刺参养殖池塘沉积物—水界面营养盐通量的研究
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摘要
近年来刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)已成为中国北方地区最具经济价值的海水养殖品种之一。刺参为底栖杂食性生物,通过摄食碎屑、底泥中的有机物、细菌和原生动物来获取营养物质,因此有“环境清洁工”之称。然而,目前关于刺参池塘养殖对底质等影响的定量研究报道很少,本文通过测定池塘沉积物-水界面营养盐通量等,探讨了刺参不同养殖模式对池塘底质及近岸水域环境的影响及机理。
从三个池塘采得底泥样并用实验室内培养的方法测定了底泥呼吸率(SOC)、有机碳和营养盐通量以及底泥理化特性和沉降速率。结果显示:三口池塘中的底泥有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量较低;刺参-海蜇-对虾池(SSJ池)的TOC、TC和SOC有随养殖时间的延长而增加的趋势,说明海蜇具有促进池塘底泥有机物积累的作用。硝氮和氨氮通量大都表现为底泥吸收;无机磷(DIP)通量值较小且表现为底泥释放。本实验结果显示,非投饲的刺参养殖系统不仅是一个水产品生产系统,同时还是一个水域环境N、P的有效净化系统。
于2007年8月-2008年6月在刺参、扇贝混养的特大型养殖池塘-“大湾”内测定了底泥-水界面营养盐通量及底泥硝化反硝化速率,同时比较了其与“外海”和“普通参池”的差别。结果显示:扇贝养殖期间,“大湾”内扇贝养殖区(SC区)底泥中有机碳(TOC)含量显著大于非扇贝养殖区(Non-SC区)(p<0.05)。SC区在“养殖期”SOC较高且显著大于非扇贝养殖区(p<0.05)。“大湾”SC区和Non-SC区的沉积物-水界面氨氮通量均表现为沉积物释放;“大湾”SC区在“养殖期”及“外海”的各月份NO3-+NO2-通量均表现为底泥释放;大湾内SC区内底泥硝化速率各月份均大于Non-SC区;“海区”和“普通参池”的底泥硝化速率相对较小;各采样点底泥反硝化速率很小,SC区在“养殖期”和“恢复期”中的4月份时底泥反硝化速率均显著大于Non-SC区(p<0.05)。本实验的结果说明:扇贝养殖可导致刺参池塘底泥中的有机物积累,但扇贝养殖停止后池塘底质短期内(4-6个月)即可恢复;刺参的一般养殖模式(普通参池)不会导致养殖池塘底泥的有机物积累,也没有导致附近海域底质的有机物污染。
于2007年5-11月间从不同刺参养殖模式实验围隔内采得底泥样并通过实验室培养的方法测定了底泥耗氧率(SOC)及沉积物-水界面的N、P通量等。结果表明,投饵对SOC影响不显著(p>0.05),说明本实验条件下投饵没有造成实验围隔底泥中的有机物积累;大部分模式中沉积物释放溶解性无机磷酸盐(DIP)且不同月份之间的通量存在显著差异(p<0.05);投饵模式下的平均通量为非投饵模式下通量值的2～3倍;当养殖密度较大时,非投饵模式中沉积物吸收氨氮的通量大于投饵模式中的通量,且随着养殖密度的增加通量值降低。投饵和放养密度对沉积物硝化、反硝化和氨化速率都有显著影响(p<0.05)。各实验围隔中所测得的底泥硝化与反硝化速率较小,分别为:0～106.20 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1), 0～3.03μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。
采用实验室“沉积物柱培养法”研究了温度及溶氧(DO)对刺参养殖池塘沉积物—水界面的营养盐通量及底泥硝化反硝化速率的影响。结果表明:温度对池塘底泥中营养盐通量影响显著(p<0.05),高温环境有利于底泥中氨氮释放,但不利于硝态氮的释放;DO是影响池塘底泥营养盐通量的重要因素,厌氧条件能加速底泥氨氮的释放;SOC随温度和DO升高而增加。温度和DO对底泥硝化、反硝化速率影响均显著(p<0.05),硝化、反硝化速率随温度的升高而显著增加,其中硝化速率在DO为8mg/L时这一趋势更明显;随DO升高硝化速率增加明显,而低DO浓度更有利于反硝化作用。
利用野外和室内条件下建立的小型实验生态系统研究和探讨了刺参生物干扰对底质的影响,并与可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)进行了比较。实验结果显示:刺参(幼参,体重1.6-7.2g/头)和星虫(约0.6-1.6g/尾)对底质表层有机质含量及稳定性影响显著,且影响效果随底质中有机质含量不同而不相同:当底泥中有机质含量较低时(野外试验),刺参的生物干扰使底泥表层显著增加了TON含量及降低了表层有机质的稳定性(p<0.05);当底质中有机质含量较高时(室内试验),刺参和星虫的生物干扰显著减少了底泥表层的TOC和TON含量(p<0.05)。刺参对深层底泥有机质含量影响不明显,而星虫对深层(6-8cm)底泥影响较大,星虫显著增加了深层底泥中有机质含量及降低了其稳定性(p<0.05),说明星虫作为“向下搬运者”作用明显。室内实验中,刺参放养高密度组底泥表层异养细菌数显著大于其他各组(p<0.05),说明刺参的生物干扰促进了底泥表层细菌的繁殖。
Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, has been becoming one of the most commercially important mariculture species in northern China in recent years. It is well known that sea cucumbers are deposit feeders, ingesting sediment to gain nutrients from organic matter, bacteria and protozoa, hence they are regarded as“environmental cleaners or scavengers”. However, no quantitative studies about the impacts of sea cucumber aquaculture on the pond sediments and on the nearby coastal waters are available so far. The objective of the present study is to assess the effects of different polyculture systems on the ponds sediments and to evaluate the potential environmental effects of sea cucumber farming on nearby coast.
