大跨度空间钢结构火灾反应分析
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摘要
随着中国经济的发展,综合国力的提高,大跨度空间钢结构这一建筑形式以其独特的建筑造型和开敞的内部空间等特点在我国得到了广泛的应用。大空间建筑作为公共建筑广泛应用的一种空间形式,常用在人员密集的场所,如剧院、体育馆、展览馆等,其结构在火灾下的安全性是结构工程师必须考虑的问题。由于钢材本身耐火性能较差,且建筑造型等要求使得防火保护费用惊人,因此大跨度空间钢结构常常不能按照普通钢结构的方法进行结构抗火设计。目前我国对于大跨度空间钢结构的研究主要集中在结构的动、静力特性及设计和施工方法等方面,对其抗火性能的分析和计算方法还比较少,规范中也少有涉及,因此开展对大空间钢结构抗火性能分析对工程抗火设计有着重要的意义。
本文以平板网架结构、网壳结构为例说明大空间钢结构抗火性能分析方法,为工程抗火设计提出建议,本文主要完成以下几方面的工作：
(1)通过对平板网架结构火灾全过程分析,得到了平板网架的耐火时间与结构的临界温度,得到了杆件的阶段性失稳的结论,若不能够控制住首批失效的杆件,将引起杆件失效的“连锁反应”,造成更大面积的杆件失效。
(2)通过对两类网壳结构的抗火性能分析,得知网壳的失稳破坏都属于脆性破坏,即一旦某些重要的杆件发生破坏,结构将难以抵抗外荷载,发生坍塌。
With the development of Chinese economic and comprehensive national, Large-span steel structures have been widely used in China by its virtue of magnificent shape and enormous interious space etc. Large-span building is widely used within public buildings.Large-span structures are often used for such buildings as theatre, gymnasium or exhibition hall where the dense of people is high. The fire safety of large-span building structure must be researched by structural engineer. However,the steel material is weak in fire resisting,and the aesthetic demand always leads to numerous cost. Moreover,large-span steel structure could not adopt the fire-resistance design method for common steel structures.Nevertheless the study of large-span structures centralized on their static and dynamic behavior, design method and construction method, there are few studies of fire-resistance behavior and the method of calculation,and they are very few involved in the specification.To insure the fire-resistance of large-span structures when fire occurs, the analysis of fire-resistance is very important.
The article introduces that the method of analysis of large-span structures such as grid structures and latticed shell structures.It will give the suggestions for fire resistant design of the project proposal. The article completed the following tasks:
(1) By the whole process of analysis of the gird structure, It gets the refractory time and the critical temperature of gird structure.It also gets the conclusion that the poles have the stage of unstable failure.If it cann't control the poles of the first failure, it will cause a "chain reaction" resulting in more poles failure in a large area.
(2) It find that the latticed shell structures' unstable failure are brittle failure by two types of analysis of fire resistance.It is said that the structure will be difficult to resist loads once the occurrence of certain important poles damage.
本文以平板网架结构、网壳结构为例说明大空间钢结构抗火性能分析方法,为工程抗火设计提出建议,本文主要完成以下几方面的工作：
(1)通过对平板网架结构火灾全过程分析,得到了平板网架的耐火时间与结构的临界温度,得到了杆件的阶段性失稳的结论,若不能够控制住首批失效的杆件,将引起杆件失效的“连锁反应”,造成更大面积的杆件失效。
(2)通过对两类网壳结构的抗火性能分析,得知网壳的失稳破坏都属于脆性破坏,即一旦某些重要的杆件发生破坏,结构将难以抵抗外荷载,发生坍塌。
With the development of Chinese economic and comprehensive national, Large-span steel structures have been widely used in China by its virtue of magnificent shape and enormous interious space etc. Large-span building is widely used within public buildings.Large-span structures are often used for such buildings as theatre, gymnasium or exhibition hall where the dense of people is high. The fire safety of large-span building structure must be researched by structural engineer. However,the steel material is weak in fire resisting,and the aesthetic demand always leads to numerous cost. Moreover,large-span steel structure could not adopt the fire-resistance design method for common steel structures.Nevertheless the study of large-span structures centralized on their static and dynamic behavior, design method and construction method, there are few studies of fire-resistance behavior and the method of calculation,and they are very few involved in the specification.To insure the fire-resistance of large-span structures when fire occurs, the analysis of fire-resistance is very important.
