略阳县地质灾害特征及典型灾害形成机理研究
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摘要
本文以“汶川地震陕西受灾地区略阳县地质灾害详细调查”项目为依托。在经历了野外实地调查、室内资料整理分析的前提下,结合略阳县的地质环境条、人文社会环境、人类工程经济活动三方面的内容,对县境内地质灾害的类型、分布、发育特征、形成条件及影响因素做了综合分析,从而对该县的地质灾害特征有了较为系统全面的认识。基于以上工作,初步掌握了各类地质灾害的诱发因素及形成机理。为了更好的指导防灾减灾工作,特意选取各类典型灾害分章节,对其基本特征、变形活动迹象、形成机理与动力因素进行了专门分析,并适当采用综合评定法、极限平衡法、有限元和离散元的分析方法对各自的稳定性、易发性进行了评价,为随后的防治规划提供参考。本文取得以下主要结果：
(1)略阳县地质灾害的主要类型有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷,滑坡是其中数量最多、危害最大的一种,各个类型的灾害有一定的分布和发育特点。
(2)略阳县境内滑坡灾害以中小型为主；滑坡破坏模式以复合式为主；滑坡多为堆积层滑坡,滑体物质以碎石土及残坡积土为主；滑坡厚度以浅层为主中层次之；滑坡受地形影响大,大多数滑坡产生于坡体中上部。泥石流以沟谷型为主,次为山坡型。地面塌陷多与矿山工程有关,数量少危害小全县仅5处。
(3)略阳县地质灾害形成发育的相关因素中,地形地貌、构造强烈程度、岩组性质、岸坡坡度、降雨及人类工程活动是控制灾害发展变化的主要因素。
(4)略阳县堆积层滑坡活动变形的一般规律为：当地表水渗入滑体时,在增加坡体容重进而增加下滑力的同时,降低了坡体固体堆积层对滑面的有效应力和弱化滑面抗剪强度参数C、Φ值,进而减少了滑面的抗滑力,从而导致滑体产生滑动；崩塌体在地震等外力作用下变形破坏的方式有倾倒式、滑移式及错断式三种；泥石流的发生多为流域范围内的潜在崩滑体在降雨诱发下的链生灾害。
This paper relies on the project-" Geological hazards detailed investigation project of Lueyang Wenchuan earthquake affected areas in Shanxi ".On the premise that fieldwork and the analysis of data compilation, combining with the geological environment condition, social environment and human engineering activities, this project comprehensively analysis the geological disaster including types, distribution, development characteristics, conditions and factors that influence the formation so as to more comprehensively and systematically realize the characteristics of the geological disasters. Based on the above work, the author initially grasped the induced factors and formation mechanism of various types of geological disasters. In order to give more feasible advise to prevent disasters, this paper choose some typical disaster to discuss, and mainly analysis the basic features, Signs of deformation, formation mechanism and dynamic factors, and respectively appropriate the stability and susceptibility of disasters by comprehensive assessment method, limit equilibrium method, finite Element and discrete element analysis, which were evaluated for subsequent reference for prevention planning. This paper get some results like following:
(1) The main types of Lueyang geological disasters contain landslides, collapses, debris flows, surface collapses and so on, and landslide is one of the largest number of the most damaging one, every type disaster own its special distribution and development features.
(2) The landslide hazard mainly belong to small-scale and medium-sized in this district; landslide failure mode rely mainly on the compounding type; mostly stack layer landslide, landslide material are mainly gravel soil and residual soil slope deposits; the form type of debris flow is mainly valley type, secondly is slope type; the most of surface collapses are relate to the engineering of mine mountains, and the small number of less harmful disaster place only 5.
(3) In the the related factors of formation and development of geological disasters in Lueyang, topography, tectonic intensity, rock group nature, slope gradient, rainfall and human activities mainly control the development and change of the main disasters.
(4) Lueyang debris landslide activity for the general law of deformation:the groundwater slip into the local surface not only increase the weight of slope body so as to the sliding force become bigger, and also reduce the Stabilizing force by changing the effective stress and weakening slip shear strength parameters C,Φvalue, thereby resulting in potential slip sliding body; the collapses pattern in the earthquake and other external force contains tilting type, sliding and faulting type; debris flow is the chain of disasters which are company with the rainfall-induced landslides body in the district.
