茶的多维魅力
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摘要
本论文试图突破英国茶文化从历史、文化、经济等单一领域入手的研究模式，而将多学科、多视角、多方位地探讨英国茶文化的独特风采，同时展示茶的多维魅力。所谓“茶的多维魅力”，不仅仅是对茶自身优点的分析认可，更重要的是要研究茶在各个领域产生的文化现象和文学艺术之美。英国茶文化的产生、发展和形成体现了茶与社会、历史、文学创作和艺术表现之间的相互关系。因此，从多维视角研究，可以满足呈现英国茶文化的独特条件以及茶的无国界魅力。
本论文将采用跨学科的研究方法，将茶置于英国社会、历史、文化和文学等领域，直面透视英国茶文化的独特世界。分析研究大量的中英文茶叶文献和英语文学文本资料，证明了英国茶文化的形成和发展广泛受到多种领域的关注和推动，反之，也作用于它们的向前发展。
论文第一部分绪论，从本论文的选题缘由入手，通过分析研究国内外研究现状，论述本论文的研究目的、思路、方法及其现实意义。
第二部分，从中国茶传入英国的历史轨迹入手，回顾中国茶品质的内在优势和美丽的茶称谓的变更。中国茶在英国的出现是英国茶文化产生的源头。
第三部分，从茶叶在英国引发的风波、饮茶仪式和茶具、饮茶发展等方面，展现英国茶为国饮的艰辛道路及其英国茶文化的特色风采。
第四部分，从英国茶文化的鼎盛时期—一维多利亚红茶文化的形成和发展入手，探讨维多利亚红茶文化的影响和作用。这部分的内容还侧重红茶文化以及英国立顿品牌带给我们的启示和借鉴意义。
第五部分，从茶与女性关系的视角入手，运用法国哲学大师米歇尔·福轲的“权力”概念，解读茶桌边的“女性权力”。茶在英国吸引了女性的注意力，然后又赋予她们“权力”，使她们产生对未来的憧憬，促进社会、工业革命等的发展。
第六部分，从茶的文学、文化艺术表现形式入手，分别论述诗歌、散文、小说、绘画和音乐中的茶，展示文人艺术大家笔下的茶魅力。第七部分，从文学评论的角度赏析英语小说中的茶文化。代表作家包括著名小说家简·奥斯汀、盖斯凯尔夫人和亨利·詹姆斯，他们的作品中闪烁着英国茶文化的不同亮丽景色，独具特色。他们创作中的茶文化达到出神入化的至高境界，充分反映出英国茶文化的“成熟”魅力以及作品的创作之美。
第八部分结论从茶的美誉入手总结英国茶文化的特征，将英国茶文化的精神归纳为“贵、雅、礼、和”。并为读者进一步开展英国茶文化的研究提出新的思路。
本论文努力从多维角度研究茶的魅力和茶文化的风采，探讨英国茶文化与社会、历史、文学等方面的相互关系。论文从法国著名哲学家福柯的理论引入对英国茶文化和女性权力的关系进行分析，这在同类研究中尚属首次。另外，英语小说中展现出点点滴滴的英国茶文化，自成体系地始终贯穿于故事情节发展和刻画人物等方面。这种分析和欣赏英语小说中的英国茶文化，在英美文学专业和茶文化专业均属首次。
This paper focuses on the unique characteristics of British tea culture as well as multidimensional charms of tea under multiple disciplines and perspectives, which breaks through the traditional pattern of studying from a point of single-subject, such as history, culture, economics and so on. Multidimensional Charms of Tea are defined as not only the strong points of tea itself, but most importantly, the cultural, artistic and literary charms of tea under various fields. The birth and formation of British tea culture embody the mutual relation between tea and those disciplines. So, studying from multiple perspectives can meet the need of showing the uniqueness of British tea culture and the transnational charms of tea.
This paper tries to study the world of British tea culture in an interdisciplinary point of view. A lot of Chinese and English tea literature and English literary texts have shown that the formation and development of British tea culture are promoted by various fields and do help their advanced development as well.
