应用遥感方法估算区域实际蒸散量的时空变异性
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摘要
区域蒸散发是陆面生态水文过程的关键环节,也是区域水资源管理和水循环研究的重要内容。传统观测方法获取的实际蒸散量只是单点的数据,缺乏区域代表性。遥感影像具有宏观性、实时性、动态性等特点,在区域蒸散估算方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文借助Landsat TM5遥感数据,用简化的遥感-能量平衡模型进行区域实际蒸散量的估算。在此基础上探讨了不同土地利用类型和城市化对区域实际蒸散量的影响,为区域水资源管理提供依据。本研究还评价了美国地质调查局提供的分辨率为1。、覆盖范围为全球的参考蒸散数据的可靠性。取得以下主要结论：
(1)本研究分别用国内黄土高原和国外俄克拉荷马州的实测数据对美国地质调查局提供的全球参考蒸散(GDAS ET0)进行验证。结果表明：用中国地面国际交换站气候资料计算的ETo与GDAS ET0在不同的时间尺度上均非常匹配。在日尺度上总体的偏差在为7.26%,总体的相关系数为0.85。在月尺度上所有站点的相关系数都在0.9以上,年尺度上的偏差在4%以内。2005和2006GDAS数据和俄克拉荷马州MESONET实测ETo数据也非常一致,所有点的偏差在10%以内,总体偏差为-2.80%,相关系数在0.9以上。因此,GDAS ETo数据的可靠性很高。
(2)建立了估算实际蒸散量的简化遥感-能量平衡模型,并分别在单点和流域尺度上进行精度验证。结果表明：遥感蒸散模型计算得到的蒸散量与实测的蒸散量和根据水量平衡方程计算的蒸散量基本接近。两种方法计算的的偏差都在10%以内,相关系数在0.7以上。因此,本文建立的估算实际蒸散量的遥感方法能满足区域尺度陆面蒸散量的估算精度,可用于区域蒸散量的计算。
(3)利用遥感模型计算了研究地区的日、季度、年蒸散量的时空分布图,并与土地利用／覆被图进行叠加,得到不同土地利用类型及不同时间尺度区域蒸散量。结果表明：不同土地利用／覆盖类型下的月蒸散量虽然大小不一样,但分布规律基本一致,分布曲线变化基本都表现为单峰型变化,4-5月开始进入生长季,ET逐渐升高；6-8月为植被的生长旺盛期,ET达到最高值；9月份ET均逐渐下降；12月至次年2月ET达到最低值。各种土地利用／覆被类型的实际蒸散量为水体的蒸散发最高、湿地次之、开发用地最低,蒸散发量的变化基本受土地利用类型的变化影响。比较农业县Garfield和城镇俄克拉荷马城的蒸散量发现,Garfield县除了水体外其他六类土地利用类型的年实际蒸散量都大于Oklahoma城。
(4)研究了俄克拉荷马城不同城市化水平的蒸散量,结果表明：不同城市化水平的月蒸散量分布趋势基本一致,均为单峰型曲线,7月份达到最大值,1月份最小,1月和2月份各种程度城市化的蒸散量基本一样,从4-9月不同程度城市化用地的蒸散量差异非常大,表现为未开发的城市用地>低度开发的城市用地>中度开发的城市用地>高度开发的城市用地。年蒸散量也表现为相同的趋势,未开发的城市用地蒸散量最大为778.85 mm,低度开发的城市用地次之为716.04mm,高度开发的城市用地最低为656.50mm。
(5)比较了不同植被类型的月蒸散量和年总蒸散量,结果表明：无论月蒸散量还是年总蒸散量,林地均大于草地；而对于不同林分而言,年总蒸散量常绿林最高,落叶林次之,混交林最低；混交林的月蒸散量除在1月和12月高于落叶林外,2-11月都明显低于落叶林和常绿林,3-8月落叶林的蒸散量与常绿林相当,甚至高于常绿林。总的来讲,混交林的蒸散耗水量最少。对不同城市绿地而言,俄克拉荷马的草地和雪松月蒸散量动态变化仍为单峰型曲线,7月份达到最大值,1月份最小；1-2月雪松和草地的蒸散量基本一样,3-6月雪松和草地的蒸散量差异非常大,雪松明显高于草地；年蒸散雪松明显高于草地。
Regional evapotranspiration (ET) is among the major components of the ecological processes and hydrological processes for land surface and is arguably the most important component of the water cycle and regional water resource management. Traditional methods can only provide point estimates of ET, which are not sufficient for large-scale assessment. Remotely sensed data has the advantage of large area coverage, frequent updates, and consistent quality, Remotely sensed data methods provide a powerful means to compute regional ET. The main works of this study are:(1) a Simple-Surface-Energy-Balance ET algorithm was implemented to estimate ETa at a higher spatial resolution using Landsat 5 satellite images (2) to estimate ETa and determine the variation with regards to varying types of land use and land cover in urban settings. (3) to evaluate the potential utility of the USGS Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) 1-degree, daily reference Evapotranspiration (ETO) products. Main results in this study are as followed:
