知识集聚研究
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摘要
知识管理和产业集聚是现今管理学与经济学研究的热点。产业集聚能够促进经济的发展,但从长期看来,经济的可持续发展来源于“知识”。结合经济集聚理论与知识管理理论,本文提出知识集聚。
从经济学角度看,影响知识集聚的主要因素有:知识转移成本、知识的专业化、收益递增和外部性,这些因素都支持知识集聚的观点。从市场的角度看,影响知识集聚的主要因素有:消费者行为、转移成本、厂商行为、工资率、价格指数与收入等,它们共同作用影响着知识集聚的市场均衡及其稳定性。
知识的集聚也可以说是知识载体的集聚。那么知识集聚的演化也理所当然可以看作知识载体集聚的演化。借用邻居分隔模型,我们看到知识集聚过程具有路径依赖性,知识集聚的过程是一个长期动态博弈过程,既是渐进稳定的过程,又是随机稳定的过程。
知识集聚点的选择具有其规律性,首先,我们分析是集聚经济的最终存在性。我们用空间活动的简单规则,在没有详细给定影响集聚活动的重要因素情况下,分析两点经济系统和三点经济系统,并着重探讨鞍状均衡。然后,我们假设知识决定集聚向心力。如果知识集聚不存在,则经济集聚也不复存在,依照前述选址规则,分析两点经济系统,提出知识集聚动力方程和知识——区位相关模型。
知识创新是知识集聚的目标之一。在“融知——发酵”模型中,知识集聚就是“融知”的过程,是知识发酵的必要条件和前提条件,而知识发酵是创造新知识的过程。知识集聚影响知识创新目标和知识创新速度。
以往的经济增长理论没有考虑到知识与技术,内生经济增长理论(尤其是罗默模型和卢卡斯模型)将知识与技术摆到了重要位置。通过合理假设和构建模型,我们以知识创新部门为例,论证了知识集聚对内生经济增长的显著促进作用。
Peter Drucker认为在后资本主义社会中,知识是新的竞争力的基础。知识是竞争力的源泉,知识集聚更增大了知识的力量,知识集聚不仅从效率上,而且从竞争上都促进了竞争力的提高。
知识经济是惟一可持续发展的经济,我国要实现可持续发展,最终也必须走知识经济的路。因而,大力实施“科教兴国”战略,加大知识集聚的源泉,全面推进知识经济的发展是完全必要的,也是非常重要的。
最后,本文借用洛伦茨曲线与基尼系数理论,从我国科技人员的分布探讨知识集聚,得出:我国的科技人员的集聚度逐步上升;主要集聚地在东部。
Knowledge Management and Industry Agglomeration are very hot in Management Science and Economics. Economy can be urged by Industry Agglomeration, but in the long run, it should be continually urged by“Knowledge”. Based on the economy agglomeration theory and the knowledge management theory, this dissertation brings forth Knowledge Agglomeration.
From the angel of the economy, the main factors influencing Knowledge Agglomeration conclude the knowledge transferring cost, the knowledge specialization, the increasing returns and the knowledge externality, which support Knowledge Agglomeration. From the angel of the market, the main factors influencing Knowledge Agglomeration conclude the consumer behavior, the transferring cost, the manufacturer behavior, the wage rate, the price index and the earning, which decide the market equilibrium of Knowledge Agglomeration and its stability.
Knowledge Agglomeration can be regarded as the agglomeration of the knowledge carriers, so the evolvement of Knowledge Agglomeration can be considered as the evolvement of the knowledge carrier agglomeration. With the aid of the neighborhood segregation pattern, we can fully comprehend that the process of Knowledge Agglomeration takes on the path dependence, is gradually stable, is stochastically stable and is a long dynamic game.