The first part states the purpose and reason of this paper which includes the present research situation both home and abroad, research methods and its realistic significance.
The second part probes into how Chinese tea was introduced into Great Britain and the changes of the beautiful name "cha", which shows the origin of British tea culture.
The third part examines the characteristics of British tea culture, presenting the difficulty of tea becoming the national drink of Great Britain that consist of the disturbance caused by tea, tea ceremony and tea equipments and their development.
Part four discusses the influence of Victoria black tea culture whose formation and development are on the prime time of British tea culture. Both Victoria black tea culture and Lipton tea brand culture enlighten us and are of great significance.
Part five explores the mutual relation between tea and women. Women were attracted by tea and endowed with "female power" on the tea table defined by French philosopher Michel Foucault, which imparts on the development of British society, Industrious Revolution and so on and so forth.
Part six shows tea charms under the pen of great British masters which include tea poetry and tea in prose, novels, paintings and musical works.
Part seven focuses on appreciating tea culture in English novels. The representative novelists are Jane Austen, Mrs. Gaskell and Henry James whose works shine the different beauties of tea culture in their works. Their superb description and use of tea culture in their works reflect the "maturity" glamour of British tea culture and the beauty of the works as well.
Part eight makes a conclusion of the characteristics of British tea culture and puts forward the soul of British tea culture—"nobility, elegance, ceremony, harmony".
All efforts are made to show the multidimensional charms of tea and tea culture by exploring the mutual relation of British tea culture and multiple disciplines. For the first time, the definition of power of French philosopher Michel Foucault is used in analyzing the relationship of female power and tea culture in the research field of China. What's more, tea culture forms its own system connecting the development of plots, character depicts and so on. Appreciating tea culture in English novels is new both in the disciplines of English literature and tea culture.
本论文将采用跨学科的研究方法，将茶置于英国社会、历史、文化和文学等领域，直面透视英国茶文化的独特世界。分析研究大量的中英文茶叶文献和英语文学文本资料，证明了英国茶文化的形成和发展广泛受到多种领域的关注和推动，反之，也作用于它们的向前发展。
论文第一部分绪论，从本论文的选题缘由入手，通过分析研究国内外研究现状，论述本论文的研究目的、思路、方法及其现实意义。
第二部分，从中国茶传入英国的历史轨迹入手，回顾中国茶品质的内在优势和美丽的茶称谓的变更。中国茶在英国的出现是英国茶文化产生的源头。
第三部分，从茶叶在英国引发的风波、饮茶仪式和茶具、饮茶发展等方面，展现英国茶为国饮的艰辛道路及其英国茶文化的特色风采。
第四部分，从英国茶文化的鼎盛时期—一维多利亚红茶文化的形成和发展入手，探讨维多利亚红茶文化的影响和作用。这部分的内容还侧重红茶文化以及英国立顿品牌带给我们的启示和借鉴意义。
第五部分，从茶与女性关系的视角入手，运用法国哲学大师米歇尔·福轲的“权力”概念，解读茶桌边的“女性权力”。茶在英国吸引了女性的注意力，然后又赋予她们“权力”，使她们产生对未来的憧憬，促进社会、工业革命等的发展。
第六部分，从茶的文学、文化艺术表现形式入手，分别论述诗歌、散文、小说、绘画和音乐中的茶，展示文人艺术大家笔下的茶魅力。第七部分，从文学评论的角度赏析英语小说中的茶文化。代表作家包括著名小说家简·奥斯汀、盖斯凯尔夫人和亨利·詹姆斯，他们的作品中闪烁着英国茶文化的不同亮丽景色，独具特色。他们创作中的茶文化达到出神入化的至高境界，充分反映出英国茶文化的“成熟”魅力以及作品的创作之美。
第八部分结论从茶的美誉入手总结英国茶文化的特征，将英国茶文化的精神归纳为“贵、雅、礼、和”。并为读者进一步开展英国茶文化的研究提出新的思路。
本论文努力从多维角度研究茶的魅力和茶文化的风采，探讨英国茶文化与社会、历史、文学等方面的相互关系。论文从法国著名哲学家福柯的理论引入对英国茶文化和女性权力的关系进行分析，这在同类研究中尚属首次。另外，英语小说中展现出点点滴滴的英国茶文化，自成体系地始终贯穿于故事情节发展和刻画人物等方面。这种分析和欣赏英语小说中的英国茶文化，在英美文学专业和茶文化专业均属首次。
This paper focuses on the unique characteristics of British tea culture as well as multidimensional charms of tea under multiple disciplines and perspectives, which breaks through the traditional pattern of studying from a point of single-subject, such as history, culture, economics and so on. Multidimensional Charms of Tea are defined as not only the strong points of tea itself, but most importantly, the cultural, artistic and literary charms of tea under various fields. The birth and formation of British tea culture embody the mutual relation between tea and those disciplines. So, studying from multiple perspectives can meet the need of showing the uniqueness of British tea culture and the transnational charms of tea.
