基于螺旋模型架构的公路景观规划设计与应用
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摘要
公路作为重要的基础设施和一种长距离、大范围的人工景观,已经成为国民经济和现代生活的重要组成部分,对人民日常生活的影响也日益明显。单纯从使用功能上来考虑公路的设计,已远远不能适应时代发展的要求。公路不仅是运输通道,同时也是视觉敏感性很高的“视景走廊”。公路本身及沿线景观如敞开的窗口,往往反映了一个区域的民俗、文化、经济与社会发展程度,公路景观对于公路沿线旅游业发展乃至经济推动都具有重大影响。本文所提出的公路景观规划设计,是在公路景观设计理论的基础上,借鉴软件工程理论中的螺旋模型,建立了相应的公路景观设计理论框架,对各相关要素进行了详细的探讨。不同于以往研究中专门的公路绿化、景观美化设计,它是一种公路设计理念的创新和目标多元化协调综合的体现。主要研究内容如下：
1.基于螺旋模型的公路景观规划框架研究。以往的公路景观规划是一种静态规划,其核心思想是：规划就等同于编制规划方案,制定出公路景观建设最终状态的详细方案及详细周密的实施进度安排。而动态规划思想则认为,公路景观规划是一个不断通过模拟、实践、反馈、又进入重新模拟的循环过程,在这种不断反复的连续过程中,才能逐步接近公路景观规划的理想状态。将公路景观动态规划过程分为确定规划目标、收集相关信息、分析信息、制定规划方案、方案综合评价、三维动画仿真六个子过程。与传统静态规划不同之处在于,，螺旋模型并不是只进行一次完整的规划流程就结束,只要规划评价结果和三维仿真结果的反馈不符合规划的既定目标,这一过程将不断重复迭代。
2.公路景观规划设计理论与景观营造研究。综合运用景观生态学、恢复生态学等原理,构建了公路景观规划设计体系框架,对公路景观进行了分类,并确定了公路景观规划设计流程。依托吉珲公路和平涉红色旅游公路景观规划设计工程实践,提出了公路景观序列分段设计理念,研究了公路景观与环境协调性,并尝试将造园艺术手法借鉴到公路景观规划设计中,.重点研究了公路景观生态防护设计、公路景观单元规划设计。
3.公路景观规划设计综合评价研究。要客观的评价公路景观规划设计方案,首先应明确目标,并提出用以衡量该目标的相关指标和标准,以及度量、测定各项指标的方法,接着才能对其做出全面的综合评估。鉴于此,将定量指标和定性指标分别处理,对于直接定量的指标采取主成分分析法对指标进行优化筛选；对于定性的指标采用模糊优先排序法进行由定性到定量的分析。采用模糊熵权系数法得到符合客观实际的权重系数。在此基础上,构建了基于物元模型的公路景观规划设计综合评价模型,该模型可合理、有效的划分级别,使综合关联度的数值反馈的信息更加丰富,形成了一个多维的评价体系,使得评价结果更详细,更客观,更符合实际。
4.三维仿真技术在公路景观规划设计中的应用。为了提高公路景观规划设计方案分析评价的直观性和动态性,本文采用三维仿真技术来建立公路的三维实时动画交互模型,这样可以将不同的设计方案在三维仿真系统中进行动态演示和修改。本文选取的方法以普通PC机为平台,以常见的公路设计图纸为源数据,利用auto CAD软件、CARD_1软件结合来进行建模,改变了传统建模方法对仿真平台及实现技术过高的要求。
Highway has become an important part of national economy and modern life as important infrastructure and a kind of long distance and large-scale artificial landscape, and its impact on people's daily lives has become increasingly obvious. Simply consideration from use function can not meet the requirements of the times development. Highway is not only transportation corridor, but also visual corridor that has high visual sensitivity. Highway and its landscape like an open window that can reflect ethnic customs, culture, economy and social development of a region, so it did great important effects on tourism development and economic promotion. The proposed highway landscape planning and design based on highway landscape design theory and use spiral model of software engineering for reference. A set of highway landscape design theory frame had been constructed and relevant factors were discussed in detail. Compared with previous studies in specialized road greening and landscaping design, it is innovation of design concept and integration of objective diversification. Main contents as follows:
1. Research about highway landscape planning architecture based on spiral model. Previous highway landscape planning is a static planning, and its core idea is planning means compile planning scheme, which means formulating final status construction plan of highway landscape and elaborate implementation schedule. However, on the opinion of dynamic programming, highway landscape planning is a continuous cycle through simulation, practice, feedback, re-entered the cycle of simulation. Only in the constantly repeated process, can it close the ideal state of highway landscape planning. Process of highway landscape planning was divided into six parts, that is determine the planning objectives, collect information, analysis of information, development planning, schedules comprehensive evaluation and 3D animation simulation. The difference with the traditional static planning is that it is not only one time and end. As long as evaluation and 3D simulation result can not meet the need of planning target, the process will go on.
