2.6万年以来黄土高原中北部的植被和气候变化
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摘要
两万多年来,全球气候系统经历了末次冰期干冷期、早全新世升温波动期、中全新世温暖期和晚全新世变冷期等气候过程,其中应当包含了未来气候可能发生变化的各种场景,为研究未来环境和生态系统对气候变化的响应提供了依据。
而我国黄土高原的黄土-古土壤序列是基本连续完整的、具有良好空间可对比性的气候记录,且地处干旱、半干旱区,向北、向西与亚洲内陆荒漠邻接,对气候变化有较高的敏感度,是研究古植被和气候变化关系的理想地区。
目前大多数研究认为,全新世适宜期黄土区塬面上以草原植被为主,而在渭河流域的河流阶地等局部水分条件相对较好的地区有一些森林生长。但是已有的黄土区古植被末次盛冰期的记录相对较少且分辨率不高。因此,深入理解冰期-间冰期旋回对黄土高原植被的影响需要获取更多的记录。
因此本文选取了黄土高原上靖边、富县2个剖面进行研究,其最早年龄约为2.6万年。文中重点从孢粉学的角度,重建了2.6万年来靖边、富县植被变化的历史,以及对比末次冰盛期、全新世早-中期两区域植被对气候变化的响应特征。
孢粉分析的结果显示,2.6万年以来两地一直发育以蒿为主的草原植被。但是,除蒿属植物以外,其它主要植物在时间和空间上都有明显的变化。
全新世早-中期植物种类比末次盛冰期丰富,沙漠植被减少,落叶阔叶树增加,表明气候变得温暖湿润。末次盛冰期靖边地区为以蒿、藜和其它菊科(非蒿属)为主的荒漠植被,而富县地区藜和其它菊科植物较少,且含少量禾本科植物,植被类型类似于干草原型的冷蒿草原。全新世早-中期,靖边地区仍然有一些藜和其它菊科植物生长,植被类型接近冷蒿-荒漠草原,而富县地区植物种类丰富,榛属植物增加,含少量禾本科植物,藜和其它菊科植物非常少,植被类型接近于蒿类-草甸草原。
记录对比进一步显示,无论是末次盛冰期还是全新世早-中期,黄土高原都存在一定的气候梯度,即越往北气候相对越干冷,和现代的气候格局类似。全新世早-中期植被的空间差异比末次盛冰期显著,表明全新世早-中期的气候梯度似乎大于末次盛冰期。
The global climate system has experienced the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene, the mid-Holocene Optimum, and the late Holocene with the huge fluctuation of temperature over the past 26000 years. The process should include the various possible scenarios of climate change in the future. It is the basis for the study of the response of the future environment and the ecosystem to the climate change.
In China, the loess-paleosol sequence of the Loess Plateau is continuous and has complete records of the paleoclimate change, meanwhile, the Loess Plateau is located in the arid and semi arid areas, whose northern and western parts are adjacent to the Asian inland desert, so it has a higher sensitivity to the climate change. Therefore, the Loess Plateau is an ideal region to study the paleovegetation and paleoclimate change.
Most studies have suggested that grassland dominated the Loess plateau during the Holocene Optimum, and just a few regions such as the Weihe Basin and other areas with the better water condition grow some forests. However, the existing paleovegetation records in the LGM in the Loess Plateau are relatively small and low resolution. Therefore, we need to obtain more records to understand the impact of the glacial-interglacial cycles on the vegetation.
This paper selects two sections for the study, which are Jingbian section and Fuxian section with the lower ages being c.26000 years. The paper aims to reconstruct the vegetation during the past 26000 years on the basis of pollen analysis, and compares the response characteristics of the vegetation at Jingbian and Fuxian to the climate change.
Pollen results show that the studied area was dominated by steppe vegetation (mainly Artemisia) over the past 26000 years. Except for Artemisia, other major vegetation composition varied both temporally and spatially. Plants were much more abundant, with less desert vegetation and more deciduous trees, during the early-middle Holocene than in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), indicating a wetter and warmer climate.
During the LGM, desert steppe prevailed at Jingbian, mainly composed of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae, while at Fuxian, Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae decreased and Poaceae increased, indicating the vegetation similar to arid-steppe-type Artemisia frigida steppe. During the early-middle Holocene, the vegetation at Jingbian was close to Artemisia frigida-desert steppe, with decreased Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae. At Fuxian, Corylus increased, and Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae nearly disappeared in the early-middle Holocene, suggesting the vegetation similar to Artemisia-type meadow steppe.
Comparison of two pollen records shows a north-south climate gradient in both glacial and interglacial periods, i.e. the farther north, the colder and drier it becomes, exhibiting a climate pattern similar to the present over the Loess Plateau. Furthermore, the spatial difference of vegetation is much more evident in the Holocene Optimum than in the LGM, indicating a much steeper climate gradient in warm period than in cold stage.