Sediment samples were collected from three seawater aquaculture ponds, and soil characteristics, sediment oxygen consumption (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrient fluxes were measured using chamber incubations at laboratory. The results show that: Total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the dry sediment of the ponds were low. TOC, total carbon (TC) contents and SOC of the sediment in the pond polycultured with jellyfish increased with culture time, indicating that jellyfish farming enhanced the accumulation of organic matter in the sediments to some extent. Sediment showed net nitrate and ammonium uptake in most ponds and months. Dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) was released from the sediments in all ponds with low flux rates. The results suggested that non-artificial-feeding sea cucumber culture ponds could not only yield valuable seafood products, but also effectively remove nutrients from the aquaculture systems and consequently alleviate nutrient loadings of the nearby coast.
Sediments were sampled from sea cucumber-scallop polyculture“Large pond”,“Sea area”and“Common sea cucumber ponds”during October 2007 to June 2008. And sediment-water fluxes of nutrients, benthic nitrification and denitrification rates were measured in laboratory. The results showed that: Contents of total organic carbon (TOC) in the sediment of scallop culture area (SC-area) in“Large pond”were significantly higher than those in the area without scallop (Non-SC-area) during scallop culture period (p<0.05). Sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) in SC-area during scallop culture period were significantly higher than those in Non-SC-area (p<0.05). Ammonia was released from sediment in SC-area and Non-SC-area of“Large pond”in all months. Rates of nitrification in the sediments of SC-area were higher than that of Son-SC-aea in“Large pond”. Rates of nitrification in“Sea area”and“Common sea cucumber pond”were lower. Rates of denitrification at all sampling sites were low. Denitrification rates in SC-area during scallop culture period and in April during“restoration period”were significantly higher than those in Non-SC-area (p<0.05). The results obtained from this study demonstrate that scallop aquaculture in“Large pond”may result in organic matter accumulation in the bottom, however, the sediments may be recovered from enrichment in short time (4-6 months); Common aquaculture model of sea cucumber would not lead to organic accumulation in the sediment both within the pond and nearby coast.
