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林檎叶保健成分及其保健功能的研究
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摘要
林檎是蔷薇科乔木,在我国广西、湘南一带,民间有饮用林檎茶的习惯和嗜好。从
    1988年起,已进行过“林檎叶保健茶的研制”和国家自然科学基金资助项目“林檎叶保健
    茶天然防霉成分和机理研究”等科研项目。林檎叶中含有对人体健身、防癌、抗衰老、健
    齿等多种成分,但对其保健机理、功能因子的研究还不曾涉及。因此,研究其保健功能及
    其机理有积极意义。
     本研究以林檎叶为材料,以林檎叶的水提取组(A)、乙醇提取经石油醚萃取(B)
    后,乙醇萃取层分为两份,一份为(C)、另一份经HCI溶解得(D)、盐酸不溶物经乙
    酸乙酯溶解再经NaOH萃取后得NaOH萃取组(E)和乙酸乙酯萃取组(F)及石油醚浸
    提组(G)为受试物,分别进行如下试验:
     提取物对小白鼠免疫功能的影响:采用小白鼠免疫器官重量法、常压耐缺氧实验、游
    泳实验、耐高温及耐低温实验和碳粒廓清法实验。结果表明,与对照组比较,A组小白鼠
    胸腺指数和脾脏指数均有显著增加(p<0.05),C组胸腺指数有显著的增加(p<0.05),
    C组增大浓度对胸腺指数有极显著的影响(P<0.01),脾脏指数有显著差异(P<0.05),
    A组浓度间无显著差异;A组廓清指数、吞噬活性均有明显提高(P<0.05);A、C、D
    能显著延长小白鼠耐缺氧时间(P<0.05);C、D、E组能延长小白鼠耐低温时间(P
    <0.05);D组能延长小白鼠游泳时间(P<0.01);受试物均无明显提高小白鼠的抗高温能
    力。由此认为,A、C组能明显提高小白鼠的免疫功能,这可能是其中多种成分如黄
    酮、多种氨基酸、生物碱、Vc、矿物质等能提高机体的免疫功能。
     小白鼠体内抑菌试验:用金黄色葡萄球菌80%~100%的致死剂量腹腔注射小白鼠,实
    验结果以A、C、E、F组抑菌作用较好,而两种不同温度的水浸提液具有不同的抑菌效
    果,以40℃浸泡1h小时的提取物为佳。分析原因,林檎叶中的主要抗菌成分为有机酸、
    单宁、皂甙。
     体外抗氧化实验:分别采用Fenton反应产生·OH和硫代巴比妥酸法(TBA)测定林
    檎叶提取物对·OH的清除作用及对动物肝脏匀浆脂质过氧化的抑制作用。结果表明:E、
    F组对·OH自由基有较好的清除作用和较好的抑制脂质过氧化作用,A、C组也有一定的
    抑制作用,但在高浓度下抑制率下降。其可能的主要活性成分为黄酮类、多酚类、单宁等
    多元酚类物质。
     在以上保健功能研究的基础上,选取A、C、D、E、F组进行小白鼠急性毒性试验。
    由实验结果知,A、C、E、F组的浓度为2.6g/ml,其最大安全耐受量倍数为132,相当于
    人体推荐服用量的132倍,认为是安全可行的,而D组的半致死剂量为2.1g/ml,其主要
    成分生物碱有毒性。
Mallus Doumeri is a kind of ancient plant. In Hunan and Guangxi province in China, people are used to drinking the tea of the Mallus Ooumeri leaf. There are much amounts of useful ingredients in the leaves such as flavonoid, amino acid, alkaloid, Vc and mineral. Till now, there has no study of its healthful function and its principle.
     The Mallus Doumeri leaf is the material, The leaves of Mallus Doumeri were separated into 7groups: water extract(A); ethanol extract (C)divided on ethanol extracts by petroleum ether(B); HCI extract(D) and insoluble part in HCL divided on C group by HCI ; NaOH extract(E) and ethyl acetate cxtract(F) divided on the insoluble part in HCI by NaOH and ethyl acetate ,and petroleum clhcr extract(G).The experiments is to study the effects of MaIlus Doumeri leaf extracts on immune function of mice, the antibacterial effect in vilro, the cleaning up the ?OH free radical and inhibition on mice liver lipid peroxidation and the acute toxicity on mice.
     The effects of Mallus Doumeri leaf extracts on immune function was investigated with mice. The methods of immune organs weight of mice, carbon clearance, enduring meagre oxygen and enduring low and high temperature, swimming experiment were used. Results is that compared with control A group could significantly increase the thymic and splenic index of mice (p     [he antibacterial experiment of Mallus Doumcri leaf extracts was conducted in ViIfl) with mice in order to test the antibacterial effect of the active compounds, respectively. The results showed that Mallus Doumeri leaf due to including tanin and soponin had stronger antibacterial action in vitro.
     Fenton and TBA methods were used to study the cleaning up the ?OH free radical and inhibition of Mallus Doumeri leaves extracts on mice liver lipid peroxidation. The results showed that the extracts extracted by ethanol, and then dissolved in NaOH solvent or ethyl acetate spectively,could effectively clean up the ?OH free radical. The average clean rate was more than 70%. These two separating groups could inhabit effectively lipid peroxidation.
     The acute toxicity test is used to study the acute toxicity of the Mallus Doumeri leavcs.the result is that the D group which the main ingredient is alkaloid has a LD50 which is 2.lg/ml. When the dose is 2./rnl, all other groups have no death, the max sat~ty dose multiple of the A,C,E,F groups is more than I 32,~vhich is regarcd sale her human
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