电网故障诊断方法及其系统架构研究
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摘要
目前我国的经济建设正进入飞速发展的阶段,各类行业对电力系统的依赖程度日渐增加,电力系统的稳定运行已经成为关系到国计民生的主要任务。然而,由于操作失误、人为破坏以及自然不可抗拒力等原因,大规模的停电事故时有发生。因此,电力系统的自愈性--即电网发生故障后快速诊断、隔离故障并且自我恢复的能力成为智能电网的一个主要研究方向。而作为智能电网可“自愈性”能够实现的先决条件,电力系统故障诊断方法一直是国内外研究的重点课题。
本文在总结国内外传统的电力系统故障诊断方法基础上,借鉴目前计算机智能算法领域优秀的发展思路,从电网拓扑、故障知识表示、报警信息缺失、系统结构等几个方面对电网故障诊断方法进行了进一步的研究。主要工作及贡献如下：
1、针对目前广泛使用的矩阵表示方式构造不够灵活、扩展性差等缺点,提出了电网拓扑的二维链表表示方法。由于电网拓扑是用来查找停电区域的必要手段,因此其存取效率对于整个故障诊断系统来说至关重要。IEC61970已经提出采用CIM/SVG作为电力系统图形建模规范,但其具体应用目前只停留在图形整合及静态拓扑表达层面。本文提出了一套从符合CIM模型的厂站接线图中提取全网拓扑数据的方法,不仅解决了对厂站接线XML文件的搜索瓶颈问题,而且能够表示各种复杂接线方式。SVG图元编辑平台不再作为一个独立的系统存在,而是和SCADA一起成为电力网络拓扑的数据来源,并在此基础上建立了一种描述电网拓扑的二维链表数据结构,使搜索算法无论在速度还是实用性上都优于传统的方法,提高了电网拓扑生成及搜索的效率。
2、将电网故障特点转化为计算机能够接受的知识表示形式,通过对故障知识的转化,引出合理的诊断方法。知识是人工智能的基础,为了让计算机具有智能,使其能模拟人类的智能行为,就必须使其具备知识。因此,电网故障的知识表示方法对故障诊断的作用是决定性的。本文将精简并且完备的故障知识提供给智能诊断方法,以期达到快速、准确的诊断目的。首先提出利用完备故障知识表示进行输电网故障诊断的思想,并加以实现；其次将故障知识分为拓扑知识和保护知识,给出了各自的信息化表示方法；最后通过对知识的优化提高了故障诊断的效率,并以Petri网为例加以证明。
3、研究了边界断路器跳闸信息缺失情况下的电网故障诊断方法。断路器跳闸信息不仅用于故障诊断方法本身,而且.是计算停电区域必不可少的因素,因此断路器信息足故障诊断方法的关键点,但是专门针对断路器报警信息缺失情况下的故障诊断方法研究尚不多见。本文提出了边界断路器跳闸信息缺失情况下的无源区域搜索算法,以非匹配断路器顶点为基点,根据连通图上的点割算法,形成多个可能包含故障元件的无源区域,并以割点的形式找回丢失的断路器跳闸信息。通过对多个无源区域运用skyline多目标优化查询算法进行排序,形成一个按可疑故障元件查准率由大到小的有序序列提供给故障诊断算法,用Petri网作为诊断方法证明了skyline排序的准确性。
4、目前的故障诊断系统对实时性要求很高,从而过于依赖通信链路的信息传送能力。电网故障往往涉及多个变电站,故障时刻通信链路上极易发生数据拥塞,导致丢帧、数据畸变的情况。为了降低故障诊断算法对通信环节的依赖,提高诊断效率,本文对传统的故障诊断框架做出如下改进：数据采集层面,采用数据网格技术在变电站层对信息进行提取及预处理,为故障诊断程序提供一致的数据视图,不仅解决了故障诊断系统的通信问题,而且避免了数据在调度端的过度积压；算法方面,设计了一种分布式故障诊断系统以适于网格环境。分布式系统能够为日趋复杂杂的故障诊断算法提供高性能的分布式计算策略,保证诊断时间满足实际工程需要。
综上,本文在对目前的障信息系统、故障诊断系统以及通信方式等诸多环节详细调研的基础上,提出了包括电网故障知识表示、故障诊断算法以及故障诊断架构在内的一整故障诊断方案,进一步丰富了故障诊断方法的研究现状,提高了实际系统的应用能力。
At present our country's economic and construction are entering a rapid development stage, the dependence on power system of all kinds of industry has been increasing. The stable operation of the power system has become the main task of our country which related to the national economy and people's livelihood. But large-scale blackouts always occurred because of the operation mistakes, man-made destruction and natural force. So the self-healing of power system which including the rapid diagnosis after faults, fault isolation and self-healing become a major research direction of smart grid. As the precondition of self-healing, the power system fault diagnosis has been the focus of the research topic at home and abroad.