Sediment samples were collected from in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) experimental enclosures with different cultural models from May to November in 2007, and sediment-water fluxes of oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus were investigated using laboratory chamber incubations. Sediment oxygen cemand (SOC) in enclosures were not different significantly between feed model and unfed model (p>0.05), indicating that feeding did not lead to enriched sediments. Dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) was released from the sediments in most enclosures. The fluxes of DIP among months were significantly different (p<0.05). Fluxes of nitrate + nitrite (NO_3~-+ NO_2~-) in the enclosures with feeding models were two to three times higher than that with non-feed models. Fluxes of ammonium uptaken by sediments in the enclosures with feeding models were greater than that with non-feed models when sea cucumber density was high. The density of sea cucumber and feed model had signification effects on nitrification, denitrification and nitrate reduction rates of sediment. Rates of nitrification, denitrification and nitrate reduction of different models were much lower compared with other farming ponds and ranged from 0～106.20 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1), 0～3.03μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)
Effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen on the sediment-water interface nutrient fluxes in sea cucumber aquaculture ponds were studied using laboratory cultivation methods. The results showed that: Water temperature impacted nutrient fluxes in the pond sediment significantly (p<0.05). High temperature is conducive to the release of ammonia nitrogen from the sediment, but disadvantageous to release of nitrate in the sediment; Dissolved oxygen is an important factor to control the pond sediment nutrient change. The release of sediment ammonia nitrogen was accelerated in anaerobic conditions and decreased in anaerobic conditions; The sediment oxygen consumption increases with increasing temperature and dissolved oxygen; Nitrification and denitrification were affected by temperature and dissolved oxygen significantly (p<0.05). Both nitrification and denitrification increased with increasing temperature and nitrification increased more with an increase of temperature at the high content of dissolved oxygen (8mg/L). Nitrification increased with increasing dissolved oxygen and denitrification decreased with an increase of DO.
Effects of bioturbation of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, on the pond bottom soil were studied and compared with that of Phascolosoma esculenta using mesocosms established in the field and laboratory. The results showed that: Bioturbation of sea cucumber (size, 1.6-7.2g ind~(-1)) and P. esculenta significantly affected the organic matter content and its stability in the surface layer of the bottom soil, and their effects varied with the contents of organic matter in the bottom soil. In the conditions with low organic matter contents in the bottom soil (field experiment), bioturbation of A. japonicus resulted in a significant increase of TON and decrease of stability of organic matter in the surface layer of the bottom soil (p<0.05). In the conditions with high organic matter contents in the bottom soil (laboratory experiment), bioturbation of A. japonicus and P. esculenta significantly reduced the contents of TOC and TON in the surface layer of the sediment. Effects of A. japonicus on the content of organic matter in the deep layer of the sediment were not visible, while effects of P. esculenta were larger. P. esculenta increased the content of organic matter in the deep layer and reduced the stability of sediment, which indicates P.esculenta serves as an“Downward-conveyors”in the experimental system. In the laboratory experiment, heterobacteria of the surface layer in the sediment in Treatment containing high density of A. japonicus were more than other Treatments and controls significantly, which demonstrated that bioturbaton of A. japonicus enhance the growth of bacteria.