The location decision of Knowledge Agglomeration shows its own rules. First, we deal with the eventual existence of agglomeration economies. That is, resorting to a simple rule of spatial activities allocation, without giving details about the factors that determine the agglomeration of activities, we analyze the two-point economy and the three-point economy and probe into the saddle-path equilibrium. Then, we consider the hypothesis that the state of knowledge determines the prevalence of centripetal forces. We assume that beyond a given state of accumulated knowledge, the economy agglomeration no longer exists. According to the same location rule as in the previous section, we analyze the two-point economy in space and bring forth the knowledge agglomeration dynamic equation and the knowledge geography model.
Knowledge Innovation is one goal of Knowledge Agglomeration. In the knowledge blending-fermenting model, Knowledge Agglomeration is the knowledge blending process, as the necessary and the precondition of the knowledge fermenting process. Moreover, the knowledge fermenting is the process of Knowledge Innovation. Knowledge Agglomeration affects the goal and the speed of Knowledge Innovation.
The former economy growth theory did not touch upon the knowledge or the technology, but the endogenous economy growth theory (especially, Romer’s model and Lucas’s model) pays a great attention to the knowledge and the technology. By bringing forth the reasonable hypothesis and modeling, we choose the knowledge innovation branch and demonstrate that Knowledge Agglomeration can promote the endogenous economy.
Peter Drucker deemed that the new competence would base on the knowledge in the post-capitalist society. Knowledge is the source of the competence, furthermore, Knowledge Agglomeration augments the knowledge power and Knowledge Agglomeration improves the competence not only from the efficiency but also from the competition.
Because the knowledge economy is the only sustainable development economy,our country must adopt the knowledge economy to realize the sustainable development. Therefore, it is essential and all-important for us to carry out the strategy—Revitalizing China by Science and Education,increase the source of Knowledge Agglomeration and to speed the knowledge economy.
On the base of the theory of Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient, we probe into Knowledge Agglomeration from the distribution of the scientific and technical personnel and draw the following conclusions:
The agglomeration degree of our national scientific and technical personnel is increasing;
The main agglomeration area lies in the east.
从经济学角度看,影响知识集聚的主要因素有:知识转移成本、知识的专业化、收益递增和外部性,这些因素都支持知识集聚的观点。从市场的角度看,影响知识集聚的主要因素有:消费者行为、转移成本、厂商行为、工资率、价格指数与收入等,它们共同作用影响着知识集聚的市场均衡及其稳定性。
知识的集聚也可以说是知识载体的集聚。那么知识集聚的演化也理所当然可以看作知识载体集聚的演化。借用邻居分隔模型,我们看到知识集聚过程具有路径依赖性,知识集聚的过程是一个长期动态博弈过程,既是渐进稳定的过程,又是随机稳定的过程。
知识集聚点的选择具有其规律性,首先,我们分析是集聚经济的最终存在性。我们用空间活动的简单规则,在没有详细给定影响集聚活动的重要因素情况下,分析两点经济系统和三点经济系统,并着重探讨鞍状均衡。然后,我们假设知识决定集聚向心力。如果知识集聚不存在,则经济集聚也不复存在,依照前述选址规则,分析两点经济系统,提出知识集聚动力方程和知识——区位相关模型。
知识创新是知识集聚的目标之一。在“融知——发酵”模型中,知识集聚就是“融知”的过程,是知识发酵的必要条件和前提条件,而知识发酵是创造新知识的过程。知识集聚影响知识创新目标和知识创新速度。
以往的经济增长理论没有考虑到知识与技术,内生经济增长理论(尤其是罗默模型和卢卡斯模型)将知识与技术摆到了重要位置。通过合理假设和构建模型,我们以知识创新部门为例,论证了知识集聚对内生经济增长的显著促进作用。
Peter Drucker认为在后资本主义社会中,知识是新的竞争力的基础。知识是竞争力的源泉,知识集聚更增大了知识的力量,知识集聚不仅从效率上,而且从竞争上都促进了竞争力的提高。
知识经济是惟一可持续发展的经济,我国要实现可持续发展,最终也必须走知识经济的路。因而,大力实施“科教兴国”战略,加大知识集聚的源泉,全面推进知识经济的发展是完全必要的,也是非常重要的。
最后,本文借用洛伦茨曲线与基尼系数理论,从我国科技人员的分布探讨知识集聚,得出:我国的科技人员的集聚度逐步上升;主要集聚地在东部。
Knowledge Management and Industry Agglomeration are very hot in Management Science and Economics. Economy can be urged by Industry Agglomeration, but in the long run, it should be continually urged by“Knowledge”. Based on the economy agglomeration theory and the knowledge management theory, this dissertation brings forth Knowledge Agglomeration.