On the basis of summing up the research experience of the power system fault diagnosis and learn from the good developed ideas of artificial intelligence, this paper did the further research include the aspects of power grid topology, knowledge representation of fault diagnosis, alarm message missing and system structure. The detailed research work and contribution are shown as following:
(1) Two dimension adjacent lists for the power gird topology was introduced in order to overcome the weak point that topology matrix of the power grid lead to low flexibility and bad extension. Because power grid topology is the necessary means to find outage area, the efficiency of topology is very important to all the fault diagnosis system. IEC61970adopts CIM/SVG as the standards of graphic modeling for the power system, but its application is only limited in graphic integration and static topology expression at present. This paper proposed a new topology generation and searching scheme based on CIM which can reflect the actual circuit diagram. The method avoids directly searching on the line diagram-XML file which is the bottleneck restrictions of this system. The system makes SVG operation program no longer as an independent system, but as the data source of the power network topology by cooperating with SCADA. This paper also put forward a new two dimension adjacent lists data structure based on this topology method, which makes searching algorithm more real-time and reliable than the traditional method.
(2) The characteristic of faults was transformed to knowledge which the computer can accept. Reasonable fault diagnosis algorithm was extracted by mapping from fault knowledge. Knowledge is the basis of artificial intelligence. In order to make the computer has intelligence which can simulate the behavior of human, it must possess knowledge. So the knowledge representation of fault diagnosis is decisive to the fault diagnosis algorithm. In order to make the fault diagnosis algorithm faster and exacter, this paper provides simplified and completed fault knowledge to intelligent diagnosis method. Firstly, provide the thought that use completed fault knowledge to diagnose power gird fault and realize it. Secondly, defines the topology knowledge and protection knowledge, put forward informationization method for both of them. Finally, improve the efficiency of fault diagnosis by optimizing the knowledge and use petri net to prove it.
(3) Creates a new power system fault diagnosis considering absence of alarm messages of circuit breakers on the border of outage area. Because the alarm messages of circuit beakers are used not only to diagnose fault sections but also to calculate outage area, it becomes the key point of fault diagnosis algorithm. There is little report about fault diagnosis algorithm under the circumstance that alarm messages of circuit beakers are missing. This paper puts forward a new method which can search the outage area under the circumstance that alarm messages of circuit beakers are missing. Based on graph theory, one or more outrage area can be partitioned by cut-set of nodes. Multi-objective optimization method skyline query was applied to sort the outrage area decreasingly based on the precision rate of fault section and the descending order was provided to the diagnosis algorithm. The developed diagnosis method could make the diagnosis program much faster, and can insure the fault section will not be omitted. Petri net was applied as the diagnosis tool and several examples showed the accuracy of skyline.
(4) Because the power grid fault diagnosis system's real time demand is rigorous, it depends too much on the information transmission capacity of communication digital link. When the fault occurs, the automatic devices of the power system would produce a mass of alarm messages and datagram congestion will be happen. This can lead frame loss or data distortion. In order to reduce the reliance on communication and promote the efficiency of fault diagnosis system, this paper makes the following improvement to the traditional fault diagnosis framework. On the data acquisition layer, this paper use data grid to collect and pretreatment the information from transformer substation. It can provide uniform data view to the fault diagnosis program. This method not only solves the communication problem of fault diagnosis system, but also avoids excessive data in the control center. On the arithmetic layer, this paper designs a distributed fault diagnosis framework according to the characteristics of data grid. The distributed system can provides high performance computing strategy to fault diagnosis arithmetic, so the fault diagnosis framework can meet the practical engineering requirements.
