Resources Research,48, W02528,doi:10.1029/2011WR010607.
Long D, Singh V P and Li Z.2011. How sensitive is SEBAL to changes in input variables, domainsize and satellite sensor?, Journal of Geophysical Research,116, D21107,doi:10.1029/2011JD016542.
McLaughlin D.2002. An integrated approach to hydrologic data assimilation: Inter polation,smoothing, and filtering. Advances in Water Resources,25:1275-1286.
Menenti M, Choudhury B.1993. Parameterization of land surface evaporation by means of locationdependent potential evaporation and surface temperature range. Proceedings of IAHSconference on Land Surface Processes, IAHS Publ.,212:561-568.
Monteith J L.1975. Principles of Environmental Physic. Edward Arnold, London.
Monteith J.L.1965. Evaporation and environment. Symposium of the society for ExperimentalBiology19. England: Cambridge University Press,19:205-234.
Moran M S, Clarke T R, Inoue Y, et al.1994. Estimating crop water deficit using the relationbetween surface air temperature and spectral vegetation index. Remote Sensing of Environment,49:246-263.
Moran M S, Jackson R D, Raymond L H, et al.1989. Mapping surface energy balance componentsby combining landsat thematic mapper and ground-based meteorological data. Remote Sensingof Environment,30:77-87.
Moran M S, Maas S J, Pinter P J.1995. Combining remote sensing and modeling for estimatingsurface evaporation and biomass production. Remote Sensing Reviews,12:335-353.
Moran M S, Rahman A F, Washburne J C, et al.1996. Combining Penman-Monteith equation withmeasurements of surface temperature and reflectance to estimate evaporation rates fromsemiarid grassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,80:87-109.
Morse A, Tasumi M, Allen R G, et al.2000. Application of the SEBAL methodology for estimatingconsumptive use of water and streamflow depletion in the Bear River Basin of Idaho throughremote sensing. Final Report, Phase I, Submitted to Raytheon Systems, Earth ObservationSystem Data and Information System Project, by Idaho Department of Water Resources andUniversity of Idaho.
Mu Q, Heinsch F, Zhao M, et al.2007. Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm basedon MODIS and global meteorology data. Remote Sensing of Environment,111:519-536.
Nemani R R, Pierce L, Running S W.1993. Developing satellite-derived estimates of surfacemoisture status. J. Appl. Meteorol.,32:548-557.
Nemani R R, Running S W.1989. Estimation of regional surface resistance to evapotranspirationfrom NDVI and Thermal-IR AVHRR data. Journal of Applied Meteorology,28:276-284.
Nishida K, Nemani R R, Running S W.2003. An operational remote sensing algorithm of landsurface evaporation. Journal of Geophysical Research,108(D9),4270.(doi:10.1029/2002JD002062)
Norman J M, Anderson M C, Kustas W P.2006. Are single-source, remote-sensing surface-fluxmodels too simple?. In: Proceedings of the international conference on earth observation forvegetation monitoring and water management,852:170-177.
Norman J M, Kustas W P, Humes K S.1995. Source approach for estimating soil and vegetationenergy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature. Agricultural andForest Meteorology,77:263-293.
Owen P R, Thomson W R.1963. Heat transfer across rough surfaces. J. Fluid Mech.,15:321-324.
Penman H L.1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of theRoyal Society of Loudon. A Series,193:120-145.
Peters A J, Walter-Shea E A, Ji L, et al.2002. Drought monitoring with NDVI-based standardizedvegetation index. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,68:71-75.
Petropoulos G, Carlson T N, Wooster M J, et al.2009. A review of Ts/VI remote sensing basedmethods for the retrieval of land surface energy fluxes and soil surface moisture. Prog. Phys.Geogr.33:224-250.
Philip J R, de Vries D A.1957. Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients.Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union,38:222-232.
Pieri D and Abrams M.2005. ASTER observations of thermal anomalies preceding the April2003eruption of Chikurachki volcano, Kurile Islands, Russia. Remote Sensing of Environment,99:84-94.
Price J C.1990. Using spatial context in satellite data to infer regional scale evapotranspiration.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,28:940-948.
Priestley C H B, Taylor R J.1972. On the Assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation usinglarge-scale parameters. Monthly Weather Review,100(2):81-92.
Qin Z, Berliner P, Karnieli A.2005. Ground temperature measurement and emissivity determinationto understand the thermal anomaly and its significance on the development of an aridenvironmental ecosystem in the sand dunes across the Israel-Egypt border. Journal of AridEnvironments.60(1):27-52.
Quattrochi D A and Luvall J.(Eds.).2004.Thermal remote sensing in land surface processes:CRC.
