三峡库区和贵州石漠化地区生态治理模式及经济敏感性分析
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摘要
本论文通过总结整理西部山地具有典型性和代表性的三峡库区和贵州石漠化地区实践中创造的生态治理模式,参考国内外理论研究,并选取试验地区进行规划设计、组织实施、跟踪调查等实例验证方法,旨在补充国内西部山地生态治理模式,构建西部山地生态治理的模式系列;通过选取典型生态治理模式实践应用后社会经济指标的收集处理和计算,探索生态治理模式的社会经济评价方法,特别是研究分析生态治理模式对劳动力价格因素的敏感度,旨在补充国内对生态治理模式基于社会经济评价中对劳动力价格变化因素尚未引起重视并深入研究应用的空白,为动态选择生态治理模式提供新的思路、依据和标准;提出西部开发生态治理的政策措施建议,旨在推动西部山地生态治理模式的科学选择和应用,探索生态治理模式区域转移条件,推进我国西部山地生态治理技术进步。得出主要结论如下:
(1)通过对三峡库区的一般调查研究和系统调查研究,提出了基于自然条件的三峡库区生态模式三级分类系统:模式序列、模式类型和具体模式。生态林业(防护林)技术模式体系细分4个序列11种类型,农林复合经营技术模式序列分5种类型。
(2)通过对贵州石漠化地区的实地调研和资料总结,提出了石漠化地区生态技术模式系列,该模式系列包括林业治理技术模式、农林复合技术模式、生态农业技术模式类型以及岩溶地区生态旅游技术模式及具体模式。
(3)通过三峡库区秭归县和贵州省关岭县为案例分析,综合小流域治理和综合石漠化治理是一个综合的生态修复工程,采用综合的生态技术措施,产生了比较好的生念以及社会经济效果。
(4)在当前劳动力价格下,黔西县和关岭县采用的生态治理模式内部收益率都高于设定的基准贴现率(10%),但收益率随生态治理模式不同而不同,户用生态模式投资收益率显著高于林业生态治理模式。劳动力价格变动势必带来生产结构的变化,在生态治理结构下表现为劳动力投入量少替代劳动投入量多的治理模式。在当前劳动力价格下,林下种草生态治理模式要高于其他几种林业治理模式,坡改梯、针阔混交林、封山育林经济效益差不多,而当劳动力价格大于每工同63元以后,封山育林的经济适应性比较强,政策应偏向于封山育林生态治理模式:劳动力价格大于32元/工日时,农户生态治理模式内部收益率比较为:经济林＞农林复合＞观光果园,农户为了得到更多的经济利益,应更偏好于经济林;沼气池经济效益好,承担风险小,在有条件的地方可以进一步推广。
(5)本研究的政策启示有:1)重视各地生态治理技术模式的整理,而形成多样化的模式序列,以丰富生态治理模式的多样化、序列化,是适应山区复杂的自然经济和社会条件和不断增加的农户异质性;2)由于不同的生态治理模式其投入不一样,中央政府的生态治理投资项目往往采取生态治理模式的标准化、模式化,这样就迫使地方政府和农民选择单一化;3)重视生态治理模式社会经济适应性的问题,不同的模式其社会经济条件的适应性是不同的;4)国家和地方生态治理工程项目必须正视劳动工资不断上涨的趋势,生态治理政策必须具备农民视角;5)考虑生态治理模式从东向西的转移。
This dissertation aims to document existing ecological rehabilitation models, reconstruct a mapping of model series through analyzing ecological rehabilitation models and second hand research materials and with on-site investigation including rehabilitation designing, implementation and monitoring, evaluation in mountainous region of Western China. Through empirical cases studies on typical ecological rehabilitation models and social economic evaluation based on developing a social and economic indicators for evaluation, social and economic evaluation model has been explored for ecological rehabilitation, in particular, sensitivity of labor price to ecological rehabilitation models and associated techniques, which has not yet been considered by the prior researchers and provide a new angle, new perspective and criterion to optimize the ecological rehabilitation models in dynamic approaches. The dissertation comes up with policies for ecological rehabilitation models and associated technologies, which could direct scientific choices and application on enhancing ecological rehabilitation models in mountainous region of Western China, explored the conditions of regional transferring, and to promote technical progress of ecological rehabilitation in the mountainous region of Western China. The major conclusions are as followings:
1. Through general investigation and in-depth investigation at the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions, a 3 -level model category has been put forward for ecological rehabilitation models and associated techniques, which are model series, model type and model. Ecological forestry model series can be grouped into 11 model types.
