球面阵列天线波束形成技术研究
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摘要
各种先进的飞行器,为了获得高的空气动力学性能和武器性能,将它们所携带的雷达天线单元,安装在飞行器表面上,使天线阵面与飞行器表面相吻合,形成共形阵列天线。本文为了解决如何选取天线单元安装位置以改善共形阵列天线性能指标的难题,采用了共形阵列天线的稀疏、稀布技术。在飞行器表面上稀疏、稀布天线单元不仅可以有效的利用飞行器的几何形状,设计出孔径尽可能大、成本尽可能低的强方向性天线阵列,而且利于降低飞行器自身的RCS。
本文主要针对共形阵列天线中的一种——共形球面阵列天线,展开研究和讨论。将共形球面阵列天线的几何结构与阵列的稀疏、稀布技术结合起来,借助优化算法的优化,实现球面阵列天线的综合及波束赋形。
主要内容及创新之处包括:
1:对遗传算法的产生与发展进行了简要的介绍,并将遗传算法与自然界中的生物进化进行了对比说明,更加生动的阐释了遗传算法的基本思想。对遗传算法的基本流程以及参数设置进行了简要的说明。
2:采用了一种正二十面体球面三角剖分设计方法,设计出了一种可以实现天线单元近似均匀分布的共形球面阵列分布模型,该模型下的天线阵列可以保证阵列方向图在大扫描角下不发生畸变。
3:利用遗传算法对近似均匀分布的球面模型进行了稀疏优化,在抑制峰值旁瓣电平的同时,减少了所需阵元个数,降低了其生产成本。
4:利用遗传算法对共形球面阵列分别进行了唯相位、唯幅度及幅相加权波束赋形,在干扰方向不精确的情况下实现了阵列方向图的宽角零陷赋形。
5:采用了一种球面区域的预划分方法,并对阵元位置分布引入了随机扰动,通过遗传算法的优化,实现了共形球面阵列中天线单元位置在多约束条件下的最优稀布。
In order to achieve greater aerodynamic performance and weapons performance, various kinds of advanced aircraft expect the radar units they carried to be installed on surface of the flight vehicle so that the surface of the arrays coincides with the surface of aircraft, forming conformal arrays antennas. To improve the performance of the conformal arrays, this dissertation uses the technology of antennas thinned and antennas sparse to calculate the most suitable positions where the antennas should be placed. Marshalling sparse arrays on surface of the vehicle takes full advantage of its geometric shapes, not only as far as possible big aperture, low costs and high gain arrays could be got, but also RCS of the aircraft could be reduced.
This article mainly researches and discusses about the spherical arrays antennas. Unifying the conformal arrays antennas and the sparse arrays antennas' correlation technique, utilizing the optimization algorithm realizes the arrays synthesis and beam forming.
The main details and important results which bring forth new ideas are listed as follow:
1: Introduce the emergence and the development of genetic algorithms briefly. And compared with biological evolution in nature, genetic algorithm is explained lively and clearly. Finally, a brief description is given about the basic process of genetic algorithm and parameter settings.
2: A new antenna elements distribution model is proposed, in this model the antennas could be distributed approximately uniform, which guarantees the array pattern without distortion under a large scanning.
3: To suppress the peak sidelobe level, the antennas in the new model is thinned. So the number of the element required become smaller, and the production cost is reduced.
4: The phase-only, the amplitude-only and the phase-amplitude pattern synthesis method are adopted to achieve conformal spherical array beamforming, with these methods we could achieve wide-angle array pattern nulling shaped in the case of interference with the direction of inaccurate.
5: Propose a spherical region pre-partition method, and introduce random disturbance to the distribution of the elements, through the genetic algorithms, optimal sparse of the spherical conformal array antenna unit location is achieved in the multi-constrained.
