几种阔叶树节区结构及输水功能的研究
摘要
本文以北京林业大学校园内生长的主要树种一年生枝条的节为研究对象,采用生理学和解剖学相结合的方法,研究手段涉及树木解剖学、物理学、化学、生物物理学等多个学科,在不同层面上探讨了一些阔叶树节区的电阻、栓塞程度、解剖结构、接触角及综纤维素、木质素的含量等问题,旨在阐明节区作为“安全区”对植物体水分输导系统的完整性和安全性等方面具有的意义。
电阻测试表明,去节处理和留节处理进行对比可以发现,去节处理的节上部位(节间)随水分胁迫时间的延长电阻值逐渐增大以致于有些苗木的电阻无法显示;留节处理的节下部位(节间)随水分胁迫时间的延长电阻仍可以正常显示,通过对比可以发现,正是因为去掉了节,使得栓塞修复进程缓慢以致于无法修复;而留节处理,由于有节的保护,使得节下区域即使发生了栓塞也能进行修复。无论是去节处理还是留节处理,节下区域均能进行修复。以上结论充分说明了节的保护和修复作用,节为其下的节间区域营造了一个可以进行栓塞修复的环境,而去节以后的节上区域由于直接与大气相通,整个节间区域处在大气压下,无法进行修复。电阻的变化可以反映出木质部内的水流和栓塞状况,电阻小表明栓塞程度轻,水流较为畅通,相反,电阻大表明栓塞加重,水流受到一定程度的阻碍。电阻的变化可能与木质部的解剖结构、接触角的大小以及木质部的化学物质有关。树木从节间按形态学方向过渡到节,木质部的解剖结构出现了空间上的差异,节间导管较为均一,管径较粗,节区细胞分化程度存在差异,中等大小的导管和小导管的数量和比例有所增加,由于窄导管能承受的张力更大,所以节区的PLC值小于节间的PLC值,即节区不易栓塞。当水分向上过渡到节以后,由于节区亲水性的综纤维素相对较少,接触角变大,流速减慢,再加上导管迂回盘绕,水分在其中运输会消耗较多的时间和能量,在一定程度上“限制”了水分的流动,所以节区水分不易散失,说明栓塞修复能力强。树木可能就是通过枝条上一系列栓塞修复能力强的“限速区”来阻止气体栓塞的扩散以保证水分运输系统的畅通及安全。
The paper studied some nodes of one year old twigs of trees grown well in the Beijing Forestry University. Nodal electrical resistance, PLC, anatomical function, contact angles and holocellulose and lignin content of some broad-leaved tree were studied with the means of physiology and anatomy, which aimed to elucidate nodes’effect on fight with drought, the safety of hydraulic system.
The electrical resistance measurement showed that with the water stress got more and more serious, embolism extent and electrical resistance increased in the above internode when cut node. The difference of embolism repair existed in different segments and treatment showed clearly. Because the above node of being cut node can’t repair embolism, then got into brownness and died, what’s more, electrical resistance can’t showed, which indicated it was cut node that made it difficult for embolism repair. Especially when water waned serious embolism repair can’t process. Although the internodes of reserved node embolized serious, it had definite function of repair, which indicated reserved node made repair easy. The change of electrical resistance reflected the condition of water flowing and embolism. That was to say, the electrical resistance being less indicated embolism not serious and water flowing more smoothly, and the reverse is also true. The change of electrical resistance was related to anatomical structure, contact angles, chemical substances and so on.
It has the space difference of xylem anatomical structure between internodes and nodes in morphology direction. The vessels of internodes were more homogeneous and internal diameter wider, whereas the differentiation of nodal cells was different. In nodes, the middle and smaller vessels increased. The PLC value of nodes was less than internodes’. Because the content of cellulose were less and contact angles bigger, water flowing velocity get slow. The narrower the vessels, the slower water flowed, and there were many coiled vessels in nodes, which resulted in wasting more time, restricting water flowing. So, water in nodes didn’t lost easily, and the change of electrical resistance slower.