This paper tries to study the world of British tea culture in an interdisciplinary point of view. A lot of Chinese and English tea literature and English literary texts have shown that the formation and development of British tea culture are promoted by various fields and do help their advanced development as well.
The first part states the purpose and reason of this paper which includes the present research situation both home and abroad, research methods and its realistic significance.
The second part probes into how Chinese tea was introduced into Great Britain and the changes of the beautiful name "cha", which shows the origin of British tea culture.
The third part examines the characteristics of British tea culture, presenting the difficulty of tea becoming the national drink of Great Britain that consist of the disturbance caused by tea, tea ceremony and tea equipments and their development.
Part four discusses the influence of Victoria black tea culture whose formation and development are on the prime time of British tea culture. Both Victoria black tea culture and Lipton tea brand culture enlighten us and are of great significance.
Part five explores the mutual relation between tea and women. Women were attracted by tea and endowed with "female power" on the tea table defined by French philosopher Michel Foucault, which imparts on the development of British society, Industrious Revolution and so on and so forth.
Part six shows tea charms under the pen of great British masters which include tea poetry and tea in prose, novels, paintings and musical works.
Part seven focuses on appreciating tea culture in English novels. The representative novelists are Jane Austen, Mrs. Gaskell and Henry James whose works shine the different beauties of tea culture in their works. Their superb description and use of tea culture in their works reflect the "maturity" glamour of British tea culture and the beauty of the works as well.
Part eight makes a conclusion of the characteristics of British tea culture and puts forward the soul of British tea culture—"nobility, elegance, ceremony, harmony".
All efforts are made to show the multidimensional charms of tea and tea culture by exploring the mutual relation of British tea culture and multiple disciplines. For the first time, the definition of power of French philosopher Michel Foucault is used in analyzing the relationship of female power and tea culture in the research field of China. What's more, tea culture forms its own system connecting the development of plots, character depicts and so on. Appreciating tea culture in English novels is new both in the disciplines of English literature and tea culture.
引文
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①Forrest,Denys,Tea for the British:Social and Economic History of a Famous Trade,London:Chatto and Windus,1973.
②同上．
③Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea,London:National Trust,2001,p12
④同上．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p12
②同上．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p8
②同上p32．
①Repplier,Agnes.To Think of Tea.Boston and New York.Houghton Mifflin Company.1932.
①张德彝．随使英俄记．岳麓书社．1986年．第739页．
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①Forrest,Denys.Tea for the British:Social and Economic History of a Famous Trade.London:Chatto and Windus.1973.p18.
①角山荣．茶的世界史．王淑华译．玉山社出版社．2004年．第43页
②同上．第44页．
③沈立新等．从内部看英国．世界知识出版社．1989年．第245页．
①黄时鉴．东西交流史稿．上海．上海古籍出版社．1998年．
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①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p18.
②同上．p19．
③Moxham,Roy.Tea Addiction,Exploitation and Empire.Constable London.2003.
①Repplier,Agnes.To Think of Tea.Boston and New York.Houghton Mifflin Company.1932.
①Repplier,Agnes.To Think of Tea.Boston and New York.Houghton Mifflin Company.1932.
