成都市城中村改造探究
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摘要
随着城镇化进程的不断推进,城市建设不可避免的会吞没周边原属于农村的地区;但是由于我国长期实行的经济社会二元体制,导致这些农村无法真正融入城市,逐步形成城中村这一独特现象,从而与城市的健康肌理和“以人为本”思想相冲突,并存在着严重的安全隐患。因此对城中村现象的研究、探讨和对其改造不仅是我国不断推进城市化、实现现代化的长期性主题之一,也是构建社会主义和谐社会的必然要求。
2007年6月7日,成都市全国统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区获国务院正式批准,成都市更加快了城市发展的步伐,正努力提升成都市的城市形象,快速推进城乡一体化。成都市作为中国西部重镇,城市一直处在高速发展之中,在城市发展中遗留了很多的问题,城中村就是其中最突出的问题之一。随着城市的发展,以前处在城市边缘的村庄,现在已被高楼大厦包围,处在了城市的核心地带。但城中村的存在,无论在城市环境还是土地利用上,都对成都市的城市发展产生了负面影响,根据成都市规划,预计到2010年城区范围内的城市化率达到100%,当前成都市面临很好的城市发展机会,改造城中村已是迫在眉睫,所以改造城中村已经成为政府必须亟待解决的大事。
本文通过对成都市城中村的形成机制及其危害的深入剖析,并参阅大量城中村改造的研究成果与经验,依据相关的理论与政策,采用理论与实践、定性分析与定量研究、辨证分析与系统研究相结合的等等方法对成都市城中村加以研究。主要包含以下几个方面:首先从城中村的土地问题着手,这是城中村改造的根本问题,包括对土地产权转制、土地管理与土地整理这三方面进行分析;其次探讨与城中村村民息息相关的拆迁安置问题与集体经济改造问题,提出建议与改造思路;最后从城市可持续发展的角度出发,分析城区的可持续发展与城中村的文化整合问题,再借鉴成都市房地产开发中历史建筑保护的模式。
通过研究本论文得出:城中村的改造需要各方面的共同关注与参与,必须改革城市土地、人口与规划管理体制,走城市主导型的城郊农村城市化道路,建议将村镇改制与城市扩张结合起来,使就业居住性质与户口性质同步转变。从经济入手,将城中村纳入城市经济体系,政府可以组建专门的经济发展公司,撤村改制,将城中村所属企业及土地、建筑等不动产折合成股份,使城中村农民彻底脱离土地,成为集团公司股东,政府对这类公司提供优惠税收与财政政策。政府应尽快出台与之相配套的法律法规,使得在解决过程中有法可依。解决城中村问题需要经历一个过程,改造要有步骤、按计划、分阶段逐步实施。要在充分研究每个村的改造条件是否具备的情况下来决定优先改造对象。加强基础设施的建设,并逐步把市政、环卫、供电、供水、供气以及治安等纳入城市管理范畴,施行统一管理,最终实现城中村的城市化。
最后笔者建议:成都市城中村改造是一项复杂的系统工程,涉及到社会、经济、法律、文化等多个领域,政府从中要起到主导的作用,做到“一村一案”,不仅改造城中村,而且要防止产生新的城中村,改造与控制同时进行,以期达到最好的效果。本文将视角仅集中于土地制度、拆迁安置补偿与集体经济和可持续发展三个方面,也仅仅就其中的某些方面提出自己的看法,还有许多领域并未涉及与考虑,不免有些偏颇与欠缺。
With the continuous progress of the urbanization process, urban construction, will inevitably engulf the surrounding areas which originally belong to the rural area. But because of our long-standing economic and social binary system, these rural areas can not be really integrated into the city, which gradually forms a unique phenomenon---the village- in-city. But this phenomenon is in conflict with the city's health texture and the "people first" ideology, and there exists serious security risks. So reesarch and reconstruction of this phenomenon of the village-in-city is not only one of our country's long-term themes of constant promotion of urbanization and modernization, but also an inevitable requirement of building a harmonious socialist society.