(1)略阳县地质灾害的主要类型有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷,滑坡是其中数量最多、危害最大的一种,各个类型的灾害有一定的分布和发育特点。
(2)略阳县境内滑坡灾害以中小型为主；滑坡破坏模式以复合式为主；滑坡多为堆积层滑坡,滑体物质以碎石土及残坡积土为主；滑坡厚度以浅层为主中层次之；滑坡受地形影响大,大多数滑坡产生于坡体中上部。泥石流以沟谷型为主,次为山坡型。地面塌陷多与矿山工程有关,数量少危害小全县仅5处。
(3)略阳县地质灾害形成发育的相关因素中,地形地貌、构造强烈程度、岩组性质、岸坡坡度、降雨及人类工程活动是控制灾害发展变化的主要因素。
(4)略阳县堆积层滑坡活动变形的一般规律为：当地表水渗入滑体时,在增加坡体容重进而增加下滑力的同时,降低了坡体固体堆积层对滑面的有效应力和弱化滑面抗剪强度参数C、Φ值,进而减少了滑面的抗滑力,从而导致滑体产生滑动；崩塌体在地震等外力作用下变形破坏的方式有倾倒式、滑移式及错断式三种；泥石流的发生多为流域范围内的潜在崩滑体在降雨诱发下的链生灾害。
This paper relies on the project-" Geological hazards detailed investigation project of Lueyang Wenchuan earthquake affected areas in Shanxi ".On the premise that fieldwork and the analysis of data compilation, combining with the geological environment condition, social environment and human engineering activities, this project comprehensively analysis the geological disaster including types, distribution, development characteristics, conditions and factors that influence the formation so as to more comprehensively and systematically realize the characteristics of the geological disasters. Based on the above work, the author initially grasped the induced factors and formation mechanism of various types of geological disasters. In order to give more feasible advise to prevent disasters, this paper choose some typical disaster to discuss, and mainly analysis the basic features, Signs of deformation, formation mechanism and dynamic factors, and respectively appropriate the stability and susceptibility of disasters by comprehensive assessment method, limit equilibrium method, finite Element and discrete element analysis, which were evaluated for subsequent reference for prevention planning. This paper get some results like following:
(1) The main types of Lueyang geological disasters contain landslides, collapses, debris flows, surface collapses and so on, and landslide is one of the largest number of the most damaging one, every type disaster own its special distribution and development features.
(2) The landslide hazard mainly belong to small-scale and medium-sized in this district; landslide failure mode rely mainly on the compounding type; mostly stack layer landslide, landslide material are mainly gravel soil and residual soil slope deposits; the form type of debris flow is mainly valley type, secondly is slope type; the most of surface collapses are relate to the engineering of mine mountains, and the small number of less harmful disaster place only 5.
(3) In the the related factors of formation and development of geological disasters in Lueyang, topography, tectonic intensity, rock group nature, slope gradient, rainfall and human activities mainly control the development and change of the main disasters.
(4) Lueyang debris landslide activity for the general law of deformation:the groundwater slip into the local surface not only increase the weight of slope body so as to the sliding force become bigger, and also reduce the Stabilizing force by changing the effective stress and weakening slip shear strength parameters C,Φvalue, thereby resulting in potential slip sliding body; the collapses pattern in the earthquake and other external force contains tilting type, sliding and faulting type; debris flow is the chain of disasters which are company with the rainfall-induced landslides body in the district.
引文
[1]张梁等.地质灾害灾情评估理论与实践[M].地质出版社,1997
[2]孙玉科等.中国露天矿边坡稳定性研究[M].北京,中国科学院地质研究所,1998
[3]黄润秋.20世纪以来中国的大型滑坡及其发生机制[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2007；26(3)：433-454
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[6]胡广韬,毛彦龙,赵法锁等编著.工程地质原理[M].北京：地质出版社,1992
[7]贺可强,阳吉宝,王思敬.堆积层滑坡位移动力学理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2007：52-67
[8]费详俊,舒安平.泥石流运动机理与灾害防治[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004：81-97
[9]方云,林彤,谭松林.土力学[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,2003
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[11]崔政宁,李宁编著.边坡工程—理论与实践最新发展[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,1999
[12]魏丽.暴雨型滑坡灾害形成机理及预测方法研究[D].南京：南京信息工程大学,2005
[13]陈祖煜主编.土质边坡稳定性分析—原理·方法·程序·[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2003
[14]许建聪.碎石土滑坡变形解体破坏机理及稳定性研究[D].浙江：浙江大学,2005
[15]胡高社.巨厚松散层高陡斜坡的形成机理及其防治工程效应研究[D].西安：长安大学,2005
[16]唐立梅.鲁甸县地质灾害特征、成因及防治区划研究[D].云南：昆明理工大学,2007
[17]刘朋辉.滑坡滑动机理及风险评价研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2007
[18]孙红月.含碎石粘性土滑坡的成因机理与防治对策[D].浙江：浙江大学,2005
[19]李东林.陕西陇县水银河斜坡变形演化与典型滑坡研究[D].北京：中国地质科学院,2007
[20]毕海龙.红河甲寅地区地质灾害成灾机理与防治对策研究[D].云南：昆明理工大学,2005
[21]延延.铜川市耀州区地质灾害分析与防治对策[D].西安：西安科技大学,2008
[22]易顺华,李华亮,杨丽娟,叶润青.群体滑坡的地质结构类型与发育特征[J].地质通报,2008,27(11)
[23]李广信主编.高等土力学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004
[24]孙玉科,姚宝魁,许冰.矿山边坡稳定性研究的回顾与展望[J].工程地质学报,1988,6(4)
[25]王思敬,张菊明.边坡岩体滑动稳定的动力学分析[J].地质科学.1982,2
[26]罗丽娟,赵法锁,王爱忠.某变质岩滑坡及支护结构变形破坏特征[J].地球科学与环境学报,2008,2(30)
[27]毛彦龙等,滑坡体地震波动振荡启程加速度效应研究[J].地质工程与水资源新进展,1997
[28]Ayala,I.A. Geomphology,natural hazards,vulnerability and prevention of naturaldisasters in developing countries[J]. Geomphology 47(2002)
[29]weichselgartner J.Disaster mitigation:the concept of vulnerability revised[J].Disaster prevention and Management 2001,2
[30]Wang Sijing.Engineering Geology and Geoenvironmental Studyfor Western China Development Program[A].Proceeding of 9thInternational Congress on Engineering Geology(IAEG)[C],Durban.2002(in printing).