②同上，
③Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p23.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p31.
②同上．p24．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p23.
①斯当东．英使谒见乾隆纪实．叶笃义译．上海．上海书店出版社．2005年．
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①Aikin,J.A Description of the Country from thirty to forty miles round Manchaester.M.D.1795.pp187-8.
①详细论述参见6．2茶与诗歌．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.P42-43.
②Wilson,Constance Anne.Food and Drink in Britain.London.1973.P415.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.P43.
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③The Tatler.August 26~th. 1710.Quoted in Drinks of the World,J.Mew and J.Ashton.1892,p262.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p47
②Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China,London:John Murray,1852,p92-93
③Burnett,John.The History of Food Adulteration in Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century.with Special Reference to Bread.Tea and Beer.University of London (United Kingdom).1958.p160
①Beatrice Hohenegger.The Story of Tea from the West to East.ST.Martin＇s Press.New York.2006.p96.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p85.
②同上．
③同上．p59．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p81.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p76.
②同上．p72．
③Wilson,Constance Anne.Food and Drink in Britain.London.1973.p412.
④同上．p417．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p64.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p39.
②Biography of Dr.Alexander Carlyle:writing of social life in Harrogate in 1763.
①Smith,Edward.On the Food of the Poorer Labouring Classes in England.Op.cit.1863.pp221-264.
②Rennet,H.D.The Origin of Food Habits.1944,p96.
③McCulloch,J.R.A Dictionary,Practical,Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation.1846,p1238.
④Johnston.The Chemistry of Common Life.quoted in A Popular Treatise on Tea.John Summer.1863.pp29-30.
①The Tea Duties.Report of the Second public Meeting held in the Sessions-House,Liverpool,on the 14~th January,1848.P40
②Khamis,Susie.A Taste for Tea:How Tea Traveled to (and through) Australian Culture.The Journal of the History of Culture in Australia 24-25 (Annual 2006):pNA.
①角山荣．茶的世界史．王淑华译．玉山社出版社．2004年．第55页．
②Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p60.
③The Correspondence of Duncan Forbes,1715-46.Quoted in “Illustrations of Cheapness,Tea”,Household Words,Vol.1,1850,p.254.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p61.
②同上．
③同上．p60．
①Wilson,Constance Anne.Food and Drink in Britain.London.1973.p416.
②同上．p416-417．
①格林堡．鸦片战争前中英通商史．康成译．商务印书馆出版．1961年．第192页．
①Rubin，Ron．etc．读茶．刘铁虎，李芸玫．阅读地球文化事业有限公司．2003．
①Peter,Beryle.The Etiquette of an English Tea.Great Britain.Copper Beech Publishing.1995.p51-54.
①凯瑟琳·F·不鲁纳、费正清、理查德·J·司马富编．赫德日记——步入中国清廷仕途．付增仁等译．中国海关出版社．2003．第87页．
①郑易理等．商务印书馆．1984．
②Long man Group Limited,1976
③王同亿主编，国防工业出版社，1987
①董乐山．《文化的误读》．中国社会科学出版社．1997．第150页．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p108
①土屋守．红茶风景：走访英国的红茶生活．罗燮译．台北：麦田出版公司．2000年．第126页．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.
①角山荣．茶的世界史．王淑华译．玉山社出版社．2004年．
②Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p47
③仁田大八．邂逅英国红茶．林呈蓉译．布波出版有限公司．2004年．第46页．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p28.
③Wild, Antony.The East India Company Book of Tea.Harper Collins Publishers.London.1994.p54.
④同上．p10．
①角山荣．茶的世界史．王淑华译．玉山社出版社．2004年．第52页．
②Ovington,John.An Essay upon the Nature and Qualities of Tea.London.1699.
①周宁．风起东西洋．团结出版社．2005年．第207页．
②Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p102.
③同上．
④Stable,W.Gordon.Tea:The Drink of Pleasure and Health.1883.
①周宁．风起东西洋．团结出版社．2005年．
②Forrest,Denys.Tea for the British:Social and Economic History of a Famous Trade.London:Chatto and Windus.1973.p49.