June 7, 2007, Chengdu, the urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area were supporting the State Council officially approved, the city of Chengdu more to speed up the pace of development, are working to upgrade the city's image in Chengdu, the rapid development of urban and rural integration. As China's western city of Chengdu, the city has been in the high-speed development, the legacy of urban development in a lot of problems, one of the most prominent villages in the city is one of the issues. With the city's development in the city before the edge of the village, has now been surrounded by tall buildings, in the heart of the city. However, the existence of villages in the city, both in the urban environment or land use, both in Chengdu city had a negative impact on development, according to Chengdu planning, is expected to City in 2010 within the scope of urbanization rate reached 100 percent, the Chengdu Facing good opportunities for urban development, transformation of villages in the city is imminent, the transformation of villages in the city has become the Government must resolve to be a major event.
This article deals with the village-in-city of Chengdu through a combination of methods, namely, the in-depth analysis of the formation mechanism and the harm of the village-in-city of Chengdu, the reference to the research achievements and experience of the reconstruction of a large number of villages-in-city,the reference to relevant theories and policies and the use of theory and practice,qualitative analysis and quantitative research, dialectical analysis and systematic research and so on.Mainly contains the following aspects:First, let's start with the land issue of the village-in-city.That is the fundamental issue of the reconstruction of the village-in-city,including the analysis of three aspects: the transfer of land ownership, land management and land improvement. Second, reseach on the relocation and rehousing issue and the collective economy issue, which are closely related to the villagers of the village-in-city, and provide recommendations and ideas of reconstruction. Finally, from the urban sustainable development point of view, analyze the urban sustainable development and the cultural integration issue of the village-in-city, and learn from the historical preservation mode of the real estate development in Chengdu.
The papers come through research: the transformation of villages in the city needs all aspects of common concern with the participation of the need for reform of urban land, population and planning management system and take the city-based urbanization of rural-urban roads, the proposed restructuring of villages and towns will be combined with urban expansion , So that the nature of employment and living account the nature of synchronous changes. From an economic start, the villages in the city into the city economy, the Government may set up special economic development companies, dismantling the village restructuring, villages in the city-owned enterprises and land, buildings and other real estate converted into shares so that the villages in the city completely divorced from the land of peasants into groups Shareholders, the Government of such companies to provide preferential tax and fiscal policies. Should be promulgated as soon as possible with the support of the laws and regulations, makes the solution process of law. Villages need to solve the problem through a process of transformation of a step, according to plan, phased implementation. To fully study the conditions of each village of whether there is the situation down decision to give priority to transform objects. Strengthening infrastructure construction, and gradually Services, sanitation, electricity, water supply, gas supply and law and order into the management of urban areas, the implementation of unified management, the ultimate realization of villages in the city's urbanization.
Finally I suggest: reconstruction of village-in-city of Chengdu is a complicated systematic project, which involves social, economic, legal, cultural, and other fields.The Government has to play a leading role and make it "One Village One Case". We should not only reconstruct the villages-in-city , but also prevent new ones from coming up. Reconstruction and control go together to achieve the best results.