而我国黄土高原的黄土-古土壤序列是基本连续完整的、具有良好空间可对比性的气候记录,且地处干旱、半干旱区,向北、向西与亚洲内陆荒漠邻接,对气候变化有较高的敏感度,是研究古植被和气候变化关系的理想地区。
目前大多数研究认为,全新世适宜期黄土区塬面上以草原植被为主,而在渭河流域的河流阶地等局部水分条件相对较好的地区有一些森林生长。但是已有的黄土区古植被末次盛冰期的记录相对较少且分辨率不高。因此,深入理解冰期-间冰期旋回对黄土高原植被的影响需要获取更多的记录。
因此本文选取了黄土高原上靖边、富县2个剖面进行研究,其最早年龄约为2.6万年。文中重点从孢粉学的角度,重建了2.6万年来靖边、富县植被变化的历史,以及对比末次冰盛期、全新世早-中期两区域植被对气候变化的响应特征。
孢粉分析的结果显示,2.6万年以来两地一直发育以蒿为主的草原植被。但是,除蒿属植物以外,其它主要植物在时间和空间上都有明显的变化。
全新世早-中期植物种类比末次盛冰期丰富,沙漠植被减少,落叶阔叶树增加,表明气候变得温暖湿润。末次盛冰期靖边地区为以蒿、藜和其它菊科(非蒿属)为主的荒漠植被,而富县地区藜和其它菊科植物较少,且含少量禾本科植物,植被类型类似于干草原型的冷蒿草原。全新世早-中期,靖边地区仍然有一些藜和其它菊科植物生长,植被类型接近冷蒿-荒漠草原,而富县地区植物种类丰富,榛属植物增加,含少量禾本科植物,藜和其它菊科植物非常少,植被类型接近于蒿类-草甸草原。
记录对比进一步显示,无论是末次盛冰期还是全新世早-中期,黄土高原都存在一定的气候梯度,即越往北气候相对越干冷,和现代的气候格局类似。全新世早-中期植被的空间差异比末次盛冰期显著,表明全新世早-中期的气候梯度似乎大于末次盛冰期。
The global climate system has experienced the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene, the mid-Holocene Optimum, and the late Holocene with the huge fluctuation of temperature over the past 26000 years. The process should include the various possible scenarios of climate change in the future. It is the basis for the study of the response of the future environment and the ecosystem to the climate change.
In China, the loess-paleosol sequence of the Loess Plateau is continuous and has complete records of the paleoclimate change, meanwhile, the Loess Plateau is located in the arid and semi arid areas, whose northern and western parts are adjacent to the Asian inland desert, so it has a higher sensitivity to the climate change. Therefore, the Loess Plateau is an ideal region to study the paleovegetation and paleoclimate change.
Most studies have suggested that grassland dominated the Loess plateau during the Holocene Optimum, and just a few regions such as the Weihe Basin and other areas with the better water condition grow some forests. However, the existing paleovegetation records in the LGM in the Loess Plateau are relatively small and low resolution. Therefore, we need to obtain more records to understand the impact of the glacial-interglacial cycles on the vegetation.
This paper selects two sections for the study, which are Jingbian section and Fuxian section with the lower ages being c.26000 years. The paper aims to reconstruct the vegetation during the past 26000 years on the basis of pollen analysis, and compares the response characteristics of the vegetation at Jingbian and Fuxian to the climate change.
Pollen results show that the studied area was dominated by steppe vegetation (mainly Artemisia) over the past 26000 years. Except for Artemisia, other major vegetation composition varied both temporally and spatially. Plants were much more abundant, with less desert vegetation and more deciduous trees, during the early-middle Holocene than in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), indicating a wetter and warmer climate.
During the LGM, desert steppe prevailed at Jingbian, mainly composed of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae, while at Fuxian, Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae decreased and Poaceae increased, indicating the vegetation similar to arid-steppe-type Artemisia frigida steppe. During the early-middle Holocene, the vegetation at Jingbian was close to Artemisia frigida-desert steppe, with decreased Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae. At Fuxian, Corylus increased, and Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae nearly disappeared in the early-middle Holocene, suggesting the vegetation similar to Artemisia-type meadow steppe.
Comparison of two pollen records shows a north-south climate gradient in both glacial and interglacial periods, i.e. the farther north, the colder and drier it becomes, exhibiting a climate pattern similar to the present over the Loess Plateau. Furthermore, the spatial difference of vegetation is much more evident in the Holocene Optimum than in the LGM, indicating a much steeper climate gradient in warm period than in cold stage.
引文
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