Rana G, Katerji N.2000. Measurement and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field underMediterranean climate: A review. European Journal of Agronomy,13:125-153.
Reicosky D C, Winkelman L J, Baker J M, et al.1989. Accuracy of hourly air temperaturescalculated from daily minima and maxima. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,46:193-209.
Roerink G J, Su Z, Menenti M.2000. A simple remote sensing algorithm to estimate the surfaceenergy balance. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth(B),25(2):147-157.
Romero, M. G.2004. Daily evapotranspiration estimation by means of evaporative fraction andreference ET fraction. Ph.D. dissertation, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.
Running S.2004. What should we do for the next10years of FLUXNET? FLUXNET2004OpenWorkshop, Dec.13-15, Frienze, Italy.
Sandholt I, Rasmussen K, Andersen J.2002. A simple interpretation of the surfacetemperature/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status. Remote Sensingof Environment,79:213-224.
Seguin B, Itier B.1983. Using midday surface temperature to estimate daily evaporation fromsatellite thermal IR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing,4:371-383.
Shuttleworth W J, Wallace J S.1985. Evaporation from sparse crops-an energy combination theory.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,111:839-855.
Shuttleworth W J.2007. Putting the "vap" into evaporation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,11:210-244.
Sinclair T R, Tanner C B and Bennett J M.1984. Water-use efficiency in crop production.BioScience,34:36-40.
Sobrino J A, Gómez M, Jiménez-Mu?oz J C, et al.2007. Application of a simple algorithm toestimate the daily evapotranspiration from NOAA-AVHRR images for the Iberian Peninsula.Remote Sensing of Environment,110:139-148.
Soer G J R.1980. Estimation of regional evapotranspiration and soil moisture conditions usingremotely sensed crop surface temperatures. Remote Sensing of Environment,9:27-45.
Song C, Woodcock C E, Seto K C, et al.1994. Classification and change detection using LandsatTM data: When and how to correct atmospheric effects?. Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,75:230-244.
Stewart J B, Kustas W P, Humes K S, et al.1994. Sensible heat flux-radiometric surface temperaturerelationship for eight semiarid areas. Journal of Applied Meteorology,33:111-1117.
Stisen S, Sandholt I, N?rgaard A, et al.2008. Combining the triangle method with thermal inertia toestimate regional evapotranspiration-Applied to MSG/SEVIRI data in the Senegal River basin.Remote Sens. Environ.112:1242-1255.
Su Z, Menenti M.1999. Mesoscale climate hydrology:the contribution of the new observing systems.Report USP-2,99-05.
Su Z, Schmugge T, Kustas W P, et al.2001. An evaluation of two models for estimation of theroughness height for heat transfer between the land surface and the atmosphere. Journal ofApplied Meteorology,40:1933-1951.
Su Z.2002. The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,6(1):85-99.
Su H, Mccabe M F, Wood E F, et al.2005. Modeling evapotranspiration during SMACEX:Comparing two approaches for local-and regional-scale prediction. Journal ofHydrometeorology,6:910-922.
Sun D, Kafatos M.2007. Note on the NDVI-LST relationship and the use of temperature-relateddrought indices over North America. Geophysical Research Letters,34, L24406.
Sun J and Mahrt L.1995. Determination of surface fluxes from the surface radiative temperature.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,52(8):1096-1108.
Sun L, Sun R, Li X, et al.2011. Estimating evapotranspiration using improved fractional vegetationcover and land surface temperature space. Journal of Resources and Ecology,2(3):225-231.
Sun Z, Wang Q,2009. Matsushita B, et al. Development of a Simple Remote SensingEvapoTranspiration model (Sim-ReSET): Algorithm and model test. Journal of Hydrology,376:476-485.
Tan C.1998. Regional scale evapotranspiration estimation using vegetation index and surfacetemperature from NOAA AVHRR satellite data. PhD thesis, University of Florida,244.
Tang R, Li Z, Tang B.2010. An application of the Ts-VI triangle method with enhanced edgesdetermination for evapotranspiration estimation from MODIS data in arid and semi-arid regions:Implementation and validation. Remote Sensing of Environment,114:540-551.
Tasumi M, Allen R G and Bastiaanssen W G M.2000. Application of the SEBAL methodology forestimating consumptive use of water and streamflow depletion in the Bear River basin of Idahothrough remote sensing. Final report to the Raytheon Systems Company, Earth ObservationSystem Data and Information System Project. Idaho.
Tasumi M.2003. Progress in operational estimation of regional evapotranspiration using satelliteimagery. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Id.
Thom A S.1972. Momentum, mass and heat exchange of vegetation. Quarterly Journal of the RoyalMeteorological Society,98:124-134.
Thornthwaite C W, Holzman B.1939. The Determination of Evaporation from Land and WaterSurfaces. Monthly Weather Review,67:4-11.