③E．C．盖斯凯尔．克兰福德镇．徐新，硕明栋译．天津百花文艺出版社．1985年．第183页．
④同上．第195页．
①周宁．鸦片帝国．学苑出版社．2004年．第17页．
②Kowaleski-Wallace,Elizabeth.Consuming Subject:Women,Shopping,And Business in the Eighteen Century [M].New York:Columbia University Press.1997.p25.
①Richardson.Pamela or Virtue Rewarded.New York and London:W.W.Norton & Company.1958.
①Shadwell,Charles.The Sham Prince.London.1720
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①威廉·乌克斯．茶叶全书．中国茶叶研究社翻译．1949年．
①包斯威尔．约翰逊传．罗珞咖等译．中国社会科学出版社．2004年．第143页．
②1687年．马修·普莱尔(Matthew Prior)和查理·蒙太古(Richard Montgue)的诗歌“市鼠和乡鼠的故事”．
③Crawfurd,John.On the History and Migration of Cultivated Plants Producing Coffee,Tea,Cocoa,etc.Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London.Vol.7.1869.pp.197-203.
①威廉·乌克斯．茶叶全书．中国茶叶研究社翻译．1949年．
②凯亚．略说西方第一首茶诗及其他——《饮茶皇后之歌》读后[J]．中华养生保健．2007．01
③周宁．风起东西洋．团结出版社．2005年．
①威廉·乌克斯．茶叶全书．中国茶叶研究社翻译．1949年．
①君子杂志．第12卷．第354页．
②威廉·包斯威尔．约翰逊传．罗珞珈，莫洛夫译．中国社会科学出版社．2004年．第152页．
①Ukers,William H The Romance of Tea.New York.Kingsport Press,1936.p83.
②同上．p255
③詹姆斯·鲍斯威尔．约翰生传．蔡田明译．国际文化出版公司．2005年．第48页．
①陈秋帆译．拜伦传．湖南文艺出版社．1995年．第238页．
②乔治·吉辛．四季随笔．李野译．上海人民出版社．2007年．
②同上．部分译文有改动．
③同上．第209页．
①乔治·吉辛．四季随笔．李野译．上海人民出版社．2007年．第210页．
①普里斯特利．普里斯特利散文选．林荇译．百花文艺出版社．2005年第63-71页．
①普里斯特利．普里斯特利散文选．林荇译．百花文艺出版社．2005年第117-118页．
②同上．第160-176页．
①Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China.London:John Murray.1852.pp19-21.
②凯瑟琳·F·不鲁纳、费正清、理查德·J·司马富编．赫德日记——步入中国清廷仕途．付增仁等译．中国海关出版社．2003年．
③Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China.London:John Murray.1852.p253.
①Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China.London:John Murray.1852.pp272-274.
①Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China.London:John Murray.1852.pp201-203.
②同上．p210．
①威廉·乌克斯．茶叶全书．中国茶叶研究社翻译．1949年．第198页．
①夏·勃朗特．维莱特．吴钧陶等译．上海译文出版社．2000年．第200页．
②盖斯凯尔夫人．克兰福镇．刘凯芳，吴宣豪译．上海译文出版社．1984年．第183页．
①同上．
②马明博等选编．清香四溢的柔软时光．中国青年出版社．北京．2005年．
①狄更斯．匹克威克外传．张万敏、高山译．北京燕山出版社．2003年．第466页．
①狄更斯．匹克威克外传．张万敏、高山译．北京燕山出版社．2003年．第234-237页．
①威·梅·萨克雷．潘登尼斯．项星耀译．上海译文出版社．1985年．上册第445页．
②同上．第308-309页．
③同上．第491-492页．
①威·梅·萨克雷．潘登尼斯．项星耀译．上海译文出版社．1985年．下册第92页．
②同上．上册第489页．
①劳伦斯．劳伦斯书信集．刘宪芝译．北方文艺出版社．2001．
①Wilson,Kim.Tea with Jane Austen.Jones Books.Madison.Wisconsin.2004.p:xv.