From the above, this paper put forward a fault diagnosis project which includes fault knowledge representation, fault diagnosis arithmetic and fault diagnosis framework based on comprehensive investigation and engineering practice. This paper will enrich the research status of fault diagnosis domain and will enhance the fault diagnosis performance of the power system.
本文在总结国内外传统的电力系统故障诊断方法基础上,借鉴目前计算机智能算法领域优秀的发展思路,从电网拓扑、故障知识表示、报警信息缺失、系统结构等几个方面对电网故障诊断方法进行了进一步的研究。主要工作及贡献如下：
1、针对目前广泛使用的矩阵表示方式构造不够灵活、扩展性差等缺点,提出了电网拓扑的二维链表表示方法。由于电网拓扑是用来查找停电区域的必要手段,因此其存取效率对于整个故障诊断系统来说至关重要。IEC61970已经提出采用CIM/SVG作为电力系统图形建模规范,但其具体应用目前只停留在图形整合及静态拓扑表达层面。本文提出了一套从符合CIM模型的厂站接线图中提取全网拓扑数据的方法,不仅解决了对厂站接线XML文件的搜索瓶颈问题,而且能够表示各种复杂接线方式。SVG图元编辑平台不再作为一个独立的系统存在,而是和SCADA一起成为电力网络拓扑的数据来源,并在此基础上建立了一种描述电网拓扑的二维链表数据结构,使搜索算法无论在速度还是实用性上都优于传统的方法,提高了电网拓扑生成及搜索的效率。
2、将电网故障特点转化为计算机能够接受的知识表示形式,通过对故障知识的转化,引出合理的诊断方法。知识是人工智能的基础,为了让计算机具有智能,使其能模拟人类的智能行为,就必须使其具备知识。因此,电网故障的知识表示方法对故障诊断的作用是决定性的。本文将精简并且完备的故障知识提供给智能诊断方法,以期达到快速、准确的诊断目的。首先提出利用完备故障知识表示进行输电网故障诊断的思想,并加以实现；其次将故障知识分为拓扑知识和保护知识,给出了各自的信息化表示方法；最后通过对知识的优化提高了故障诊断的效率,并以Petri网为例加以证明。
3、研究了边界断路器跳闸信息缺失情况下的电网故障诊断方法。断路器跳闸信息不仅用于故障诊断方法本身,而且.是计算停电区域必不可少的因素,因此断路器信息足故障诊断方法的关键点,但是专门针对断路器报警信息缺失情况下的故障诊断方法研究尚不多见。本文提出了边界断路器跳闸信息缺失情况下的无源区域搜索算法,以非匹配断路器顶点为基点,根据连通图上的点割算法,形成多个可能包含故障元件的无源区域,并以割点的形式找回丢失的断路器跳闸信息。通过对多个无源区域运用skyline多目标优化查询算法进行排序,形成一个按可疑故障元件查准率由大到小的有序序列提供给故障诊断算法,用Petri网作为诊断方法证明了skyline排序的准确性。
4、目前的故障诊断系统对实时性要求很高,从而过于依赖通信链路的信息传送能力。电网故障往往涉及多个变电站,故障时刻通信链路上极易发生数据拥塞,导致丢帧、数据畸变的情况。为了降低故障诊断算法对通信环节的依赖,提高诊断效率,本文对传统的故障诊断框架做出如下改进：数据采集层面,采用数据网格技术在变电站层对信息进行提取及预处理,为故障诊断程序提供一致的数据视图,不仅解决了故障诊断系统的通信问题,而且避免了数据在调度端的过度积压；算法方面,设计了一种分布式故障诊断系统以适于网格环境。分布式系统能够为日趋复杂杂的故障诊断算法提供高性能的分布式计算策略,保证诊断时间满足实际工程需要。
综上,本文在对目前的障信息系统、故障诊断系统以及通信方式等诸多环节详细调研的基础上,提出了包括电网故障知识表示、故障诊断算法以及故障诊断架构在内的一整故障诊断方案,进一步丰富了故障诊断方法的研究现状,提高了实际系统的应用能力。
At present our country's economic and construction are entering a rapid development stage, the dependence on power system of all kinds of industry has been increasing. The stable operation of the power system has become the main task of our country which related to the national economy and people's livelihood. But large-scale blackouts always occurred because of the operation mistakes, man-made destruction and natural force. So the self-healing of power system which including the rapid diagnosis after faults, fault isolation and self-healing become a major research direction of smart grid. As the precondition of self-healing, the power system fault diagnosis has been the focus of the research topic at home and abroad.
