天气雷达观测资料质量控制方法研究及其应用
摘要
多种雷达资料质量问题会对雷达资料的应用特别是雷达资料同化和降水估测等定量应用产生非常严重的影响,因此研究业务运行过程中天气雷达(中国新一代天气雷达CINRAD, WSR-88D,双偏振WSR-88D雷达)出现的各种质量问题(非气象回波,速度模糊)是具有重要的科学意义和实际意义的。本文首先对CINRAD业务运行出现的电磁干扰回波进行了分析和处理；并在此基础上发展了"Test Pattern"的识别方法,以此剔除了两者在反射率因子和径向速度中造成的污染；再对飓(台)风发生过程中,模糊的径向速度资料进行了分析,发展了拟合模糊速度和涡旋模型的方法,来生成背景涡旋风场,自动对观测速度进行退模糊；最后对双偏振雷达观测的生物回波进行了分析,发展了识别鸟类回波的方法,来剔除鸟类回波对径向速度带来的污染。本论文工作的开展提高了天气雷达基数据的质量,并为雷达产品的质量及其应用提供了强有力的基础。主要内容概括如下：
(1)对新一代天气雷达在业务运行中遇到的干扰回波特点进行了分析,旨在解决雷达异常回波中的干扰回波问题,着重了解干扰回波在图形中显示中的特点,分析了多普勒(CINRAD/SA)雷达干扰回波的特点,即干扰回波的孤立性及其条幅状分布,并结合当前国内外滤波的部分方法,模拟人眼识别干扰回波过程中的思维逻辑,提出了人工智能的滤除干扰回波方案,并在实验中取得了较好的效果。
(2)针对CINRADSA(B)业务运行中出现的"Test Pattern"进行分析,总结出"Test Pattern"的特点,同时对反射率因子和径向速度进行处理,得到区分该种回波资料与其他回波(降水回波、各种污染回波、晴空回波)的五个特征函数,包含反射率有效探测比率Rz, RF (Range Folding)值比率Rrf,有效回波匹配比率Rvz,反射率库间沿径向变化RNaz,反射率库间沿方位变化RNrz；并在此基础上,发展了基于模糊逻辑‘'Test Pattern'’的识别方法；通过对各种不同类型回波的统计结果说明该方法在识别‘'Test Pattern"中的作用；并且给出了镶嵌强降水回波的“Test Pattern"识别处理结果。
(3)通过直接对飓(台)风观测的原始模糊速度资料进行参数化涡旋模型的拟合,发展了一种最小二乘法来估计飓(台)风的最大切向风速VM和它离飓(台)风涡旋中心的径向距离RM。在本方法中,由于模糊造成的锯齿状不连续性都通过一个非传统的方法包含在一个价值函数公式中,这样可以确保价值函数在全局极小值周围的平滑和收敛性。并用模拟的雷达速度观测值来检查在控制参数的空间(VM,RM)内,全局极小值周围的价值函数几何学特征,从理论上论述该涡旋分析方法模拟飓(台)风观测速度的可行性。
(4)精细调整了涡旋分析,使VM和RM估计为高度的函数,因此可以为退模糊第一步中的背景检查在雷达扫描的每个仰角产生一个合适的背景径向速度场。这将以前开发的基于VAD的退模糊方法升级为自适应性地应用于飓(台)风扫描雷达径向速度中。对出现的严重模糊的径向速度的WSR-88D雷达飓风扫描观测到的飓风数据(602个体扫)、以及CINRAD/SA雷达扫描观测到的台风个例展开了测试,并用个例分析结果来举例说明了该涡旋分析方法升级后的稳定性和改进的性能。
(5)基于模糊逻辑算法,对业务运行的KICT双偏振雷达在2012年秋季迁徙季节收集到的鸟类回波和昆虫回波分别进行了统计分析,并发展了鸟类回波的识别技术。该技术可以通过以下两个步骤实现：(1)利用现有的业务双偏振WSR-88D雷达回波分类算法,发展简化的雷达回波分类算法,简单的将观测到的雷达回波分为三类：降水回波,地物回波和生物回波；(2)利用对鸟类回波和昆虫回波的分析,提取了区分两者的偏振特征参数,再对已经判定为生物回波的回波点进行判断,找出其中的鸟类回波,并给予标记和剔除。
All kinds of radar data quality issues have very serious effects on radar data application, especially on radar data assimilation and quantitative precipitation estimation, so studying radar data quality problems (non-meteorological echo, especially non-meteorological echo caused by the radar hardware limitations or failure, and velocity aliasing) observed from operational weather radar (China New Generation of Weather Radar CINRAD, WSR-88D, WSR-88D dual polarization radar) has important scientific meaning and practical significances. Firstly, analyzes and processes the EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) echo observed from the CINRAD operation, and then develop "Test Pattern" identification algrithom, remove pollution cause by them for both reflectivity and radial velocity data. Analyze aliased radial velocity from hurricane (typhoon) wind, develop fitting vortex model to aliased velocity method, and generate background vortex wind field, dealiase observed velocity automatically. Finally, analyze biological echo from polarmetric radar observation, develop birds echo identification method to remove the radial velocity containments caused by birds echo. These works improve the quality of weather radar based data, and provide a strong foundation for the quality of the radar product and its application. The main contents are summarized as follows:
(1) Collect the EMI echo observed from operation CINRAD, aimed at resolving the EMI abnormal echo problem, focus on understanding the graphic display characteristics of EMI echo, analyze the characteristics of the doppler (CINRAD/SA) radar EMI echo, which knows as isolation and the antenna-like distribution, combine with current filter methods, simulate the logic of identify EMI echo from human eye, propose an automatic method to filter out EMI echo, and good results achieved in the experiments by using this method.