From the angel of the economy, the main factors influencing Knowledge Agglomeration conclude the knowledge transferring cost, the knowledge specialization, the increasing returns and the knowledge externality, which support Knowledge Agglomeration. From the angel of the market, the main factors influencing Knowledge Agglomeration conclude the consumer behavior, the transferring cost, the manufacturer behavior, the wage rate, the price index and the earning, which decide the market equilibrium of Knowledge Agglomeration and its stability.
Knowledge Agglomeration can be regarded as the agglomeration of the knowledge carriers, so the evolvement of Knowledge Agglomeration can be considered as the evolvement of the knowledge carrier agglomeration. With the aid of the neighborhood segregation pattern, we can fully comprehend that the process of Knowledge Agglomeration takes on the path dependence, is gradually stable, is stochastically stable and is a long dynamic game.
The location decision of Knowledge Agglomeration shows its own rules. First, we deal with the eventual existence of agglomeration economies. That is, resorting to a simple rule of spatial activities allocation, without giving details about the factors that determine the agglomeration of activities, we analyze the two-point economy and the three-point economy and probe into the saddle-path equilibrium. Then, we consider the hypothesis that the state of knowledge determines the prevalence of centripetal forces. We assume that beyond a given state of accumulated knowledge, the economy agglomeration no longer exists. According to the same location rule as in the previous section, we analyze the two-point economy in space and bring forth the knowledge agglomeration dynamic equation and the knowledge geography model.
Knowledge Innovation is one goal of Knowledge Agglomeration. In the knowledge blending-fermenting model, Knowledge Agglomeration is the knowledge blending process, as the necessary and the precondition of the knowledge fermenting process. Moreover, the knowledge fermenting is the process of Knowledge Innovation. Knowledge Agglomeration affects the goal and the speed of Knowledge Innovation.
The former economy growth theory did not touch upon the knowledge or the technology, but the endogenous economy growth theory (especially, Romer’s model and Lucas’s model) pays a great attention to the knowledge and the technology. By bringing forth the reasonable hypothesis and modeling, we choose the knowledge innovation branch and demonstrate that Knowledge Agglomeration can promote the endogenous economy.
Peter Drucker deemed that the new competence would base on the knowledge in the post-capitalist society. Knowledge is the source of the competence, furthermore, Knowledge Agglomeration augments the knowledge power and Knowledge Agglomeration improves the competence not only from the efficiency but also from the competition.
Because the knowledge economy is the only sustainable development economy,our country must adopt the knowledge economy to realize the sustainable development. Therefore, it is essential and all-important for us to carry out the strategy—Revitalizing China by Science and Education,increase the source of Knowledge Agglomeration and to speed the knowledge economy.
On the base of the theory of Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient, we probe into Knowledge Agglomeration from the distribution of the scientific and technical personnel and draw the following conclusions:
The agglomeration degree of our national scientific and technical personnel is increasing;
The main agglomeration area lies in the east.
引文
1 http://www.gxnews.com.cn/news/20050410/05gnphg/132414.htm
2http://www.gjmy.com/gjmywz/view/view_zj/200509/4116.html
3 KPMG,Knowledge Management Research Report, http://www.knonline.org/PDF/kpmg2000.pdf
4 The Conference Board,http://www.info-edge.com/samples/EM-2001free.pdf(Feb.15,2003)
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