Thornthwaite C W.1948. An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate. Geogr. Rev.38:55-94.
Timmermans W J, Kustas W P, Anderson M C, et al.2007. An intercomparison of the SurfaceEnergy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB).Remote Sensing of Environment,108:369-384.
Tourula T, Heikinheimo M.1998. Modeling Evapotranspiration from a Barley Field Over theGrowing Season. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,91:237-250.
Trezza R.2002. Evapotranspiration using a satellite-based surface energy balance with standardizedground control. Ph.D. dissertation, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.
Troufleau D, Lhomme J P, Monteny B, et al.1997. Sensible heat fluxes and radiometric remperatureover sparse Sahelian vegetation: I. An experimental analysis of the kB-1parameter. Journal ofHydrology,188-189:815-838.
Tucker C J, Slayback D A, Pinzon J E, et al.2001. Higher northern latitude normalized differencevegetation index and growing season trends from1982to1999. International Journal ofBiometeorology,45:184-190.
Twine T E, Kustas W P, Norman J M, et al.2000. Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimatesover a grassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,103:279-300.
Van Bavel C H M, Hillel D I.1976. Calculating potential and actual evaporation from a bare soilsurface by simulation of concurrent flow of water and heat. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,17:453-476.
Venturini V, Bisht G, Islam S, et al.2004. Comparison of evaporative fractions estimated fromAVHRR and MODIS sensors over South Florida. Remote Sensing of Environment,93:77-86.
Verhoef H, Debruin H A R, Vandenhurk B J J M.1997. Some practical notes on the parameter kB-1for sparse vegetation. Journal of Applied Meteorology,36:560-572.
Verma S B.1989. Aerodynamic resistances to transfers of heat, mass and momentum. Estimation ofareal evapotranspiration. IAHS Publication,177:13-20.
Voogt J A and Oke T R.2003. Thermal remote sensing of urban climates. Remote Sensing ofEnvironment,86:370-384.
Walter I A, Allen R G, Elliott R, et al.2000. ASCE's standardized reference evapotranspirationequation. Proceedings of Fourth National Irrigation Symposium, American Society ofAgricultural Engineers, Phoenix, AZ, USA,14-16November2000.
Wang J, Sammis T W, Meier C A, et al.2005. A modified SEBAL model for spatially estimatingpecan consumptive water use for Las Cruces, New Mexico, in15th Conference on AppliedClimatology,20-24June2005, Hilton Savannah DeSoto, Savannah, Georgia.
Wang K, Li Z, Cribb M.2006. Estimation of evaporative fraction from a combination of day andnight land surface temperatures and NDVI: A new method to determine the Priestley-Taylorparameter. Remote Sensing of Environment,102:293-305.
Wang T, Ochs G R, Clifford S F.1978. A saturation-resistant optical scintillometer to measure C2n.Journal of Optical Society of America,68(3):334-338.
Webb E K.1970. Profile relationships: The log-linear range, and extension to strong stability.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,96:67-90.
White M A, Thornton P E, Running S W, et al.1997. A continental phenology model for monitoringvegetation responses to interannual climatic variability. Biogeochemical Cycles,11:217-234.
Wilson K, Goldstein A, Falge, E, et al.2002. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,113:223-243.
Wood E F, Su H, McCabe M, et al.2003. Estimating Evaporation from Satellite Remote Sensing.Paper presented at the IGARSS,7:21-25.
Xue Y, Sellers P J, Kinter J L, et al.1991. A simplified biosphere model for global climate studies.Journal of Climate,4:345-364.
Yang H, Cong Z, Liu Z, et al.2010. Estimating sub-pixel temperatures using the triangle algorithm,International Journal of Remote Sensing,31(23):6047-6060.
Zhang L, Lemeur R, Goutorbe J P.1995. A one-layer resistance model for estimating regionalevapotranspiration using remote sensing data. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,77:241-261.
陈镜明.1988.现用遥感蒸散模式中的一个重要缺点及改进.科学通报,33:454-458.
程乾,黄敬峰,王人潮,等.2004. MODIS植被指数与水稻叶面积指数及叶片叶绿素含量相关性研究.应用生态学报,15(8):1363-1367.
邓时琴.中国土壤质地图.1986.中国科学院土壤研究所.中国土壤图集.北京:地图出版社,23-24.
高彦春,龙笛.2008.遥感蒸散发模型研究进展.遥感学报,12(3):515-528.
韩丽娟,王鹏新,王锦地,等.2005.植被指数-地表温度构成的特征空间研究.中国科学D辑,35(4):371-377.
黄春林,李新.2004.陆面数据同化系统的研究综述.遥感技术与应用,19(5):424-430.