从三个池塘采得底泥样并用实验室内培养的方法测定了底泥呼吸率(SOC)、有机碳和营养盐通量以及底泥理化特性和沉降速率。结果显示:三口池塘中的底泥有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量较低;刺参-海蜇-对虾池(SSJ池)的TOC、TC和SOC有随养殖时间的延长而增加的趋势,说明海蜇具有促进池塘底泥有机物积累的作用。硝氮和氨氮通量大都表现为底泥吸收;无机磷(DIP)通量值较小且表现为底泥释放。本实验结果显示,非投饲的刺参养殖系统不仅是一个水产品生产系统,同时还是一个水域环境N、P的有效净化系统。
于2007年8月-2008年6月在刺参、扇贝混养的特大型养殖池塘-“大湾”内测定了底泥-水界面营养盐通量及底泥硝化反硝化速率,同时比较了其与“外海”和“普通参池”的差别。结果显示:扇贝养殖期间,“大湾”内扇贝养殖区(SC区)底泥中有机碳(TOC)含量显著大于非扇贝养殖区(Non-SC区)(p<0.05)。SC区在“养殖期”SOC较高且显著大于非扇贝养殖区(p<0.05)。“大湾”SC区和Non-SC区的沉积物-水界面氨氮通量均表现为沉积物释放;“大湾”SC区在“养殖期”及“外海”的各月份NO3-+NO2-通量均表现为底泥释放;大湾内SC区内底泥硝化速率各月份均大于Non-SC区;“海区”和“普通参池”的底泥硝化速率相对较小;各采样点底泥反硝化速率很小,SC区在“养殖期”和“恢复期”中的4月份时底泥反硝化速率均显著大于Non-SC区(p<0.05)。本实验的结果说明:扇贝养殖可导致刺参池塘底泥中的有机物积累,但扇贝养殖停止后池塘底质短期内(4-6个月)即可恢复;刺参的一般养殖模式(普通参池)不会导致养殖池塘底泥的有机物积累,也没有导致附近海域底质的有机物污染。
于2007年5-11月间从不同刺参养殖模式实验围隔内采得底泥样并通过实验室培养的方法测定了底泥耗氧率(SOC)及沉积物-水界面的N、P通量等。结果表明,投饵对SOC影响不显著(p>0.05),说明本实验条件下投饵没有造成实验围隔底泥中的有机物积累;大部分模式中沉积物释放溶解性无机磷酸盐(DIP)且不同月份之间的通量存在显著差异(p<0.05);投饵模式下的平均通量为非投饵模式下通量值的2～3倍;当养殖密度较大时,非投饵模式中沉积物吸收氨氮的通量大于投饵模式中的通量,且随着养殖密度的增加通量值降低。投饵和放养密度对沉积物硝化、反硝化和氨化速率都有显著影响(p<0.05)。各实验围隔中所测得的底泥硝化与反硝化速率较小,分别为:0～106.20 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1), 0～3.03μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。
采用实验室“沉积物柱培养法”研究了温度及溶氧(DO)对刺参养殖池塘沉积物—水界面的营养盐通量及底泥硝化反硝化速率的影响。结果表明:温度对池塘底泥中营养盐通量影响显著(p<0.05),高温环境有利于底泥中氨氮释放,但不利于硝态氮的释放;DO是影响池塘底泥营养盐通量的重要因素,厌氧条件能加速底泥氨氮的释放;SOC随温度和DO升高而增加。温度和DO对底泥硝化、反硝化速率影响均显著(p<0.05),硝化、反硝化速率随温度的升高而显著增加,其中硝化速率在DO为8mg/L时这一趋势更明显;随DO升高硝化速率增加明显,而低DO浓度更有利于反硝化作用。
利用野外和室内条件下建立的小型实验生态系统研究和探讨了刺参生物干扰对底质的影响,并与可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)进行了比较。实验结果显示:刺参(幼参,体重1.6-7.2g/头)和星虫(约0.6-1.6g/尾)对底质表层有机质含量及稳定性影响显著,且影响效果随底质中有机质含量不同而不相同:当底泥中有机质含量较低时(野外试验),刺参的生物干扰使底泥表层显著增加了TON含量及降低了表层有机质的稳定性(p<0.05);当底质中有机质含量较高时(室内试验),刺参和星虫的生物干扰显著减少了底泥表层的TOC和TON含量(p<0.05)。刺参对深层底泥有机质含量影响不明显,而星虫对深层(6-8cm)底泥影响较大,星虫显著增加了深层底泥中有机质含量及降低了其稳定性(p<0.05),说明星虫作为“向下搬运者”作用明显。室内实验中,刺参放养高密度组底泥表层异养细菌数显著大于其他各组(p<0.05),说明刺参的生物干扰促进了底泥表层细菌的繁殖。
Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, has been becoming one of the most commercially important mariculture species in northern China in recent years. It is well known that sea cucumbers are deposit feeders, ingesting sediment to gain nutrients from organic matter, bacteria and protozoa, hence they are regarded as“environmental cleaners or scavengers”. However, no quantitative studies about the impacts of sea cucumber aquaculture on the pond sediments and on the nearby coastal waters are available so far. The objective of the present study is to assess the effects of different polyculture systems on the ponds sediments and to evaluate the potential environmental effects of sea cucumber farming on nearby coast.
Sediment samples were collected from three seawater aquaculture ponds, and soil characteristics, sediment oxygen consumption (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrient fluxes were measured using chamber incubations at laboratory. The results show that: Total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the dry sediment of the ponds were low. TOC, total carbon (TC) contents and SOC of the sediment in the pond polycultured with jellyfish increased with culture time, indicating that jellyfish farming enhanced the accumulation of organic matter in the sediments to some extent. Sediment showed net nitrate and ammonium uptake in most ponds and months. Dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) was released from the sediments in all ponds with low flux rates. The results suggested that non-artificial-feeding sea cucumber culture ponds could not only yield valuable seafood products, but also effectively remove nutrients from the aquaculture systems and consequently alleviate nutrient loadings of the nearby coast.