2007年6月7日,成都市全国统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区获国务院正式批准,成都市更加快了城市发展的步伐,正努力提升成都市的城市形象,快速推进城乡一体化。成都市作为中国西部重镇,城市一直处在高速发展之中,在城市发展中遗留了很多的问题,城中村就是其中最突出的问题之一。随着城市的发展,以前处在城市边缘的村庄,现在已被高楼大厦包围,处在了城市的核心地带。但城中村的存在,无论在城市环境还是土地利用上,都对成都市的城市发展产生了负面影响,根据成都市规划,预计到2010年城区范围内的城市化率达到100%,当前成都市面临很好的城市发展机会,改造城中村已是迫在眉睫,所以改造城中村已经成为政府必须亟待解决的大事。
本文通过对成都市城中村的形成机制及其危害的深入剖析,并参阅大量城中村改造的研究成果与经验,依据相关的理论与政策,采用理论与实践、定性分析与定量研究、辨证分析与系统研究相结合的等等方法对成都市城中村加以研究。主要包含以下几个方面:首先从城中村的土地问题着手,这是城中村改造的根本问题,包括对土地产权转制、土地管理与土地整理这三方面进行分析;其次探讨与城中村村民息息相关的拆迁安置问题与集体经济改造问题,提出建议与改造思路;最后从城市可持续发展的角度出发,分析城区的可持续发展与城中村的文化整合问题,再借鉴成都市房地产开发中历史建筑保护的模式。
通过研究本论文得出:城中村的改造需要各方面的共同关注与参与,必须改革城市土地、人口与规划管理体制,走城市主导型的城郊农村城市化道路,建议将村镇改制与城市扩张结合起来,使就业居住性质与户口性质同步转变。从经济入手,将城中村纳入城市经济体系,政府可以组建专门的经济发展公司,撤村改制,将城中村所属企业及土地、建筑等不动产折合成股份,使城中村农民彻底脱离土地,成为集团公司股东,政府对这类公司提供优惠税收与财政政策。政府应尽快出台与之相配套的法律法规,使得在解决过程中有法可依。解决城中村问题需要经历一个过程,改造要有步骤、按计划、分阶段逐步实施。要在充分研究每个村的改造条件是否具备的情况下来决定优先改造对象。加强基础设施的建设,并逐步把市政、环卫、供电、供水、供气以及治安等纳入城市管理范畴,施行统一管理,最终实现城中村的城市化。
最后笔者建议:成都市城中村改造是一项复杂的系统工程,涉及到社会、经济、法律、文化等多个领域,政府从中要起到主导的作用,做到“一村一案”,不仅改造城中村,而且要防止产生新的城中村,改造与控制同时进行,以期达到最好的效果。本文将视角仅集中于土地制度、拆迁安置补偿与集体经济和可持续发展三个方面,也仅仅就其中的某些方面提出自己的看法,还有许多领域并未涉及与考虑,不免有些偏颇与欠缺。
With the continuous progress of the urbanization process, urban construction, will inevitably engulf the surrounding areas which originally belong to the rural area. But because of our long-standing economic and social binary system, these rural areas can not be really integrated into the city, which gradually forms a unique phenomenon---the village- in-city. But this phenomenon is in conflict with the city's health texture and the "people first" ideology, and there exists serious security risks. So reesarch and reconstruction of this phenomenon of the village-in-city is not only one of our country's long-term themes of constant promotion of urbanization and modernization, but also an inevitable requirement of building a harmonious socialist society.
June 7, 2007, Chengdu, the urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area were supporting the State Council officially approved, the city of Chengdu more to speed up the pace of development, are working to upgrade the city's image in Chengdu, the rapid development of urban and rural integration. As China's western city of Chengdu, the city has been in the high-speed development, the legacy of urban development in a lot of problems, one of the most prominent villages in the city is one of the issues. With the city's development in the city before the edge of the village, has now been surrounded by tall buildings, in the heart of the city. However, the existence of villages in the city, both in the urban environment or land use, both in Chengdu city had a negative impact on development, according to Chengdu planning, is expected to City in 2010 within the scope of urbanization rate reached 100 percent, the Chengdu Facing good opportunities for urban development, transformation of villages in the city is imminent, the transformation of villages in the city has become the Government must resolve to be a major event.
This article deals with the village-in-city of Chengdu through a combination of methods, namely, the in-depth analysis of the formation mechanism and the harm of the village-in-city of Chengdu, the reference to the research achievements and experience of the reconstruction of a large number of villages-in-city,the reference to relevant theories and policies and the use of theory and practice,qualitative analysis and quantitative research, dialectical analysis and systematic research and so on.Mainly contains the following aspects:First, let's start with the land issue of the village-in-city.That is the fundamental issue of the reconstruction of the village-in-city,including the analysis of three aspects: the transfer of land ownership, land management and land improvement. Second, reseach on the relocation and rehousing issue and the collective economy issue, which are closely related to the villagers of the village-in-city, and provide recommendations and ideas of reconstruction. Finally, from the urban sustainable development point of view, analyze the urban sustainable development and the cultural integration issue of the village-in-city, and learn from the historical preservation mode of the real estate development in Chengdu.
