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国内CPU卡厂商竞争策略
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摘要
CPU卡行业是信息产业中的一个分支,涉及计算机技术、密码技术和生物识别技术,产品主要功能是提供身份识别、金融支付和信息加密,被广泛应用于通信、金融、行政管理、城市管理和网络安全等领域。
    国外企业最早发明和掌握该产品的关键技术,并通过合资、合作等方式进入中国市场,在中国市场占主导地位,其市场战略相似,市场占有率稳定。国外企业集团在品牌、规模、技术和产品质量方面有相当的优势,但由于政府有关部门对国内企业的扶持,以及出于国家信息安全方面的考虑,在某些应用领域对国外企业集团予以限制。
     国内CPU卡企业通过技术模仿和设备引进,形成了一定规模的企业集团,在政府“金卡工程”的推动下,市场需求迅速扩大,国内企业集团依靠贴近市场的优势和低价策略参与市场竞争,取得一定的市场地位。国内企业集团虽然规模小,但通过技术模仿掌握了产品的关键技术,占据了产业链中的关键点,具备基本的竞争能力,同时受政府进口替代政策的保护,在市场上取得一定的地位。
     由于绝大部分CPU卡产品的同质化和市场增长的放缓,采购商只得从价格上做出选择,使得“价格战”越演越烈,CPU卡产品的价格以每年20%左右的速度一路下滑,同时国内企业集团又不具备总成本领先的优势,国内企业集团的持续发展面临考验。采购商对创新的新技术和新产品,愿意支付高价,而对于雷同的产品只支付低价,国内企业集团目前处在,从技术、管理和营销的模仿向创新的过度阶段。
     国内CPU卡企业集团过高的市场增长预期,经过一轮投资扩张后,不得不面对市场的低迷。在资源非常有限的情况下,企业既要完成短期财务目标,又要稳固和提高企业的市场地位,在不断地技术创新和新产品开发的压力下,还必须完善已有产品的商品化。通过对CPU卡市场的细分,不同的企业根据本身的资源条件和核心竞争力,选择细分市场组合作为目标市场,从而放弃“一网打尽”的市场策略。同时根据目标市场的特点,调整产品线的宽度和深度,依据目标市场的需求和发展趋势,适度地开发新产品,同时完善既有的产品,以提高产品的安全稳定性。
     国内企业集团是从低端产品市场和低兴趣度市场,开始找到竞争的感觉,不断地成长,并赢得一定的市场地位,目前开始向高端市场和高兴趣度市场转移,诸如移动通信SIM卡市场。移动通信SIM卡市场同其他细分市场相比,有着截然不同的市场形态和竞争规则,国内企业集团面临后发劣势,所直面的竞争对手,又都是世界卡业的优秀企业。国内企业集团作为SIM卡市场的进攻者,如果习惯性地选择固有的市场竞争战略,沿袭原有的假设条件,在市场环境不同的SIM卡市场竞争,可能会有偶然的成功,但失败是必然的结局。持续的成功来自于企业核心竞争力的不断强化,根据SIM市场的特点,选择各自适合的基本战略,并使企业有一定的战略约束力,同时放弃与基本战略相背离的细分市场的竞争。
The CPU card industry is one branch of information technology field, which refers to computer technology, code technology and biology identity technology. The main functions of CPU card are figure identity, payment and encrypting information. The products are used in large rang of mobile communications, banks, administrative management, city management and network security.
     The key technology is invented and applied by foreign companies in first instance, and they entered Chinese market to play the role of market leader through join-venture enterprise, or cooperated companies. The foreign companies shared large market steadily, and complemented similar marketing strategy. On the other hand, the foreign companies still have advantages of brand, scale, technology, and product quality. In some application field of CPU card, the government cumbers foreign companies for the reason of information security and local companies protection policy.
     With imitating technology and introducing into equipment, the local CPU card enterprises have formed a large group. As the government put forward the "golden card project", the demand of CPU card increased rapidly. Meanwhile, the local group seized this opportunity depending on the advantage of close to market, and strategy of low price. The local group has held the key point of industry chain after mastering of key technology, thus, they obtained basic ability of competition.
     Almost all of products on sale are similar to each other, thus the buyers chose according to their price. That caused the price go down rapidly at the rate of about 20% per year, and the profit reduced with the step of price. The local group has no advantage of lower total cost, when they faced this situation. Each of the local group members has to innovate both in product and technology.
     After a round of investment depending on high marketing expectation, all of local group members have to suffer from marketing recession. Under the limited resource, they want to achieve both targets of short finance and marketing share, and they cannot but balance product innovation and improvement. Choosing a suitable segments combination should be a good way to walk out this difficulty. According to demand of target market, each of members adjusts their product line, so that they can focus the buyer's needs.
     The local CPU card companies take part in competition from low-end market and low interest, where they wined a big part share and grew in both scale and experience. Now they plan to move into high-end market, such as mobile communication SIM card segment. Contrasting with other segments, SIM card market has its own specialty, where the competitors are world famous companies who are marketing leader there for long time. As a follower, the local group is used to its market strategy that is successful in other segments, but it is not suitable here.
引文
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