2. Theory and practice of highway landscape planning and design. On the base of integrated application of landscape ecology, restoration ecology and so on, frame of highway landscape planning and design was constructed. Highway landscape was classified and process of planning and design was determined. Relying on project practices about Ji-hun expressway and Ping-she tourism highway, landscape sequence section concept was put forward, do many work about highway landscape and environment coordination, and try to use landscape gardening art into highway landscape planning and design. In addition, put more attention to ecological protection design, landscape unit planning and noise reduction design of plant sound barrier.
3. Comprehensive evaluation of highway landscape planning and design. For objectively evaluating scheme of highway landscape planning and design, the first step is to clear objectives and put forward relevant indicators and standards, including measurement, testing way for every index. Then comprehensive evaluate the schemes. In view of this, quantitative indicators and qualitative indicators will be dealt with separately. For quantitative indicators, principal component analysis way was used to optimization and selection. For qualitative indicators, fuzzy priority sorting method was used to analyze. Weight index in accordance with objective reality was calculated by fuzzy entropy right coefficient method. On the base of this, comprehensive evaluation model based on matter-element was constructed. It can reasonably and effectively divide level, and comprehensive correlation can reflect more information, formulating a multidimensional evaluation system, which made evaluation results more detailed, more objective and more realistic.
4. The application of 3D simulation technology in highway landscape planning and design. For improving intuition and dynamic of schemes analyze and evaluation,3D simulation technology was used to construct real-time interactive three-dimensional animated model of highway. By the way, different schemes can be demonstrated and modified dynamically. In this paper, normal PC was used for platform, and source data came from common road design drawings. Using auto CAD and CARD_1 to construct model, which changed traditional modeling that request high technology.
1.基于螺旋模型的公路景观规划框架研究。以往的公路景观规划是一种静态规划,其核心思想是：规划就等同于编制规划方案,制定出公路景观建设最终状态的详细方案及详细周密的实施进度安排。而动态规划思想则认为,公路景观规划是一个不断通过模拟、实践、反馈、又进入重新模拟的循环过程,在这种不断反复的连续过程中,才能逐步接近公路景观规划的理想状态。将公路景观动态规划过程分为确定规划目标、收集相关信息、分析信息、制定规划方案、方案综合评价、三维动画仿真六个子过程。与传统静态规划不同之处在于,，螺旋模型并不是只进行一次完整的规划流程就结束,只要规划评价结果和三维仿真结果的反馈不符合规划的既定目标,这一过程将不断重复迭代。
2.公路景观规划设计理论与景观营造研究。综合运用景观生态学、恢复生态学等原理,构建了公路景观规划设计体系框架,对公路景观进行了分类,并确定了公路景观规划设计流程。依托吉珲公路和平涉红色旅游公路景观规划设计工程实践,提出了公路景观序列分段设计理念,研究了公路景观与环境协调性,并尝试将造园艺术手法借鉴到公路景观规划设计中,.重点研究了公路景观生态防护设计、公路景观单元规划设计。
3.公路景观规划设计综合评价研究。要客观的评价公路景观规划设计方案,首先应明确目标,并提出用以衡量该目标的相关指标和标准,以及度量、测定各项指标的方法,接着才能对其做出全面的综合评估。鉴于此,将定量指标和定性指标分别处理,对于直接定量的指标采取主成分分析法对指标进行优化筛选；对于定性的指标采用模糊优先排序法进行由定性到定量的分析。采用模糊熵权系数法得到符合客观实际的权重系数。在此基础上,构建了基于物元模型的公路景观规划设计综合评价模型,该模型可合理、有效的划分级别,使综合关联度的数值反馈的信息更加丰富,形成了一个多维的评价体系,使得评价结果更详细,更客观,更符合实际。
4.三维仿真技术在公路景观规划设计中的应用。为了提高公路景观规划设计方案分析评价的直观性和动态性,本文采用三维仿真技术来建立公路的三维实时动画交互模型,这样可以将不同的设计方案在三维仿真系统中进行动态演示和修改。本文选取的方法以普通PC机为平台,以常见的公路设计图纸为源数据,利用auto CAD软件、CARD_1软件结合来进行建模,改变了传统建模方法对仿真平台及实现技术过高的要求。
Highway has become an important part of national economy and modern life as important infrastructure and a kind of long distance and large-scale artificial landscape, and its impact on people's daily lives has become increasingly obvious. Simply consideration from use function can not meet the requirements of the times development. Highway is not only transportation corridor, but also visual corridor that has high visual sensitivity. Highway and its landscape like an open window that can reflect ethnic customs, culture, economy and social development of a region, so it did great important effects on tourism development and economic promotion. The proposed highway landscape planning and design based on highway landscape design theory and use spiral model of software engineering for reference. A set of highway landscape design theory frame had been constructed and relevant factors were discussed in detail. Compared with previous studies in specialized road greening and landscaping design, it is innovation of design concept and integration of objective diversification. Main contents as follows:
1. Research about highway landscape planning architecture based on spiral model. Previous highway landscape planning is a static planning, and its core idea is planning means compile planning scheme, which means formulating final status construction plan of highway landscape and elaborate implementation schedule. However, on the opinion of dynamic programming, highway landscape planning is a continuous cycle through simulation, practice, feedback, re-entered the cycle of simulation. Only in the constantly repeated process, can it close the ideal state of highway landscape planning. Process of highway landscape planning was divided into six parts, that is determine the planning objectives, collect information, analysis of information, development planning, schedules comprehensive evaluation and 3D animation simulation. The difference with the traditional static planning is that it is not only one time and end. As long as evaluation and 3D simulation result can not meet the need of planning target, the process will go on.
2. Theory and practice of highway landscape planning and design. On the base of integrated application of landscape ecology, restoration ecology and so on, frame of highway landscape planning and design was constructed. Highway landscape was classified and process of planning and design was determined. Relying on project practices about Ji-hun expressway and Ping-she tourism highway, landscape sequence section concept was put forward, do many work about highway landscape and environment coordination, and try to use landscape gardening art into highway landscape planning and design. In addition, put more attention to ecological protection design, landscape unit planning and noise reduction design of plant sound barrier.
3. Comprehensive evaluation of highway landscape planning and design. For objectively evaluating scheme of highway landscape planning and design, the first step is to clear objectives and put forward relevant indicators and standards, including measurement, testing way for every index. Then comprehensive evaluate the schemes. In view of this, quantitative indicators and qualitative indicators will be dealt with separately. For quantitative indicators, principal component analysis way was used to optimization and selection. For qualitative indicators, fuzzy priority sorting method was used to analyze. Weight index in accordance with objective reality was calculated by fuzzy entropy right coefficient method. On the base of this, comprehensive evaluation model based on matter-element was constructed. It can reasonably and effectively divide level, and comprehensive correlation can reflect more information, formulating a multidimensional evaluation system, which made evaluation results more detailed, more objective and more realistic.
4. The application of 3D simulation technology in highway landscape planning and design. For improving intuition and dynamic of schemes analyze and evaluation,3D simulation technology was used to construct real-time interactive three-dimensional animated model of highway. By the way, different schemes can be demonstrated and modified dynamically. In this paper, normal PC was used for platform, and source data came from common road design drawings. Using auto CAD and CARD_1 to construct model, which changed traditional modeling that request high technology.
引文
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