康玲玲,王昌高,张永兰,等.2004.近50年黄河中游降水变化及其对径流的影响.人民黄河,26(8):26-28.
雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.1988.土壤水动力学.北京:清华大学出版社.
李新,黄春林,车涛,等.2007.中国陆面数据同化系统研究的进展与前瞻.自然科学进展,17(8):881-892.
林家鼎,孙菽芬.1983.土壤内水分流动、温度分布及其表面蒸发效应的研究.水利学报,(7):1-7
刘朝顺.2008.区域尺度地表水热的遥感模拟及应用研究[博士学位论文].南京信息工程大学.
刘辉志,董文杰,符淙斌,等.2004.半干旱地区吉林通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测试验.气候与环境研究,9(2):378-389.
刘辉志,涂钢,董文杰,等.2006.半干旱地区地气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量的日变化及季节变化.大气科学,30(1):108-118.
刘晓燕,赵军,石成,等.2007.土壤恒温层温度及深度研究.太阳能学报,28(5):494-498.
刘志红,郭伟玲,杨勤科.2011.近20年黄土高原不同地貌类型区植被覆盖变化及原因分析.中国水土保持科学,9(1):16-23.
刘志武.2005.阿克苏平原绿洲蒸散发遥感模型研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学.
马耀明,王介民, Menenti,等.1999.卫星遥感结合地面卫星遥感结合地面观测估算非均匀地表区域能量通量.气象学报,57(2):180-189.
毛晓敏.1999.干旱区绿洲潜水-土壤-植物-大气系统水热传输模拟研究[博士学位论文].北京：清华大学.
穆兴民,巴桑赤烈,ZHANG L,等.2007.黄河河口镇至龙门区间来水来沙变化及其对水利水保措施的响应.泥沙研究,(2):36-41.
冉大川,柳林旺,赵力仪,等.2000.黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间水土保持与水沙变化.郑州:黄河水利出版社,124-137.
尚松浩,毛晓敏,雷志栋,等.2009.土壤水分动态模拟模型及其应用.科学出版社.
史辅成.2006.河口镇-龙门区间降雨径流关系变化的原因.人民黄河,28(4):24-25.
司建华,冯起,张小由等.2005.植物蒸散耗水量测定方法研究进展.水科学进展,16(3):450-459.
覃志豪, Zhang M, Karnieli A,等.2001.用陆面卫星TM6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法.地理学报,56(4):456-466.
田静,苏红波,孙晓敏,陈少辉.2009.遥感反演土壤蒸发/植被蒸腾二层模型在华北地区的应用.地理研究,28(5):1297-1306
王介民,刘绍民,孙敏章,等.2005. ET的遥感监测与流域尺度水资源管理.干旱气象,23(2):1-7.
王维真,徐自为,刘绍民,等.2009.黑河流域不同下垫面水热通量特征分析.地球科学进展,24(7):714-723.
吴炳方,熊隽,闫娜娜,等.2008.基于遥感的区域蒸散量监测方法——ETWatch.水科学进展,19(5):671-678.
吴炳方,熊隽,闫娜娜.2011. ETWatch的模型与方法.遥感学报,15(2):224-239.
辛晓洲.2003.用定量遥感方法计算地表蒸散[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院遥感应用研究所
信忠保,许炯心,马元旭.2009.近50年黄土高原侵蚀性降水的时空变化特征.地理科学,29(1):98-104.
徐希孺,庄家礼,陈良富.2000.热红外多角度遥感和反演混合像元组分温度.北京大学学报(自然科学版),36(4):555-560.
许炯心.2004.黄河流域河口镇至龙门区间的径流可再生性变化及其影响因素.自然科学进展,14(7):787-791.
杨红娟,刘志武,雷志栋,等.2008.一种简易遥感腾发模型在干旱区平原绿洲的应用.水利学报,38(4):483-489.
杨红娟.2009.遥感腾发模型研究及其在干旱区平原绿洲的应用[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学.
杨曦,武建军,闫峰,等.2009.基于地表温度-植被指数特征空间的区域土壤干湿状况.生态学报,29(3):1205-1216.
易永红.2008.植被参数与蒸发的遥感反演方法及区域干旱评估应用研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学.
尹航.2005.流域下垫面变化条件下的水文响应及尺度影响研究[硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学.
张仁华,孙晓敏,王伟民,等.2004.一种可操作的区域尺度地表通量定量遥感二层模型的物理基础.中国科学:D辑,34:200-216.
张晓萍,张橹,穆兴民,等.2007.黄河中游河口—龙门区间多年平均流域水平衡特征.地理学报,62(7):753-763.
张志明.1990.计算蒸发量的原理和方法.成都科技大学出版社.