The article introduces that the method of analysis of large-span structures such as grid structures and latticed shell structures.It will give the suggestions for fire resistant design of the project proposal. The article completed the following tasks:
(1) By the whole process of analysis of the gird structure, It gets the refractory time and the critical temperature of gird structure.It also gets the conclusion that the poles have the stage of unstable failure.If it cann't control the poles of the first failure, it will cause a "chain reaction" resulting in more poles failure in a large area.
(2) It find that the latticed shell structures' unstable failure are brittle failure by two types of analysis of fire resistance.It is said that the structure will be difficult to resist loads once the occurrence of certain important poles damage.
引文
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[35]M.B.Wong,J.I.Ghojel.Sensitivity analysis of heat transfer formulations for insulate d structural steel components.Fire Safety Journal.2003,38:187-201.
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[3]Liu Tiemin,Zhong Maohua,Xing Juanjuan.Industrial accidents:Challenges for China's Economic and Social Development.Safety Science.2005,43(8).
[4]方强.钢结构防火设计和保护.钢结构,2002,4：43-56页
[5]李国强,蒋首超,林桂祥.钢结构抗火计算与设计.中国建筑工业出版社,1999,6：5页
[6]董新明.由典型火灾论钢结构建筑防火与抗火设计.消防科学与技术,2002(5)：46-49页
[7]蒋爱山.大火天地泣—吉林、辽宁两起特大火灾警示录.安徽消防,1995,(3)：6-9.
[8]石永久,白音,王元清.大空间钢结构的防火设计与防火涂料选用.新型建筑材料,2005,(4)：54-57.
[9]International Standard ISO834,Fire-Resistance Tests—Elements of Building Construction,Amendment 1,Amendment 2,1980.
[10]马忠诚.火灾下钢筋混凝土结构损伤评估与抗震修复[博士学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨建筑大学,1997.
[11]ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No.78,Structural Fire Protection.Published by ASCE,New York.
[12]Leander Noordijk,Tony Lemaire.Modelling of Fire Spread in Car-Parks.HERON,2005,50(4):209-218.
[13]R.Iding,B.Bresler,and Z.Nizamuddin.FIRES-RC,A computer program forthe fire res ponse of structures-reinforced concrete frames.Report No.U-CB FRG 77-8,FireRes earch Group,University of California,Berkeley. October,1977.
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[15]Anderberg Y.and Forsen N.E.Fire resistance of concrete structures.No-cdic Concre te Research,Oslo,Norway.1982:1-17.
[16]AH book NG,M.S.Mirza,and T.T.Lie.Fire endurance analysis of reinfo-rced concre te columns.Can.J.Civ.Eng.1989(16):290-299.
[17]Z.Huang,I.W.Burgess,and R.J.Plank.Three-dimensional modeling of two-full-scale fi re tests on a composite building.Proc.Inistn Civ.Engrs Str-ucts&Bldgs.Aug.1999:24 3-255.
[18]Zhaohui Huang and Andres Platten.Nonlinear finite element analysis of planar r einforced concrete members subjected to fires.ACI Structur-al Journal.1997,94(3):2 72-282.
[19]Mohamad J.Terro.Numerical modeling of the behavior of concrete str-uctures in f ire.ACI Structural Journal.1998,95(2):183-193.
[20]J.M.Franseen,J.B.Schleich,L.G.Cajot,D.Talamona,B.Zhao,L.Twilt and K.Both.A com parison betweeen fire structural fire codes applied to steel elements.Fourth Inter national Symposium on Fire Safety Science,Ottawa.1994:1125-1136.
[21]Yongjun Liu,Weicheng Fan,and Hongnan Li.Finite element method analysis of 3 D temperature fields in structures subjected to fires.Proceedi-ngs of the Eighth In ternational Symposium on Structural Engineering for Young Experts.August 20-2 3,2004,Xi'an China:592-596.