On the basis of summing up the research experience of the power system fault diagnosis and learn from the good developed ideas of artificial intelligence, this paper did the further research include the aspects of power grid topology, knowledge representation of fault diagnosis, alarm message missing and system structure. The detailed research work and contribution are shown as following:
(1) Two dimension adjacent lists for the power gird topology was introduced in order to overcome the weak point that topology matrix of the power grid lead to low flexibility and bad extension. Because power grid topology is the necessary means to find outage area, the efficiency of topology is very important to all the fault diagnosis system. IEC61970adopts CIM/SVG as the standards of graphic modeling for the power system, but its application is only limited in graphic integration and static topology expression at present. This paper proposed a new topology generation and searching scheme based on CIM which can reflect the actual circuit diagram. The method avoids directly searching on the line diagram-XML file which is the bottleneck restrictions of this system. The system makes SVG operation program no longer as an independent system, but as the data source of the power network topology by cooperating with SCADA. This paper also put forward a new two dimension adjacent lists data structure based on this topology method, which makes searching algorithm more real-time and reliable than the traditional method.
(2) The characteristic of faults was transformed to knowledge which the computer can accept. Reasonable fault diagnosis algorithm was extracted by mapping from fault knowledge. Knowledge is the basis of artificial intelligence. In order to make the computer has intelligence which can simulate the behavior of human, it must possess knowledge. So the knowledge representation of fault diagnosis is decisive to the fault diagnosis algorithm. In order to make the fault diagnosis algorithm faster and exacter, this paper provides simplified and completed fault knowledge to intelligent diagnosis method. Firstly, provide the thought that use completed fault knowledge to diagnose power gird fault and realize it. Secondly, defines the topology knowledge and protection knowledge, put forward informationization method for both of them. Finally, improve the efficiency of fault diagnosis by optimizing the knowledge and use petri net to prove it.
(3) Creates a new power system fault diagnosis considering absence of alarm messages of circuit breakers on the border of outage area. Because the alarm messages of circuit beakers are used not only to diagnose fault sections but also to calculate outage area, it becomes the key point of fault diagnosis algorithm. There is little report about fault diagnosis algorithm under the circumstance that alarm messages of circuit beakers are missing. This paper puts forward a new method which can search the outage area under the circumstance that alarm messages of circuit beakers are missing. Based on graph theory, one or more outrage area can be partitioned by cut-set of nodes. Multi-objective optimization method skyline query was applied to sort the outrage area decreasingly based on the precision rate of fault section and the descending order was provided to the diagnosis algorithm. The developed diagnosis method could make the diagnosis program much faster, and can insure the fault section will not be omitted. Petri net was applied as the diagnosis tool and several examples showed the accuracy of skyline.
(4) Because the power grid fault diagnosis system's real time demand is rigorous, it depends too much on the information transmission capacity of communication digital link. When the fault occurs, the automatic devices of the power system would produce a mass of alarm messages and datagram congestion will be happen. This can lead frame loss or data distortion. In order to reduce the reliance on communication and promote the efficiency of fault diagnosis system, this paper makes the following improvement to the traditional fault diagnosis framework. On the data acquisition layer, this paper use data grid to collect and pretreatment the information from transformer substation. It can provide uniform data view to the fault diagnosis program. This method not only solves the communication problem of fault diagnosis system, but also avoids excessive data in the control center. On the arithmetic layer, this paper designs a distributed fault diagnosis framework according to the characteristics of data grid. The distributed system can provides high performance computing strategy to fault diagnosis arithmetic, so the fault diagnosis framework can meet the practical engineering requirements.
From the above, this paper put forward a fault diagnosis project which includes fault knowledge representation, fault diagnosis arithmetic and fault diagnosis framework based on comprehensive investigation and engineering practice. This paper will enrich the research status of fault diagnosis domain and will enhance the fault diagnosis performance of the power system.
引文
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