(1) The central objective of this work was to evaluate the utility of the operational USGS/EROS GDAS 1-degree daily ETo product in regional water resource research. For the evaluation we used Chinese International exchange of ground stations climate data and the Oklahoma MESONET's daily ETo data. By comparing with ETo data from Chinese International exchange of ground stations climate data.The result showed a close match between the two independent ETo products, with overall bias of 7.26% and overall correlation coefficient of 0.85 at a daily time scale. The temporal patterns were strongly correlated, with a monthly correlation coefficient above 0.9 and annual bais within 4%.By comparing with ETo data from the Oklahoma Regional Mesoscale Meteorological Observational Network (MESONET). The comparison showed a close match between the two independent ETo products, with bias within a range of 10% for most of the sites and the overall bias of-2.80%. The temporal patterns were strongly correlated, with a correlation coefficient above 0.9 for all groups.The result confirmed the reliability and potential of using GDAS reference ET
(2) We utilized a modified version of the Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach to estimate ET, The accuracy of remotely sensed ET results was validated by using site-specific flux towers and a water balance model at the basin scale. In general, bias ratios were less than 10% and a correlation coefficient of 0.7. Results showed that SSEB algorithms can be used to effectively estimate ET at the regional level
(3) This study presented the estimates of remotely sensed ETa using Simple Surface Energy Balance method and examines the spatiotemporal variations of ETa. Different types of LULC actual ET were extracted by overlaying the LULC map of study area. In general, all types of LULC showed similar seasonal dynamic trends for ETa throughout the year. The value of ETa started to rise rapidly in April, reached peak values in July, and then declined to the lowest levels in January. The results also showed that water bodies had the highest ETa values over the whole year. Wetlands and forests had higher average ETa than agriculture land, and grass land. Similar to the annual analysis, the lowest ET values occured at the developed areas throughout the year.The results clearly indicated that ETa values in the agriculturally dominant Garfield County are generally higher than those in Oklahoma County except for water bodies.
(4) In general, all types of urban areas showed similar ET trends throughout the year. The values of ETa started to rise rapidly in May, reached peak values in July, and then declined for the rest of the year. The results also show that open land areas had the highest ETa values during the whole year. The lower the urban development level, the higher the annual ETa values. The result also indicated that the relative differences of the ETa occur in association with urban development levels from April to September, whereas the difference was negligible in fall and winter seasons. The estimates ETa revealed that the higher the ET the lower development levels in urban regions.