The papers come through research: the transformation of villages in the city needs all aspects of common concern with the participation of the need for reform of urban land, population and planning management system and take the city-based urbanization of rural-urban roads, the proposed restructuring of villages and towns will be combined with urban expansion , So that the nature of employment and living account the nature of synchronous changes. From an economic start, the villages in the city into the city economy, the Government may set up special economic development companies, dismantling the village restructuring, villages in the city-owned enterprises and land, buildings and other real estate converted into shares so that the villages in the city completely divorced from the land of peasants into groups Shareholders, the Government of such companies to provide preferential tax and fiscal policies. Should be promulgated as soon as possible with the support of the laws and regulations, makes the solution process of law. Villages need to solve the problem through a process of transformation of a step, according to plan, phased implementation. To fully study the conditions of each village of whether there is the situation down decision to give priority to transform objects. Strengthening infrastructure construction, and gradually Services, sanitation, electricity, water supply, gas supply and law and order into the management of urban areas, the implementation of unified management, the ultimate realization of villages in the city's urbanization.
Finally I suggest: reconstruction of village-in-city of Chengdu is a complicated systematic project, which involves social, economic, legal, cultural, and other fields.The Government has to play a leading role and make it "One Village One Case". We should not only reconstruct the villages-in-city , but also prevent new ones from coming up. Reconstruction and control go together to achieve the best results.
引文
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[2]王如渊.深圳特区城中村研究[M].西南交通大学出版社.2004,7.
[3]连玉明,武建忠.中国国策报告——从“十一五”核心问题看中国未来走向[M].北京:中国时代经济出版社,2005:112,120.
[4]Polanyi,K.The Great Transformation[M].Boston:Beacon Press,1958.
[5]Stephen Weiler.Pioneers and Settlers in Lo-Do Denver:Private Risk and Public Benefits in Urban Redevelopment[J].Urban Studies.Vol.37.No.1,2000.
[6]Ginsburg N.Extended metropolitan regions in Asia:a new spatial paradigm.In:The Urban Transition:Reflections on the American and Asian Experiences[M].HongKong:Chinese Kong Press.1990.
[7]James A.Inciardi/RobertA.Rothman Sociology:Principles and Applications Harcourt[J].Brace Jovanovich Publishers Florida,1990.
[8]Jane Jacobs.The Death and Life of Great American Cities[J].NewYork:RandomHouse.1961:33-4.
[9]R.Register.The Eco-city Movement—Deep History,Movement of Opportunity.Village Wisdom/future Cities[J].R.Register and B.Peeks,The Third International Eco-city and Eco-village Conference.Eco-city Builders,Oakland,CA,U.S.A,1996:26-29.
[10]E.F.Schumacher.Small is Beautiful[J].1973:45-51.
[11]Charles Goldblum,Tai-Chee Wong Growth.Crisis and Spatial change:a study of haphazard Urbanization in Jakarta,Indonesia[J].Land Use Policy,17:29-37.
[12]Tingwei Zhang.Land market forces and government's role in sprawl:environmental and economic costs of alternative residential development patternsat the urban fringe[D].Washington DC:Government Printing Office.2000.
[13]McGee T G.Urabanisasi of Kotadesasi?Evolving Patterns of Urbanization in Asia.In:Costa F Jetal.Spatial Dimensions and Policy Issues[M].Honolulu:Unibversity of Hawaii Press.1989.
[14]GregO'Hare,Michael Brake.Areview of slum housing policies in Munbai[J].Cities,1998,15(4):169-283.
[15]Yok-Shiu,F.Lee.Intermediary institutions,community organizations,and urban environmental management:the case of three Bangko slums[J].World Development.1998,26(6):993-1011.
[16]O'Sullivan A.Urban economics[M].The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.Press 2001:170-181.
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