本文主要针对共形阵列天线中的一种——共形球面阵列天线,展开研究和讨论。将共形球面阵列天线的几何结构与阵列的稀疏、稀布技术结合起来,借助优化算法的优化,实现球面阵列天线的综合及波束赋形。
主要内容及创新之处包括:
1:对遗传算法的产生与发展进行了简要的介绍,并将遗传算法与自然界中的生物进化进行了对比说明,更加生动的阐释了遗传算法的基本思想。对遗传算法的基本流程以及参数设置进行了简要的说明。
2:采用了一种正二十面体球面三角剖分设计方法,设计出了一种可以实现天线单元近似均匀分布的共形球面阵列分布模型,该模型下的天线阵列可以保证阵列方向图在大扫描角下不发生畸变。
3:利用遗传算法对近似均匀分布的球面模型进行了稀疏优化,在抑制峰值旁瓣电平的同时,减少了所需阵元个数,降低了其生产成本。
4:利用遗传算法对共形球面阵列分别进行了唯相位、唯幅度及幅相加权波束赋形,在干扰方向不精确的情况下实现了阵列方向图的宽角零陷赋形。
5:采用了一种球面区域的预划分方法,并对阵元位置分布引入了随机扰动,通过遗传算法的优化,实现了共形球面阵列中天线单元位置在多约束条件下的最优稀布。
In order to achieve greater aerodynamic performance and weapons performance, various kinds of advanced aircraft expect the radar units they carried to be installed on surface of the flight vehicle so that the surface of the arrays coincides with the surface of aircraft, forming conformal arrays antennas. To improve the performance of the conformal arrays, this dissertation uses the technology of antennas thinned and antennas sparse to calculate the most suitable positions where the antennas should be placed. Marshalling sparse arrays on surface of the vehicle takes full advantage of its geometric shapes, not only as far as possible big aperture, low costs and high gain arrays could be got, but also RCS of the aircraft could be reduced.
This article mainly researches and discusses about the spherical arrays antennas. Unifying the conformal arrays antennas and the sparse arrays antennas' correlation technique, utilizing the optimization algorithm realizes the arrays synthesis and beam forming.
The main details and important results which bring forth new ideas are listed as follow:
1: Introduce the emergence and the development of genetic algorithms briefly. And compared with biological evolution in nature, genetic algorithm is explained lively and clearly. Finally, a brief description is given about the basic process of genetic algorithm and parameter settings.
2: A new antenna elements distribution model is proposed, in this model the antennas could be distributed approximately uniform, which guarantees the array pattern without distortion under a large scanning.
3: To suppress the peak sidelobe level, the antennas in the new model is thinned. So the number of the element required become smaller, and the production cost is reduced.
4: The phase-only, the amplitude-only and the phase-amplitude pattern synthesis method are adopted to achieve conformal spherical array beamforming, with these methods we could achieve wide-angle array pattern nulling shaped in the case of interference with the direction of inaccurate.
5: Propose a spherical region pre-partition method, and introduce random disturbance to the distribution of the elements, through the genetic algorithms, optimal sparse of the spherical conformal array antenna unit location is achieved in the multi-constrained.
引文
[1] J.C.Sureau,”Conformal arrays come of age”,Microwave Journal. Oct,1973,P.23.
[2] Haupt R.L.Thined arrays using genetic algorithms.IEEE Trans on Antennas Propagation,1994,AP-42(7):993-999
[3]陈客松,何子述,韩春林.利用GA实现非对称稀疏线阵旁瓣电平的优化.电子信息学报,2007,29(4):987-990
[4]王玲玲,方大刚.运用遗传算法综合稀疏阵列.电子学报,2003,31(12A):2135-2138
[5] Kesong Chen, Zishu He, Chunlin Han. A Modified Real GA for the Sparse Linear Array Synthesis with Multiple Constraints. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2006,54(7):2169～2173
[6] Kesong Chen, Xiaohua Yun, Zishu He, et al. Synthesis of Sparse Planar Arrays Using Modified Real Genetic Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.2007,55(4):1067-1073
[7]吕振肃,侯志荣.自适应变异的粒子群优化算法.电子学报.2004,32(3):416-420
[8]欧阳骏,杨峰,聂在平,等.基于遗传算法的载体上共形天线阵列优化.电波科学学报.2008,23(2):356-359
[9]韩明华,袁乃昌.基于整体模拟退火算法的不等距天线阵综合.系统工程与电子技术.1999,21(2):70-74