[22]霍静思,韩林海.火灾作用后钢管混凝土柱—钢梁节点滞回性能试验研究.建筑结构学报,2006,27(6)：28-39.
[23]林晓康,韩林海.火灾作用后圆钢管混凝土柱荷载—位移滞回性能研究.建筑结构学报,2005,26(3)：19-29.
[24]霍静思,韩林海.ISO 834标准火灾作用后钢管混凝土轴压刚度和抗弯刚度的研究.工业建筑,2004,34(1)：21-26.
[25]杨有福,韩林海.钢管混凝土柱防火保护层计算方法研究.工业建筑,2004,34(1)：14-17.
[26]李国强,郭士雄.约束钢梁高温下大变形状态分析.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(7)：853-858.
[27]蒋首超,李国强,叶绮玲.火灾下钢框架结构非线性反应分析与试验研究.工业建筑,2004,34(8)：66-69.
[28]丁军,李国强.耐火钢构件抗火性能非线性有限元分析.建筑结构,2005(8)：61-63.
[29]蒋首超,李国强,周昊圣,吕毅.钢-混凝土组合楼板实用抗火设计方法.建筑结构, 2006(8)：87-89.
[30]Y.Z.Yin,Y.C.Wang.Analysis of catenary in steel beams using a simpli-fied hand c alculation method,Part Ⅰ：theory and validation for uniform temperature distribution. Journal of Constructional Steel Research.2005,61:183-211.
[31]Y.C.Wang,T.Lennon&D.B.Moore.The Behaviour of Steel Frames Subj-ect to Fire.J ournal of Constructional Steel Research.1995,35:291-322.
[32]Y.Z.Yin,Y.C.Wang.A numerical study of large deflection behaviour of restrained steel beams at elevated temperatures.Journal of Constructio-nal Steel Research.200 4,60:1029-1047.
[33]M.Feng,Y.C.Wang,J.M.Davies.Axial strength of cold-formed thin-walledsteel chann els under non-uniform temperatures in fire.Fire Safety Jour-nal.2003,38:679-707.
[34]M.B.Wong.Modelling of axial restraints for limiting temperature calcu--lation of s teel members in fire.Journal of Constructional Steel Resear-ch.2005,61:675-687.
[35]M.B.Wong,J.I.Ghojel.Sensitivity analysis of heat transfer formulations for insulate d structural steel components.Fire Safety Journal.2003,38:187-201.
[36]T.C.H.Liu,M.K.Fahad,J.M.Davies.Experimental investigation of behavioi-ur of axial ly restrained steel beams in fire.Journal of Constructional S-teel Research.2002,58: 1211-1230.
[37]T.C.H.Liu.Finite element modelling of behaviours of steel beams and connections in fireJournal of Constructional Steel Research.1996,36(3):181-199.
[38]李国强,陈凯.门式钢刚架结构实用抗火设计方法.建筑结构,2001,31(6)：14-18.
[39]史建勇.大空间钢结构火灾安全模拟系统的研究[博士学位论文].北京：清华大学,2005.
[40]李国强,杜咏.实用大空间建筑火灾空气升温经验公式,消防科学与技术,2005,24(3)
[41]中国工程建设标准化协会标准.建筑钢结构防火技术规范(CECS200：20061.北京：中国计划出版社,2006
[42]ECCS(European Convention for Constructional Steelwork) European Recommend ations for the Fire Safety of Steel Structures,1983
[43]杜文风,张慧.空间结构.北京：中国电力出版社,2008
[44]ANSYS公司,ANSYS建模与分网指南,中国成都,2000
[45]ANSYS公司,ANSYS基本过程手册,中国成都,2000
[46]ANSYS公司,ANSYS非线性分析指南,中国成都,2000
[47]ANSYS公司,ANSYS高级技术分析指南,中国成都,2000
[48]ANSYS公司,ANSYS结构动力学分析指南,中国成都,2000
[49]嘉木工作室编著,ANSYS有限元实例分析教程,机械工业出版社,北京,2002
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