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多元化农业推广理论与实践的研究
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摘要
随着农业发展方式的转变和农户增收多元化的诉求,我国在计划经济体制下建立起来的农业推广体系传统的功能和作用正面临着挑战,以政府推广体系为载体的垄断局面,正被供给主体多元化打破,多元化的农业推广服务逐步成为改革发展趋势
     本文以多学科视角分析了农业推广的“多元”内涵,探究了理解多元化农业推广的农业推广物品属性理论、传播学理论、推广光谱理论、分权化理论以及影响力理论,借鉴了发达国家多元化农业推广体系的特点,比较分析了我国多元化农业推广体系中主要组织开展农业推广的动机、方式(模式)、优势以及面临的问题。本文研究主要结论如下:
     (1)农业推广“多元化内涵”是多元化农业推广发展的内在因素,也是理解多元化农业推广的基础;
     (2)农业技术推广公共物品属性理论说明农业推广服务产品的多元化是满足当前需求多元化的响应,也是农业推广“服务分类化、目标细分化”思想;
     (3)多元化农业推广是传播信息源和途径的多样化的体现,各推广组织推广方式的选择是“传者本位”和“受者本位”思想的博弈结果;
     (4)多元化农业推广是分权战略实施对社会、经济变化的相适应的结果。推广光谱理论,解释说明了应对复杂的农村发展局势应该是多元化推广的结合,并充分发挥各自的影响力;
     (5)多元化农业推广是指多种制度安排可供选择的格局,它显示了农业推广服务提供的多种选择。多元化农业推广提供了一种满足具体要求的农业推广服务机制。成熟的农业推广体系是以多元化为特征,经费投入者与推广服务的提供者呈现多元化格局;
     (6)多元化农业推广可以视为确保农业推广各利益攸关者参与农业推广的途径。政府在多元化农业推广体系中起着协同和调节的作用;
     本文最后提出了按照“一体两翼”蝴蝶模式构建我国多元化农业推广体系。提出了相应的构建策略和保障措施:强化政府公益性农业推广,夯实基层农业推广核心层地位;建立新型合同契约的推广机制,推动专业化农技服务;发挥不同组织的自身优势,建立多元化农业推广机制;建立区域化农业推广联系制度,提高农业推广服务效率。
With the transition of agricultural development and pluralistic demands for incomeincrease of farmers, the agricultural extension system based on traditional planning model ischallenged. The monopoly of the goverment public extension system is competed bypluralistic approaches. Pluralistic agricultural system is coming into a trend.
     The dissertation analyzed the agricultural extension in terms of its pluralitic elementscontained, explored the theoretical ground underpinning this pluralistic extension from theperspectives of public goods, communication, extension spectrum, decentralization as well asthe power of influence. The foreign extension systems of U.S, Netherland, Australia andJapan were studied in hope of finding the useful experiences to China’s extension reform. Thedifferent extension players in China such as govement public sector, agricultural university,farmers cooperative organization and agriculture-related industry were analyzed in terms oftheir motives or incentives, extension models, advantages in carrying out the extension anddisadvantages concerned. For the refelction of the theorectical exploration and systemconstruction, the practical extension implemented by the government extension system,corporation, agricultural university and farmers cooperative organization were studied ascases evidence. Some conclusions were made as follows:
     ⅰ) The pluralistic elements are actually inherently contained in agricultural extension,which is believed to be the ground for understanding the pluralistic extension.
     ⅰ) The theory of public goods indicates that agricultural extension is of the attributes ofpublic goods and pluralistic agricultural extension servies are actually the response to thepluralistic demands, which in turn makes the agricultural extension segemented and specified,
     ⅲ) Pluralistic agricultural extension is the incarnation of multi-communication sourcesand approaches. The different extension models (approaches) are the game betweensender-focused or receiver focused perspective of communication.
     ⅳ) Pluralistic extension is the adaptation to the social and economic change in thecontext of decentralization. The extension spectrum showes that the integration of differentextension modeles is the best approach to fit the complexity of rural development.
     ⅴ) Pluralistic agricultural extension is the pattern of diverse institutional arrangements ofoptions, indicating the diverse choices of agricultural extension services available to farmers. A mature extension system is of pluralistic approaches.
     ⅵ) Pluralisitc agricultural extension is a way to make sure the participation ofstakeholders involved in agricultural extension providers, in which government plays animportant role of facilitation and coordination.
     As the important part of the dissertation, the construction of pluralistic extension system(called as butterfly model) in the context of China were discussed with respect to itsguidelines, strategies and underpinning measures, based on the above analysis. It highlightsstrengthening the government extension system, giving full play of the strengths of differentextension providers, pushing forward the contracting extension as well as communicationplatform.
引文
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