[10] Randy L.H.Phase-only Adaptive Nulling With a Genetic Algorithm. IEEE Trans on Antennas Propagation.1997,45(6):1009-1015
[11]丁君,王珺,郭陈江,等.一种改进的阵列天线方向图主波束快速赋形算法.微波学报.2005,21(6):30-32
[12]丁君,王珺,郭陈江,等.一种对任意线阵天线的主波束赋形方法.电波科学学报.2004,19(5):638-641
[13] Y.T.Lo, S.W.Lee. Antenna handbook.Van Nostrand ReinholdCo. New York, 1988
[14] David Curits, Michelle Champin,Boris Tomasic, et al. Conformal array control using digital beamforming. Antenna Aplication Symposium, Allerton Park,House, 2005,193-235
[15] Kyungjung Kim, Tapan K.Sarkar, Michel C.Wichs, et al. DOA Estimation Utilizing Directive Elements on a Conformal Surface. IEEE Nation Radar Conference,2003,91- 96
[16] R.K. Hersey, W.L.Melvin, J.H.Mclellan.Clutter-limited detection performance of muti-channel conformal arrays. Signal Processing,2004,84:1481-1500
[17] Thomas E.Morton, Krishna M.Pasala. Pattern synthesis of conformal arrays for airborne vehicles. IEEE Areospace Conference Proceeding, 2004,2:1030-1038
[18] H.Unz. Linear arrays with arbitrarily distributed elements. IRE Rrans On Antennas and Poropafation,1960,8(3):222-223
[19] Lo Y T, Lee S W. A study of space-tapered arrays. IEEE Trans on Antenna and Propagation, 1966,14(1): 22-30
[20] Holland J.H. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. MIT Press,1975
[21]周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及其应用.北京:国防工业出版社, 1999, 1-150
[22]陈国良,王煦法.遗传算法及应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,1996
[23]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法—理论、应用与软件实现.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002,1-18
[24]雷英杰,张善文,李续武,等.遗传算法工具箱及应用.西安:西安电子科技大学,2005,60- 61
[25] F. Ares, S. R. Rengarajun, J. A Ferreira, et al. Synthesis of antenna patterns of circular arc arrays. Electron. Lett,1996,32(20):1845-1846.
[26] Zhiyong Huang, Balanis. C.A. Adaptive Beamforming Using Spherical Array. IEEE, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,2005,4A:126–129
[27] You Chung Chung , Haupt. R.L. Adaptive Nulling with Spherical Arrays Using a Genetic Algorithm. IEEE, Antennas and Propagation Society International Sympo- sium,1999,3:2000-2003
[28] You Chung Chung, Haupt. R.L. Low side lobe pattern synthesis of sphereical arrays using a genetic algorithm. Microwave and optical technology letters,2002,32(6)
[29] W.H. Kumme. Basic array theory. IEEE Proc,1992,80(l):127-140.
[30] White D, Kimerling A J, Overton W S. Cartographic and geometric components of a global sampling design for environmental monitoring. Cartography andGeographic Information Systems,1992,19(1):5-22.
[31]赵学胜,孙文彬,陈军.基于QTM的全球离散格网变形分布及收敛分析.中国矿业大学学报,2005,34(4):438-441
[32]张胜茂,吴健平,周科松.基于正多面体的球面三角剖分与分析.计算机工程与应用,2008 44(9):16-19
[33] Verhaevert.J, Van Lil. E, Van De Capelle.A. Uniform spherical distributions for adaptive array applications. IEEE Veh Technol Conf ,2001,1(53):98-102.
[34] Susumu Horiguchi , Takayuki Ishizone,Yasuto Mushiake. Radiation Characteristics of Spherical Triangular Array Antenna”, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagation,1985, AP-33, NO.4.
[35] M. Hoffman. Conventions for the analysis of spherical arrays. IEEE Trans Antennas Propagation AP-11 1963, pp: 390-393.
[36] Haupt R L. Optimized element spacing for low sidelobe concentric ring arrays. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, 2008, 56(1):266-268.
[37] P. H. Xie, K. S. Chen, Z. S. He. Synthesis of Sparse Cylindrical Arrays Using Simulated Annealing Algorithm. PIER Letters, 2009, Vol.9, 147-156.
[38] Penghan Xie, Kesong Chen, Zishu He. Synthesis of thinned conical arrays using simulated annealing algorithm. Communications Circuits and Systems, 2009, ICCCAS 2009 International Conference on 23-25 July 2009 Page(s):756–758.
[39]陈客松,何子述,韩春林.最佳稀疏直线阵列的分区穷举综合法.电子与信息学报.2006,28(11):2030-2032.