(2)"Test Pattern" caused by test signal or radar hardware failures in CINRAD S A and SB radar operational observations are investigated. In order to distinguish the "Test Pattern" from other types of radar echo such as, precipitation echo, clear air echo, all other kinds of clutters, five feature functions including reflectivity effective echo rate Rz, RF (Range Folding) value rate Rrf, effective echo mismatching rate Rvz, reflectivity gate to gate change along radial RNaz, reflectivity gate to gate change along azimuth RNrz, are proposed. Based on fuzzy logical method,"Test Pattern" identification algorithm has been developed. The statistical results form all kinds of radar echoes indicated the performance of the algorithm. Individual case analysis of "Test Pattern" with heavy precipitation echo inside was showed.
(3) A least-squares method is developed to estimate the maximum tangential velocity Vm and its radial distance Rm from the hurricane vortex center by fitting a parametric vortex model directly to raw aliased velocities scanned from a hurricane. In this method, aliasing-caused zigzag-discontinuities are formulated into the cost-function via an unconventional approach to ensure the cost-function to be smooth and concave around the global minimum. Simulated radar velocity observations are used to examine the cost-function geometry around the global minimum in the space of control parameters (Vm, Rm).
(4) This AR vortex analysis is refined in this paper to estimate Vm and RM as functions of height, so a suitable reference radial-velocity field can be produced on each tilt of radar scan for the reference check in the first step of dealiasing. This upgrades the previously developed VAD-based dealiasing method adaptively for applications to radar radial velocities scanned from hurricanes. The robustness and improved performance of the upgraded method are exemplified by the results from extensive tests with severely aliased radial velocities scanned by WSR-88D radars from hurricanes (602volumn scans) and CINRAD/SA from typhoons.
(5) Based on the fuzzy logic algorithms, processing the collected birds echo and insects echo from operation KICT polarimetric radar in the fall of2012respectively by statistical analysis, then developing birds echo identification algorithm. This technology can be achieved through the following two steps:(1) using existed polarimetric WSR-88D radar echo classification algorithm to simply divide radar echo into three categories:precipitation, ground clutter and biological echoes.(2) Using birds echoes and insects echo analysis, extracting the polarization characteristic parameters to distinguish them, then examining the echo points that has been determined as biological echo, to identify birds echo then mark it and remove it.
(1)对新一代天气雷达在业务运行中遇到的干扰回波特点进行了分析,旨在解决雷达异常回波中的干扰回波问题,着重了解干扰回波在图形中显示中的特点,分析了多普勒(CINRAD/SA)雷达干扰回波的特点,即干扰回波的孤立性及其条幅状分布,并结合当前国内外滤波的部分方法,模拟人眼识别干扰回波过程中的思维逻辑,提出了人工智能的滤除干扰回波方案,并在实验中取得了较好的效果。
(2)针对CINRADSA(B)业务运行中出现的"Test Pattern"进行分析,总结出"Test Pattern"的特点,同时对反射率因子和径向速度进行处理,得到区分该种回波资料与其他回波(降水回波、各种污染回波、晴空回波)的五个特征函数,包含反射率有效探测比率Rz, RF (Range Folding)值比率Rrf,有效回波匹配比率Rvz,反射率库间沿径向变化RNaz,反射率库间沿方位变化RNrz；并在此基础上,发展了基于模糊逻辑‘'Test Pattern'’的识别方法；通过对各种不同类型回波的统计结果说明该方法在识别‘'Test Pattern"中的作用；并且给出了镶嵌强降水回波的“Test Pattern"识别处理结果。
(3)通过直接对飓(台)风观测的原始模糊速度资料进行参数化涡旋模型的拟合,发展了一种最小二乘法来估计飓(台)风的最大切向风速VM和它离飓(台)风涡旋中心的径向距离RM。在本方法中,由于模糊造成的锯齿状不连续性都通过一个非传统的方法包含在一个价值函数公式中,这样可以确保价值函数在全局极小值周围的平滑和收敛性。并用模拟的雷达速度观测值来检查在控制参数的空间(VM,RM)内,全局极小值周围的价值函数几何学特征,从理论上论述该涡旋分析方法模拟飓(台)风观测速度的可行性。
(4)精细调整了涡旋分析,使VM和RM估计为高度的函数,因此可以为退模糊第一步中的背景检查在雷达扫描的每个仰角产生一个合适的背景径向速度场。这将以前开发的基于VAD的退模糊方法升级为自适应性地应用于飓(台)风扫描雷达径向速度中。对出现的严重模糊的径向速度的WSR-88D雷达飓风扫描观测到的飓风数据(602个体扫)、以及CINRAD/SA雷达扫描观测到的台风个例展开了测试,并用个例分析结果来举例说明了该涡旋分析方法升级后的稳定性和改进的性能。
(5)基于模糊逻辑算法,对业务运行的KICT双偏振雷达在2012年秋季迁徙季节收集到的鸟类回波和昆虫回波分别进行了统计分析,并发展了鸟类回波的识别技术。该技术可以通过以下两个步骤实现：(1)利用现有的业务双偏振WSR-88D雷达回波分类算法,发展简化的雷达回波分类算法,简单的将观测到的雷达回波分为三类：降水回波,地物回波和生物回波；(2)利用对鸟类回波和昆虫回波的分析,提取了区分两者的偏振特征参数,再对已经判定为生物回波的回波点进行判断,找出其中的鸟类回波,并给予标记和剔除。