2. Through field investigation at Karsts and documentation analysis, at the karsts area of Guizhou province, the models series includes ecological rehabilitation models types with forestry, agroforestry types, eco-farming type, and eco-tourism types. The detailed models in each type has been documented too.
3. Through cases studies at Zigui county of the Three Gorges Reservior Regions and Karst Region of Guizhou Province, integrated watershed management and integrated Karst area management are of a successful, integrated ecological engeering. The integrated ecological models and associated technologies have been adopted, and good ecological and economic return can be achieved.
4. Assuming at the present labor price, the internal economic return of ecological rehabilitation models adopted at Xianxi County and Guanlin County is higher that that set banking return 10%. However, internal economic return varies among different models. And In general, the economical return of household based models is higher that of area based model, in particular plantation models. As regards the current labor costs, the best pattern is forest combined with grass, the second pattern is to terrace the slope land, the third is coniferous forest combined with broad-leaved forest pattern, and finally is the forest conservation pattern. When labor costs exceeds 63 yuan, the economic benefit of the forest conservation models are better than others. When the price set at 32 yuan/day, internal economic return ranks from higher to lower are: Cash crops models; agroforestry, orchards for tour. Thus, in order to having high cash return, the householders would prefer cash crops models. Biogas models have high economic return too and with low risks in terms of labor price fluctuation, which would extend to large scale.
5. Policy recommendation from this research are: 1) strengthening the documentation of ecological rehabilitation models at different regions, forming great diversity of ecological rehabilitation models, then to adopt great complex of natural, economic and social condition, and diversifying householders condition; 2) due to different level of input required to different models, thus, simplification and standardization of models upon the request of ecological rehabilitation project proposed by central government, would limit the choice of households and local government; 3) paying great attention on adaptation of ecological rehabilitation model to social and economic conditions; 4) the ecological rehabilitation projects approved by central government and local government should meet the challenges of rising of labor cost in the future, policy to ecological rehabilitation should adopt farmers' perspective; 5) pay attention to transfer the models and associated technology from east part of China to west part of China.
(1)通过对三峡库区的一般调查研究和系统调查研究,提出了基于自然条件的三峡库区生态模式三级分类系统:模式序列、模式类型和具体模式。生态林业(防护林)技术模式体系细分4个序列11种类型,农林复合经营技术模式序列分5种类型。
(2)通过对贵州石漠化地区的实地调研和资料总结,提出了石漠化地区生态技术模式系列,该模式系列包括林业治理技术模式、农林复合技术模式、生态农业技术模式类型以及岩溶地区生态旅游技术模式及具体模式。
(3)通过三峡库区秭归县和贵州省关岭县为案例分析,综合小流域治理和综合石漠化治理是一个综合的生态修复工程,采用综合的生态技术措施,产生了比较好的生念以及社会经济效果。
(4)在当前劳动力价格下,黔西县和关岭县采用的生态治理模式内部收益率都高于设定的基准贴现率(10%),但收益率随生态治理模式不同而不同,户用生态模式投资收益率显著高于林业生态治理模式。劳动力价格变动势必带来生产结构的变化,在生态治理结构下表现为劳动力投入量少替代劳动投入量多的治理模式。在当前劳动力价格下,林下种草生态治理模式要高于其他几种林业治理模式,坡改梯、针阔混交林、封山育林经济效益差不多,而当劳动力价格大于每工同63元以后,封山育林的经济适应性比较强,政策应偏向于封山育林生态治理模式:劳动力价格大于32元/工日时,农户生态治理模式内部收益率比较为:经济林＞农林复合＞观光果园,农户为了得到更多的经济利益,应更偏好于经济林;沼气池经济效益好,承担风险小,在有条件的地方可以进一步推广。
(5)本研究的政策启示有:1)重视各地生态治理技术模式的整理,而形成多样化的模式序列,以丰富生态治理模式的多样化、序列化,是适应山区复杂的自然经济和社会条件和不断增加的农户异质性;2)由于不同的生态治理模式其投入不一样,中央政府的生态治理投资项目往往采取生态治理模式的标准化、模式化,这样就迫使地方政府和农民选择单一化;3)重视生态治理模式社会经济适应性的问题,不同的模式其社会经济条件的适应性是不同的;4)国家和地方生态治理工程项目必须正视劳动工资不断上涨的趋势,生态治理政策必须具备农民视角;5)考虑生态治理模式从东向西的转移。