(5) Comparing the monthly ET and annual ET among different land cover, the results showed that forests had higher average ETa than grass land all over the year. For different forest types, the annual ET was the highest for the evergreen forest, the medium for the deciduous forest, and the lowest for the mixed forest. The monthly ET of mixed forest was lower than the evergreen forest and deciduous forest except for January and December. From March to August, the ET of evergreen forest and deciduous forest were the same. In genral, the water consumption of the mixed forest was the lowest.For different Green land, grass and cedar had similar ET trends throughout the year, reaching the minimum in January and the maximum in July. Annual ET of Ceder was generally higher than grass land.
(1)本研究分别用国内黄土高原和国外俄克拉荷马州的实测数据对美国地质调查局提供的全球参考蒸散(GDAS ET0)进行验证。结果表明：用中国地面国际交换站气候资料计算的ETo与GDAS ET0在不同的时间尺度上均非常匹配。在日尺度上总体的偏差在为7.26%,总体的相关系数为0.85。在月尺度上所有站点的相关系数都在0.9以上,年尺度上的偏差在4%以内。2005和2006GDAS数据和俄克拉荷马州MESONET实测ETo数据也非常一致,所有点的偏差在10%以内,总体偏差为-2.80%,相关系数在0.9以上。因此,GDAS ETo数据的可靠性很高。
(2)建立了估算实际蒸散量的简化遥感-能量平衡模型,并分别在单点和流域尺度上进行精度验证。结果表明：遥感蒸散模型计算得到的蒸散量与实测的蒸散量和根据水量平衡方程计算的蒸散量基本接近。两种方法计算的的偏差都在10%以内,相关系数在0.7以上。因此,本文建立的估算实际蒸散量的遥感方法能满足区域尺度陆面蒸散量的估算精度,可用于区域蒸散量的计算。
(3)利用遥感模型计算了研究地区的日、季度、年蒸散量的时空分布图,并与土地利用／覆被图进行叠加,得到不同土地利用类型及不同时间尺度区域蒸散量。结果表明：不同土地利用／覆盖类型下的月蒸散量虽然大小不一样,但分布规律基本一致,分布曲线变化基本都表现为单峰型变化,4-5月开始进入生长季,ET逐渐升高；6-8月为植被的生长旺盛期,ET达到最高值；9月份ET均逐渐下降；12月至次年2月ET达到最低值。各种土地利用／覆被类型的实际蒸散量为水体的蒸散发最高、湿地次之、开发用地最低,蒸散发量的变化基本受土地利用类型的变化影响。比较农业县Garfield和城镇俄克拉荷马城的蒸散量发现,Garfield县除了水体外其他六类土地利用类型的年实际蒸散量都大于Oklahoma城。
(4)研究了俄克拉荷马城不同城市化水平的蒸散量,结果表明：不同城市化水平的月蒸散量分布趋势基本一致,均为单峰型曲线,7月份达到最大值,1月份最小,1月和2月份各种程度城市化的蒸散量基本一样,从4-9月不同程度城市化用地的蒸散量差异非常大,表现为未开发的城市用地>低度开发的城市用地>中度开发的城市用地>高度开发的城市用地。年蒸散量也表现为相同的趋势,未开发的城市用地蒸散量最大为778.85 mm,低度开发的城市用地次之为716.04mm,高度开发的城市用地最低为656.50mm。
(5)比较了不同植被类型的月蒸散量和年总蒸散量,结果表明：无论月蒸散量还是年总蒸散量,林地均大于草地；而对于不同林分而言,年总蒸散量常绿林最高,落叶林次之,混交林最低；混交林的月蒸散量除在1月和12月高于落叶林外,2-11月都明显低于落叶林和常绿林,3-8月落叶林的蒸散量与常绿林相当,甚至高于常绿林。总的来讲,混交林的蒸散耗水量最少。对不同城市绿地而言,俄克拉荷马的草地和雪松月蒸散量动态变化仍为单峰型曲线,7月份达到最大值,1月份最小；1-2月雪松和草地的蒸散量基本一样,3-6月雪松和草地的蒸散量差异非常大,雪松明显高于草地；年蒸散雪松明显高于草地。
Regional evapotranspiration (ET) is among the major components of the ecological processes and hydrological processes for land surface and is arguably the most important component of the water cycle and regional water resource management. Traditional methods can only provide point estimates of ET, which are not sufficient for large-scale assessment. Remotely sensed data has the advantage of large area coverage, frequent updates, and consistent quality, Remotely sensed data methods provide a powerful means to compute regional ET. The main works of this study are:(1) a Simple-Surface-Energy-Balance ET algorithm was implemented to estimate ETa at a higher spatial resolution using Landsat 5 satellite images (2) to estimate ETa and determine the variation with regards to varying types of land use and land cover in urban settings. (3) to evaluate the potential utility of the USGS Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) 1-degree, daily reference Evapotranspiration (ETO) products. Main results in this study are as followed:
(1) The central objective of this work was to evaluate the utility of the operational USGS/EROS GDAS 1-degree daily ETo product in regional water resource research. For the evaluation we used Chinese International exchange of ground stations climate data and the Oklahoma MESONET's daily ETo data. By comparing with ETo data from Chinese International exchange of ground stations climate data.The result showed a close match between the two independent ETo products, with overall bias of 7.26% and overall correlation coefficient of 0.85 at a daily time scale. The temporal patterns were strongly correlated, with a monthly correlation coefficient above 0.9 and annual bais within 4%.By comparing with ETo data from the Oklahoma Regional Mesoscale Meteorological Observational Network (MESONET). The comparison showed a close match between the two independent ETo products, with bias within a range of 10% for most of the sites and the overall bias of-2.80%. The temporal patterns were strongly correlated, with a correlation coefficient above 0.9 for all groups.The result confirmed the reliability and potential of using GDAS reference ET
(2) We utilized a modified version of the Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach to estimate ET, The accuracy of remotely sensed ET results was validated by using site-specific flux towers and a water balance model at the basin scale. In general, bias ratios were less than 10% and a correlation coefficient of 0.7. Results showed that SSEB algorithms can be used to effectively estimate ET at the regional level
(3) This study presented the estimates of remotely sensed ETa using Simple Surface Energy Balance method and examines the spatiotemporal variations of ETa. Different types of LULC actual ET were extracted by overlaying the LULC map of study area. In general, all types of LULC showed similar seasonal dynamic trends for ETa throughout the year. The value of ETa started to rise rapidly in April, reached peak values in July, and then declined to the lowest levels in January. The results also showed that water bodies had the highest ETa values over the whole year. Wetlands and forests had higher average ETa than agriculture land, and grass land. Similar to the annual analysis, the lowest ET values occured at the developed areas throughout the year.The results clearly indicated that ETa values in the agriculturally dominant Garfield County are generally higher than those in Oklahoma County except for water bodies.
(4) In general, all types of urban areas showed similar ET trends throughout the year. The values of ETa started to rise rapidly in May, reached peak values in July, and then declined for the rest of the year. The results also show that open land areas had the highest ETa values during the whole year. The lower the urban development level, the higher the annual ETa values. The result also indicated that the relative differences of the ETa occur in association with urban development levels from April to September, whereas the difference was negligible in fall and winter seasons. The estimates ETa revealed that the higher the ET the lower development levels in urban regions.
(5) Comparing the monthly ET and annual ET among different land cover, the results showed that forests had higher average ETa than grass land all over the year. For different forest types, the annual ET was the highest for the evergreen forest, the medium for the deciduous forest, and the lowest for the mixed forest. The monthly ET of mixed forest was lower than the evergreen forest and deciduous forest except for January and December. From March to August, the ET of evergreen forest and deciduous forest were the same. In genral, the water consumption of the mixed forest was the lowest.For different Green land, grass and cedar had similar ET trends throughout the year, reaching the minimum in January and the maximum in July. Annual ET of Ceder was generally higher than grass land.
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