All kinds of radar data quality issues have very serious effects on radar data application, especially on radar data assimilation and quantitative precipitation estimation, so studying radar data quality problems (non-meteorological echo, especially non-meteorological echo caused by the radar hardware limitations or failure, and velocity aliasing) observed from operational weather radar (China New Generation of Weather Radar CINRAD, WSR-88D, WSR-88D dual polarization radar) has important scientific meaning and practical significances. Firstly, analyzes and processes the EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) echo observed from the CINRAD operation, and then develop "Test Pattern" identification algrithom, remove pollution cause by them for both reflectivity and radial velocity data. Analyze aliased radial velocity from hurricane (typhoon) wind, develop fitting vortex model to aliased velocity method, and generate background vortex wind field, dealiase observed velocity automatically. Finally, analyze biological echo from polarmetric radar observation, develop birds echo identification method to remove the radial velocity containments caused by birds echo. These works improve the quality of weather radar based data, and provide a strong foundation for the quality of the radar product and its application. The main contents are summarized as follows:
(1) Collect the EMI echo observed from operation CINRAD, aimed at resolving the EMI abnormal echo problem, focus on understanding the graphic display characteristics of EMI echo, analyze the characteristics of the doppler (CINRAD/SA) radar EMI echo, which knows as isolation and the antenna-like distribution, combine with current filter methods, simulate the logic of identify EMI echo from human eye, propose an automatic method to filter out EMI echo, and good results achieved in the experiments by using this method.
(2)"Test Pattern" caused by test signal or radar hardware failures in CINRAD S A and SB radar operational observations are investigated. In order to distinguish the "Test Pattern" from other types of radar echo such as, precipitation echo, clear air echo, all other kinds of clutters, five feature functions including reflectivity effective echo rate Rz, RF (Range Folding) value rate Rrf, effective echo mismatching rate Rvz, reflectivity gate to gate change along radial RNaz, reflectivity gate to gate change along azimuth RNrz, are proposed. Based on fuzzy logical method,"Test Pattern" identification algorithm has been developed. The statistical results form all kinds of radar echoes indicated the performance of the algorithm. Individual case analysis of "Test Pattern" with heavy precipitation echo inside was showed.
(3) A least-squares method is developed to estimate the maximum tangential velocity Vm and its radial distance Rm from the hurricane vortex center by fitting a parametric vortex model directly to raw aliased velocities scanned from a hurricane. In this method, aliasing-caused zigzag-discontinuities are formulated into the cost-function via an unconventional approach to ensure the cost-function to be smooth and concave around the global minimum. Simulated radar velocity observations are used to examine the cost-function geometry around the global minimum in the space of control parameters (Vm, Rm).
(4) This AR vortex analysis is refined in this paper to estimate Vm and RM as functions of height, so a suitable reference radial-velocity field can be produced on each tilt of radar scan for the reference check in the first step of dealiasing. This upgrades the previously developed VAD-based dealiasing method adaptively for applications to radar radial velocities scanned from hurricanes. The robustness and improved performance of the upgraded method are exemplified by the results from extensive tests with severely aliased radial velocities scanned by WSR-88D radars from hurricanes (602volumn scans) and CINRAD/SA from typhoons.
(5) Based on the fuzzy logic algorithms, processing the collected birds echo and insects echo from operation KICT polarimetric radar in the fall of2012respectively by statistical analysis, then developing birds echo identification algorithm. This technology can be achieved through the following two steps:(1) using existed polarimetric WSR-88D radar echo classification algorithm to simply divide radar echo into three categories:precipitation, ground clutter and biological echoes.(2) Using birds echoes and insects echo analysis, extracting the polarization characteristic parameters to distinguish them, then examining the echo points that has been determined as biological echo, to identify birds echo then mark it and remove it.
引文
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