[40] Y.C.Chung, R L.Haupt. Amplitude and phase adaptive nulling with a genetic algorithm. USNC/URSI National Radio Science Digest, Atlanta, Ga, June 1998 pp.225.
[41] Y.C.Chung, R.L.Haupt. Optimizing genetic algorithm parameters for adaptive nulling. the 15th Annual Review of progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics, Monterey, Ca, March 1999.
[42] R.L.Haupt. Phase-only adaptive nulling with a genetic algorithm. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat, 1997,vol.AP-45:1009-1015.
[43] B. P. Kumar, G. R. Branner.Generalized analytical technique for the synthesis of unequally spaced arrays with linear, planar, cylindrical or sphericalgeometry. IEEE Transactions Antennas and Propagation.2005,53:621-634.
[44] V. Sathi. Optimisation of multi-frequency microstrip antenna using genetic algorithm coupled with method of moments. Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, IET, 2010,vol. 4, pp: 477-483.
[45] G. Crevecoeur. A Two-Level Genetic Algorithm for Electromagnetic Optimization. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions, 2010, Issue.99, pp. 1-10.
[46] P. L. Carro, J. de Mingo. Analysis and Synthesis of Double-Sided Parallel-Strip Tran-sitions. Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions , 2010, vol. 58, pp.372-380.
[2] Haupt R.L.Thined arrays using genetic algorithms.IEEE Trans on Antennas Propagation,1994,AP-42(7):993-999
[3]陈客松,何子述,韩春林.利用GA实现非对称稀疏线阵旁瓣电平的优化.电子信息学报,2007,29(4):987-990
[4]王玲玲,方大刚.运用遗传算法综合稀疏阵列.电子学报,2003,31(12A):2135-2138
[5] Kesong Chen, Zishu He, Chunlin Han. A Modified Real GA for the Sparse Linear Array Synthesis with Multiple Constraints. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2006,54(7):2169～2173
[6] Kesong Chen, Xiaohua Yun, Zishu He, et al. Synthesis of Sparse Planar Arrays Using Modified Real Genetic Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.2007,55(4):1067-1073
[7]吕振肃,侯志荣.自适应变异的粒子群优化算法.电子学报.2004,32(3):416-420
[8]欧阳骏,杨峰,聂在平,等.基于遗传算法的载体上共形天线阵列优化.电波科学学报.2008,23(2):356-359
[9]韩明华,袁乃昌.基于整体模拟退火算法的不等距天线阵综合.系统工程与电子技术.1999,21(2):70-74
[10] Randy L.H.Phase-only Adaptive Nulling With a Genetic Algorithm. IEEE Trans on Antennas Propagation.1997,45(6):1009-1015
[11]丁君,王珺,郭陈江,等.一种改进的阵列天线方向图主波束快速赋形算法.微波学报.2005,21(6):30-32
[12]丁君,王珺,郭陈江,等.一种对任意线阵天线的主波束赋形方法.电波科学学报.2004,19(5):638-641
[13] Y.T.Lo, S.W.Lee. Antenna handbook.Van Nostrand ReinholdCo. New York, 1988
[14] David Curits, Michelle Champin,Boris Tomasic, et al. Conformal array control using digital beamforming. Antenna Aplication Symposium, Allerton Park,House, 2005,193-235
[15] Kyungjung Kim, Tapan K.Sarkar, Michel C.Wichs, et al. DOA Estimation Utilizing Directive Elements on a Conformal Surface. IEEE Nation Radar Conference,2003,91- 96
[16] R.K. Hersey, W.L.Melvin, J.H.Mclellan.Clutter-limited detection performance of muti-channel conformal arrays. Signal Processing,2004,84:1481-1500
[17] Thomas E.Morton, Krishna M.Pasala. Pattern synthesis of conformal arrays for airborne vehicles. IEEE Areospace Conference Proceeding, 2004,2:1030-1038
[18] H.Unz. Linear arrays with arbitrarily distributed elements. IRE Rrans On Antennas and Poropafation,1960,8(3):222-223
[19] Lo Y T, Lee S W. A study of space-tapered arrays. IEEE Trans on Antenna and Propagation, 1966,14(1): 22-30
[20] Holland J.H. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. MIT Press,1975
[21]周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及其应用.北京:国防工业出版社, 1999, 1-150
[22]陈国良,王煦法.遗传算法及应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,1996
[23]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法—理论、应用与软件实现.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002,1-18
[24]雷英杰,张善文,李续武,等.遗传算法工具箱及应用.西安:西安电子科技大学,2005,60- 61
[25] F. Ares, S. R. Rengarajun, J. A Ferreira, et al. Synthesis of antenna patterns of circular arc arrays. Electron. Lett,1996,32(20):1845-1846.