[2]孙玉科等.中国露天矿边坡稳定性研究[M].北京,中国科学院地质研究所,1998
[3]黄润秋.20世纪以来中国的大型滑坡及其发生机制[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2007；26(3)：433-454
[4]乔平定,李增均.黄土地区工程地质[M].北京：水利水电出版社,1990
[5]胡广韬,毛彦龙,赵法锁等编著.滑坡动力学[M].北京：地质出版社,1995：1-40
[6]胡广韬,毛彦龙,赵法锁等编著.工程地质原理[M].北京：地质出版社,1992
[7]贺可强,阳吉宝,王思敬.堆积层滑坡位移动力学理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2007：52-67
[8]费详俊,舒安平.泥石流运动机理与灾害防治[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004：81-97
[9]方云,林彤,谭松林.土力学[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,2003
[10]孙玉科,牟会宠,姚宝魁编著.边坡岩体稳定性分析[M].北京：科学出版社,1998
[11]崔政宁,李宁编著.边坡工程—理论与实践最新发展[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,1999
[12]魏丽.暴雨型滑坡灾害形成机理及预测方法研究[D].南京：南京信息工程大学,2005
[13]陈祖煜主编.土质边坡稳定性分析—原理·方法·程序·[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2003
[14]许建聪.碎石土滑坡变形解体破坏机理及稳定性研究[D].浙江：浙江大学,2005
[15]胡高社.巨厚松散层高陡斜坡的形成机理及其防治工程效应研究[D].西安：长安大学,2005
[16]唐立梅.鲁甸县地质灾害特征、成因及防治区划研究[D].云南：昆明理工大学,2007
[17]刘朋辉.滑坡滑动机理及风险评价研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2007
[18]孙红月.含碎石粘性土滑坡的成因机理与防治对策[D].浙江：浙江大学,2005
[19]李东林.陕西陇县水银河斜坡变形演化与典型滑坡研究[D].北京：中国地质科学院,2007
[20]毕海龙.红河甲寅地区地质灾害成灾机理与防治对策研究[D].云南：昆明理工大学,2005
[21]延延.铜川市耀州区地质灾害分析与防治对策[D].西安：西安科技大学,2008
[22]易顺华,李华亮,杨丽娟,叶润青.群体滑坡的地质结构类型与发育特征[J].地质通报,2008,27(11)
[23]李广信主编.高等土力学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004
[24]孙玉科,姚宝魁,许冰.矿山边坡稳定性研究的回顾与展望[J].工程地质学报,1988,6(4)
[25]王思敬,张菊明.边坡岩体滑动稳定的动力学分析[J].地质科学.1982,2
[26]罗丽娟,赵法锁,王爱忠.某变质岩滑坡及支护结构变形破坏特征[J].地球科学与环境学报,2008,2(30)
[27]毛彦龙等,滑坡体地震波动振荡启程加速度效应研究[J].地质工程与水资源新进展,1997
[28]Ayala,I.A. Geomphology,natural hazards,vulnerability and prevention of naturaldisasters in developing countries[J]. Geomphology 47(2002)
[29]weichselgartner J.Disaster mitigation:the concept of vulnerability revised[J].Disaster prevention and Management 2001,2
[30]Wang Sijing.Engineering Geology and Geoenvironmental Studyfor Western China Development Program[A].Proceeding of 9thInternational Congress on Engineering Geology(IAEG)[C],Durban.2002(in printing).
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