②同上．p3．
③玛甘妮塔·拉斯奇．简·奥斯丁．黄美智等译．百家出版社．2004年．第42页．
④Austen,Caroline.My Aunt Jane Austen(1867).Printed for the Jane Austen Society,1952,new ed.,1991.
⑤Wilson,Kim.Tea with Jane Austen,Jones Books.Madison.Wisconsin.2004.
⑥同上．
①Wilson,Kim.Tea with Jane Austen,Jones Books.Madison.Wisconsin.2004.p21.
②同上．
③同上．
①简·奥斯汀．曼斯菲尔德庄园．姊佩译．湖南文艺出版社．1991年．第383页．
②同上．
③简·奥斯汀．诺桑觉寺．孙致礼，唐慧心译．南京译林出版社．1997年．第236-237页．
④Wilson,Kim.Tea with Jane Austen,Jones Books.Madison.Wisconsin.2004.p72
①简·奥斯汀．诺桑觉寺．孙致礼，唐慧心译．南京译林出版社．1997年．第11页．
②同上．第12页．
③同上．
④同上．第14页．
⑤同上．第241页．
⑥简·奥斯汀．爱玛．张经浩译．浙江文艺出版社．1984年．第111页．
①简·奥斯汀．傲慢与偏见．张玲等译．人民文学出版社．1997．
②这里英语单词是urn，指带龙头的壶，带龙头的茶壶虽然称为茶壶，实际上里面不放茶水而只盛烧开的水，壶放在炉火上加热后，壶中一根发热的铁棒通常可以保持壶中的水温。当时这种茶壶属于奢侈品，只有富人才买的起。
③简·奥斯汀．诺桑觉寺．孙致礼，唐慧心译．南京译林出版社．1997年．第174页．
①简·奥斯汀．曼斯菲尔德庄园．姊佩译．湖南文艺出版社．1991年．第441页．
②玛吉·莱思．简·奥斯汀的世界．郭静译．海南出版社．2004年．第63-65页．
③Wilson,Kim.Tea with Jane Austen.Jones Books.Madison.Wisconsin.2004.p73.
③同上．
④玛吉·莱思．简·奥斯汀的世界．郭静译．海南出版社．2004年．第65页．
①简·奥斯汀．傲慢与偏见．张玲等译．人民文学出版社．1997年．第149页．
②同上．
③玛吉·莱思．简·奥斯汀的世界．郭静译．海南出版社．2004年．第64-65页．
①T.Rubinstein,Annette.The Great Tradition in English Literature from Shakespeare to Shaw (Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.1988) p690.
②盖斯凯尔夫人．玛丽·巴顿．荀牧．佘贵棠译．上海译文出版社．上海．1978年．第2页．
③殷企平．在‘进步'的车轮之下——重读《玛丽·巴顿》．外国文学评论．2005年第1期．
④同上．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．玛丽·巴顿．荀牧，佘贵棠译．上海译文出版社．上海．1978年．第15页．
②同上．第17页．
③托马斯·德·昆西．一个鸦片吸食者的忏悔录．黄绍鑫，黄丹译．百花文艺出版社．天津．2002年．第305-306页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．玛丽·巴顿．荀牧，佘贵棠译．上海译文出版社．上海．1978年．第17页．
②同上．
③同上．
④同上．第18页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．玛丽·巴顿．荀牧，佘贵棠译．上海译文出版社．上海．1978年．第21页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．前言．
②吴祖镏．关于《南方与北方》的一点看法．南通师专学报．1994年第4期．
③盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．序言第2页．
①朱虹．从阶级矛盾到文化冲突——《南方与北方》赏析．名作欣赏．1995年第3期．
②同上．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第46页．
②同上．第26页．
③同上．第47页．
④同上．第98页．
⑤同上．第86页．
⑥同上．第118-119页．
⑦同上．第127页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第108页．
②同上．第115-116页．
③同上．第117页．
④同上．
⑤同上．
⑥同上．第119页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第17页．
②同上．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第17页．
②同上．第6页．
③同上．第17页．
④同上．第8页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第120页．
②同上．
③同上．第124页．
①Kowaleski-wallace,Elizabeth.Consuming Subject:Women,Shopping,And Business in the Eighteen Century.New York:Columbia University Press.1997.p29.
