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甘肃会宁硝沟剖面全新世孢粉分析及环境变化
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摘要
本文利用地层中的炭屑(Charcoal)通过AMS~(14)C测年,在地处黄土高原西部的会宁硝沟剖面建立了较为精确的年代序列。通过孢粉分析,恢复了会宁地区全新世中晚期植被、气候的变化过程。在此基础上,结合其它地点的资料,特别是比较可靠的历史资料,深入探讨了全新世中晚期环境变化序列,揭示出黄土高原西部全新世中晚期由湿润逐步转变为干旱的过程。研究结果表明:(1)从7000到28a B.P.会宁硝沟剖面植被经历了一系列的变化,具体过程为:针叶、阔叶混交林——森林草原——针叶、阔叶混交林——森林草原——荒漠草原;(2)全新世中期(7~3.7ka B.P.)会宁地区气候相对温暖湿润,进入全新世晚期(3.7ka B.P.~)气候以干旱为主要特征:(3)该区除了约7000a B.P.~6460a B.P.和5800a B.P.~4670a B.P.两个时期水热条件较好,其余大部分时期的范围内,气候较干或冷干;(4)在7000~6460a B.P.,5800~4670a B.P.这两个阶段里植被相当发育,气候相对湿润,可能为全新世最宜期;(5)全新世中期还有一些短暂的气候突变事件,说明在全新世中期的气候也不稳定。本文还试图通过将孢粉数据和中国2000年以来的年均温曲线进行对比,结合会宁县志等历史资料,比较完整的恢复会宁地区近2000年以来的气候变化过程,认为会宁地区在距今2000年左右就进入了冷暖变化较大的小冰期,一直持续到南北朝结束。通过比较推测从隋朝到唐初这一时期的气候可能趋于冷干,700a A.D.~1000a A.D.气候可能属于暖湿气候。而到了宋代,气候温暖湿润,植被发育。到了元代气候变化趋于稳定,但仍属暖湿。到了明代以后花粉浓度明显降低,气温也随之降低,说明当时的气候属于典型的冷干型气候。这与施雅风先生通过古里雅冰芯δ~(18)O的研究得到的960~280a A.D.属低温干旱气候;1500~970a A.D.属中温干旱气候;1920~1510a A.D.为冷暖波动强烈的小冰期相对应。利用孢粉数据恢复如此短尺度的气候变化情况还属于探究阶段,其结果可靠与否还有待于进一步研究论证。
This paper has used the Charcoal in stratum which adopted AMS~(14)C to establish the more accurate sequences of the age of Xiaogou section in Huining, west of Loess Plateau. According to pollen analysis, this thesis has resumed the change of middle-late Holocene vegetation and climate in Huining. On the basis of this, the change sequence of the middle-late Holocene environment is furtherly investigated together with the data of other places, especially the relatively reliable historical data, revealing the course that the climate gradually changed from wet to dry in middle-late Holocene in the west of Loess Plateau. The result of the research indicates that (1) from 7000 to 28a B.P., the vegetation of Xiaogou section in Huining went through a serious of change, the course like that: Needleleaf and Broadleaf Mixed Forests—Forest-steppes—Needleleaf and Broadleaf Mixed Forests—Forest-steppes—Deserts-steppes; (2) The climate in Huining was relatively wet and warm in the middle-late Holocene (7~3.7ka B.P.); (3) Most of the time in this region, the climate was quite cold or cold-dry expect 7000a B.P.~6460a B.P. and 5800a B.P.~4670a B.P.; (4) During 7000a B.P.~6460a B.P. and 5800a B.P.~4670a B.P., the vegetation was in bloom, and the climate was relatively wetness, maybe which was the optimum period; (5) There were some short climate changed suddenly in the middle Holocene, it was showed that the climate was also instability. The paper attempts to contrast the pollen data with the cuve of 2000y' average year temperatures, together with the Huining country annals, to resume the relatively complete climate change course of about 2000y in Huining. It is indicated that Huining entered the small ice age around 2000y ago, when the warm-cold climate change was relatively large, which lasted to the end of Southern and Northern Dynasties. A comparison suggests that the climate probably tended to become cold and dry from Sui dynasty to Tang dynasty, and that the climate might be warm and dry from 700a A.D to 1000a A.D. In Song dynasty, the climate, however, was warm and wet, and the vegetation was in bloom. In Yuan dynasty the climate change turned to be stable, still being wet and warm. However, the pollen density decreased greatly since Ming dynasty, and accordingly, the temperature descended, indicating that the climate of this period belonged to the typical cold-dry kind. That is consistent with the result of Si Yafeng, in which he studied theδ~(18)O in Guliya ice, and concluded that the climate was dry and lower-warm in 960~280a A.D., dry and mid-warm in 1500~970a A.D., and the period from 1920 to 1510a A.D. was the small ice age when warm-cold change was fierce. It is still in the exploration stage to draw on pollen data to resume such a short scale climate change, so further research should be made to show whether the result is reliable or not.
引文
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