The difference of hydraulic architecture between nodes and internodes resulted in their different meaning .Internodes were responsible for watering transporting mainly. Because of conducting efficiently, trees’every parts get water. But inter-diameter of their vessels were wider, embolism happened easily. Node was“constrain zones”which xylem was complex, and it wasted more time when water flowed through nodes. A series of“constrain zones”of shoots prevented gas embolism and microorganism diffusing, ensuring smooth and safety of hydraulic system.
电阻测试表明,去节处理和留节处理进行对比可以发现,去节处理的节上部位(节间)随水分胁迫时间的延长电阻值逐渐增大以致于有些苗木的电阻无法显示;留节处理的节下部位(节间)随水分胁迫时间的延长电阻仍可以正常显示,通过对比可以发现,正是因为去掉了节,使得栓塞修复进程缓慢以致于无法修复;而留节处理,由于有节的保护,使得节下区域即使发生了栓塞也能进行修复。无论是去节处理还是留节处理,节下区域均能进行修复。以上结论充分说明了节的保护和修复作用,节为其下的节间区域营造了一个可以进行栓塞修复的环境,而去节以后的节上区域由于直接与大气相通,整个节间区域处在大气压下,无法进行修复。电阻的变化可以反映出木质部内的水流和栓塞状况,电阻小表明栓塞程度轻,水流较为畅通,相反,电阻大表明栓塞加重,水流受到一定程度的阻碍。电阻的变化可能与木质部的解剖结构、接触角的大小以及木质部的化学物质有关。树木从节间按形态学方向过渡到节,木质部的解剖结构出现了空间上的差异,节间导管较为均一,管径较粗,节区细胞分化程度存在差异,中等大小的导管和小导管的数量和比例有所增加,由于窄导管能承受的张力更大,所以节区的PLC值小于节间的PLC值,即节区不易栓塞。当水分向上过渡到节以后,由于节区亲水性的综纤维素相对较少,接触角变大,流速减慢,再加上导管迂回盘绕,水分在其中运输会消耗较多的时间和能量,在一定程度上“限制”了水分的流动,所以节区水分不易散失,说明栓塞修复能力强。树木可能就是通过枝条上一系列栓塞修复能力强的“限速区”来阻止气体栓塞的扩散以保证水分运输系统的畅通及安全。
The paper studied some nodes of one year old twigs of trees grown well in the Beijing Forestry University. Nodal electrical resistance, PLC, anatomical function, contact angles and holocellulose and lignin content of some broad-leaved tree were studied with the means of physiology and anatomy, which aimed to elucidate nodes’effect on fight with drought, the safety of hydraulic system.
The electrical resistance measurement showed that with the water stress got more and more serious, embolism extent and electrical resistance increased in the above internode when cut node. The difference of embolism repair existed in different segments and treatment showed clearly. Because the above node of being cut node can’t repair embolism, then got into brownness and died, what’s more, electrical resistance can’t showed, which indicated it was cut node that made it difficult for embolism repair. Especially when water waned serious embolism repair can’t process. Although the internodes of reserved node embolized serious, it had definite function of repair, which indicated reserved node made repair easy. The change of electrical resistance reflected the condition of water flowing and embolism. That was to say, the electrical resistance being less indicated embolism not serious and water flowing more smoothly, and the reverse is also true. The change of electrical resistance was related to anatomical structure, contact angles, chemical substances and so on.
It has the space difference of xylem anatomical structure between internodes and nodes in morphology direction. The vessels of internodes were more homogeneous and internal diameter wider, whereas the differentiation of nodal cells was different. In nodes, the middle and smaller vessels increased. The PLC value of nodes was less than internodes’. Because the content of cellulose were less and contact angles bigger, water flowing velocity get slow. The narrower the vessels, the slower water flowed, and there were many coiled vessels in nodes, which resulted in wasting more time, restricting water flowing. So, water in nodes didn’t lost easily, and the change of electrical resistance slower.
The difference of hydraulic architecture between nodes and internodes resulted in their different meaning .Internodes were responsible for watering transporting mainly. Because of conducting efficiently, trees’every parts get water. But inter-diameter of their vessels were wider, embolism happened easily. Node was“constrain zones”which xylem was complex, and it wasted more time when water flowed through nodes. A series of“constrain zones”of shoots prevented gas embolism and microorganism diffusing, ensuring smooth and safety of hydraulic system.
引文
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