This dissertation aims to document existing ecological rehabilitation models, reconstruct a mapping of model series through analyzing ecological rehabilitation models and second hand research materials and with on-site investigation including rehabilitation designing, implementation and monitoring, evaluation in mountainous region of Western China. Through empirical cases studies on typical ecological rehabilitation models and social economic evaluation based on developing a social and economic indicators for evaluation, social and economic evaluation model has been explored for ecological rehabilitation, in particular, sensitivity of labor price to ecological rehabilitation models and associated techniques, which has not yet been considered by the prior researchers and provide a new angle, new perspective and criterion to optimize the ecological rehabilitation models in dynamic approaches. The dissertation comes up with policies for ecological rehabilitation models and associated technologies, which could direct scientific choices and application on enhancing ecological rehabilitation models in mountainous region of Western China, explored the conditions of regional transferring, and to promote technical progress of ecological rehabilitation in the mountainous region of Western China. The major conclusions are as followings:
1. Through general investigation and in-depth investigation at the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions, a 3 -level model category has been put forward for ecological rehabilitation models and associated techniques, which are model series, model type and model. Ecological forestry model series can be grouped into 11 model types.
2. Through field investigation at Karsts and documentation analysis, at the karsts area of Guizhou province, the models series includes ecological rehabilitation models types with forestry, agroforestry types, eco-farming type, and eco-tourism types. The detailed models in each type has been documented too.
3. Through cases studies at Zigui county of the Three Gorges Reservior Regions and Karst Region of Guizhou Province, integrated watershed management and integrated Karst area management are of a successful, integrated ecological engeering. The integrated ecological models and associated technologies have been adopted, and good ecological and economic return can be achieved.
4. Assuming at the present labor price, the internal economic return of ecological rehabilitation models adopted at Xianxi County and Guanlin County is higher that that set banking return 10%. However, internal economic return varies among different models. And In general, the economical return of household based models is higher that of area based model, in particular plantation models. As regards the current labor costs, the best pattern is forest combined with grass, the second pattern is to terrace the slope land, the third is coniferous forest combined with broad-leaved forest pattern, and finally is the forest conservation pattern. When labor costs exceeds 63 yuan, the economic benefit of the forest conservation models are better than others. When the price set at 32 yuan/day, internal economic return ranks from higher to lower are: Cash crops models; agroforestry, orchards for tour. Thus, in order to having high cash return, the householders would prefer cash crops models. Biogas models have high economic return too and with low risks in terms of labor price fluctuation, which would extend to large scale.
5. Policy recommendation from this research are: 1) strengthening the documentation of ecological rehabilitation models at different regions, forming great diversity of ecological rehabilitation models, then to adopt great complex of natural, economic and social condition, and diversifying householders condition; 2) due to different level of input required to different models, thus, simplification and standardization of models upon the request of ecological rehabilitation project proposed by central government, would limit the choice of households and local government; 3) paying great attention on adaptation of ecological rehabilitation model to social and economic conditions; 4) the ecological rehabilitation projects approved by central government and local government should meet the challenges of rising of labor cost in the future, policy to ecological rehabilitation should adopt farmers' perspective; 5) pay attention to transfer the models and associated technology from east part of China to west part of China.
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