Sediments were sampled from sea cucumber-scallop polyculture“Large pond”,“Sea area”and“Common sea cucumber ponds”during October 2007 to June 2008. And sediment-water fluxes of nutrients, benthic nitrification and denitrification rates were measured in laboratory. The results showed that: Contents of total organic carbon (TOC) in the sediment of scallop culture area (SC-area) in“Large pond”were significantly higher than those in the area without scallop (Non-SC-area) during scallop culture period (p<0.05). Sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) in SC-area during scallop culture period were significantly higher than those in Non-SC-area (p<0.05). Ammonia was released from sediment in SC-area and Non-SC-area of“Large pond”in all months. Rates of nitrification in the sediments of SC-area were higher than that of Son-SC-aea in“Large pond”. Rates of nitrification in“Sea area”and“Common sea cucumber pond”were lower. Rates of denitrification at all sampling sites were low. Denitrification rates in SC-area during scallop culture period and in April during“restoration period”were significantly higher than those in Non-SC-area (p<0.05). The results obtained from this study demonstrate that scallop aquaculture in“Large pond”may result in organic matter accumulation in the bottom, however, the sediments may be recovered from enrichment in short time (4-6 months); Common aquaculture model of sea cucumber would not lead to organic accumulation in the sediment both within the pond and nearby coast.
Sediment samples were collected from in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) experimental enclosures with different cultural models from May to November in 2007, and sediment-water fluxes of oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus were investigated using laboratory chamber incubations. Sediment oxygen cemand (SOC) in enclosures were not different significantly between feed model and unfed model (p>0.05), indicating that feeding did not lead to enriched sediments. Dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) was released from the sediments in most enclosures. The fluxes of DIP among months were significantly different (p<0.05). Fluxes of nitrate + nitrite (NO_3~-+ NO_2~-) in the enclosures with feeding models were two to three times higher than that with non-feed models. Fluxes of ammonium uptaken by sediments in the enclosures with feeding models were greater than that with non-feed models when sea cucumber density was high. The density of sea cucumber and feed model had signification effects on nitrification, denitrification and nitrate reduction rates of sediment. Rates of nitrification, denitrification and nitrate reduction of different models were much lower compared with other farming ponds and ranged from 0～106.20 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1), 0～3.03μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)
Effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen on the sediment-water interface nutrient fluxes in sea cucumber aquaculture ponds were studied using laboratory cultivation methods. The results showed that: Water temperature impacted nutrient fluxes in the pond sediment significantly (p<0.05). High temperature is conducive to the release of ammonia nitrogen from the sediment, but disadvantageous to release of nitrate in the sediment; Dissolved oxygen is an important factor to control the pond sediment nutrient change. The release of sediment ammonia nitrogen was accelerated in anaerobic conditions and decreased in anaerobic conditions; The sediment oxygen consumption increases with increasing temperature and dissolved oxygen; Nitrification and denitrification were affected by temperature and dissolved oxygen significantly (p<0.05). Both nitrification and denitrification increased with increasing temperature and nitrification increased more with an increase of temperature at the high content of dissolved oxygen (8mg/L). Nitrification increased with increasing dissolved oxygen and denitrification decreased with an increase of DO.
Effects of bioturbation of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, on the pond bottom soil were studied and compared with that of Phascolosoma esculenta using mesocosms established in the field and laboratory. The results showed that: Bioturbation of sea cucumber (size, 1.6-7.2g ind~(-1)) and P. esculenta significantly affected the organic matter content and its stability in the surface layer of the bottom soil, and their effects varied with the contents of organic matter in the bottom soil. In the conditions with low organic matter contents in the bottom soil (field experiment), bioturbation of A. japonicus resulted in a significant increase of TON and decrease of stability of organic matter in the surface layer of the bottom soil (p<0.05). In the conditions with high organic matter contents in the bottom soil (laboratory experiment), bioturbation of A. japonicus and P. esculenta significantly reduced the contents of TOC and TON in the surface layer of the sediment. Effects of A. japonicus on the content of organic matter in the deep layer of the sediment were not visible, while effects of P. esculenta were larger. P. esculenta increased the content of organic matter in the deep layer and reduced the stability of sediment, which indicates P.esculenta serves as an“Downward-conveyors”in the experimental system. In the laboratory experiment, heterobacteria of the surface layer in the sediment in Treatment containing high density of A. japonicus were more than other Treatments and controls significantly, which demonstrated that bioturbaton of A. japonicus enhance the growth of bacteria.
引文
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