[26] Zhiyong Huang, Balanis. C.A. Adaptive Beamforming Using Spherical Array. IEEE, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,2005,4A:126–129
[27] You Chung Chung , Haupt. R.L. Adaptive Nulling with Spherical Arrays Using a Genetic Algorithm. IEEE, Antennas and Propagation Society International Sympo- sium,1999,3:2000-2003
[28] You Chung Chung, Haupt. R.L. Low side lobe pattern synthesis of sphereical arrays using a genetic algorithm. Microwave and optical technology letters,2002,32(6)
[29] W.H. Kumme. Basic array theory. IEEE Proc,1992,80(l):127-140.
[30] White D, Kimerling A J, Overton W S. Cartographic and geometric components of a global sampling design for environmental monitoring. Cartography andGeographic Information Systems,1992,19(1):5-22.
[31]赵学胜,孙文彬,陈军.基于QTM的全球离散格网变形分布及收敛分析.中国矿业大学学报,2005,34(4):438-441
[32]张胜茂,吴健平,周科松.基于正多面体的球面三角剖分与分析.计算机工程与应用,2008 44(9):16-19
[33] Verhaevert.J, Van Lil. E, Van De Capelle.A. Uniform spherical distributions for adaptive array applications. IEEE Veh Technol Conf ,2001,1(53):98-102.
[34] Susumu Horiguchi , Takayuki Ishizone,Yasuto Mushiake. Radiation Characteristics of Spherical Triangular Array Antenna”, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagation,1985, AP-33, NO.4.
[35] M. Hoffman. Conventions for the analysis of spherical arrays. IEEE Trans Antennas Propagation AP-11 1963, pp: 390-393.
[36] Haupt R L. Optimized element spacing for low sidelobe concentric ring arrays. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, 2008, 56(1):266-268.
[37] P. H. Xie, K. S. Chen, Z. S. He. Synthesis of Sparse Cylindrical Arrays Using Simulated Annealing Algorithm. PIER Letters, 2009, Vol.9, 147-156.
[38] Penghan Xie, Kesong Chen, Zishu He. Synthesis of thinned conical arrays using simulated annealing algorithm. Communications Circuits and Systems, 2009, ICCCAS 2009 International Conference on 23-25 July 2009 Page(s):756–758.
[39]陈客松,何子述,韩春林.最佳稀疏直线阵列的分区穷举综合法.电子与信息学报.2006,28(11):2030-2032.
[40] Y.C.Chung, R L.Haupt. Amplitude and phase adaptive nulling with a genetic algorithm. USNC/URSI National Radio Science Digest, Atlanta, Ga, June 1998 pp.225.
[41] Y.C.Chung, R.L.Haupt. Optimizing genetic algorithm parameters for adaptive nulling. the 15th Annual Review of progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics, Monterey, Ca, March 1999.
[42] R.L.Haupt. Phase-only adaptive nulling with a genetic algorithm. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat, 1997,vol.AP-45:1009-1015.
[43] B. P. Kumar, G. R. Branner.Generalized analytical technique for the synthesis of unequally spaced arrays with linear, planar, cylindrical or sphericalgeometry. IEEE Transactions Antennas and Propagation.2005,53:621-634.
[44] V. Sathi. Optimisation of multi-frequency microstrip antenna using genetic algorithm coupled with method of moments. Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, IET, 2010,vol. 4, pp: 477-483.
[45] G. Crevecoeur. A Two-Level Genetic Algorithm for Electromagnetic Optimization. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions, 2010, Issue.99, pp. 1-10.
[46] P. L. Carro, J. de Mingo. Analysis and Synthesis of Double-Sided Parallel-Strip Tran-sitions. Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions , 2010, vol. 58, pp.372-380.