②同上．
③盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第124页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第125页．
②同上．第17页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第359页．
②同上．
③同上．第360页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第361页．
②同上．第492页．
③同上．第493页．
④同上．第500页．
①亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第1页．
②戴维·洛奇．小说的艺术．王峻岩等译．北京：作家出版社．1998年．
③Coulson,Victoria.Teacups and Love Letters:Constance Fenimore Woolson and Henry James,The Henry James Review,Winter 2005,Vol,26.
①亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第1页．
②同上．
③同上．
④同上．第3页．
⑤同上．第8页．
⑥同上．第2页．
①亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第1页．
②同上．第5页．
③同上．第59页．
①亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第174页．
②同上．第276页．
③同上．第277页．
④同上．第398页．
⑤同上．第406页．
⑥同上．第407页．
①章汝雯．《贵妇画像》中的跨文化交际问题探讨．杭州：浙江学刊．2002年第2期．
②亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第14页．
③同上．第260页．
④同上．第51页．
⑤顾超美，高翔．一个性格被自由毁掉的自由追求者——试论《贵妇画像》的创作特色．兰州：西北师大学报．2004年第5期．
①亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第366页．
②Laird,J.T.,Cracks in Precious Objects:Aestheticism and Humanity in The Portrait of a Lady,American Literature,Vol.52,No4(Jan.,1981),643-648
③亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第194页．
①The Tea Duties.Report of the Second public Meeting held in the Sessions-House.Liverpool.on the 14~th January,1848.p1
②Podreka,Tomislav.Serendipitea,a Guide to the Varieties,Origins and Rituals of Tea.William Morrow and Company.Inc.New York.1998.p68.
①Sigmond,GG Tea:Its Effects,Medicinal and Moral.London:Longman,Orme,Brown,Green,and Longmans,1839.
②Podreka,Tomislav.Serendipitea,a Guide to the Varieties,Origins and Rituals of Tea.William Morrow and Company.Inc.New York.1998.p3.
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(11)农业考古．1991．02．264．
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③张稚秀等．农业考古．2004．02．
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①仁田大八．邂逅英国红茶．林呈蓉译．布波出版有限公司．2004年．第19页．
②王金水等．从马可波罗有无提到茶说起．黄时鉴，吴孟雪等．近世欧人与华茶．
③需要说明的是Ramusio的中文翻译名称还有：拉木学；拉摩晓；拉慕什；赖麦锡；莱姆奇欧．
④黄时鉴．东西交流史论稿．上海．上海古籍出版社．第212-213页．
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①关于具体时间不同的学者给出了不同年代，从1591，1597，1610到1612等，详见乌克斯的《茶叶全书》和Tea and Tea Blending，the Firm of Lewis and Co．,2~nd edition，1887，p3．
①Forrest,Denys,Tea for the British:Social and Economic History of a Famous Trade,London:Chatto and Windus,1973.
②同上．
③Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea,London:National Trust,2001,p12
④同上．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p12
②同上．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p8
②同上p32．
①Repplier,Agnes.To Think of Tea.Boston and New York.Houghton Mifflin Company.1932.
①张德彝．随使英俄记．岳麓书社．1986年．第739页．
②Derk Bodde.China＇s gift to the West.Washington D.C..1942.
①Forrest,Denys.Tea for the British:Social and Economic History of a Famous Trade.London:Chatto and Windus.1973.p18.
①角山荣．茶的世界史．王淑华译．玉山社出版社．2004年．第43页
②同上．第44页．
③沈立新等．从内部看英国．世界知识出版社．1989年．第245页．
①黄时鉴．东西交流史稿．上海．上海古籍出版社．1998年．
②Ovington,John.An Essay upon the Nature and Qualities of Tea.London.1699.
③Crawfurd,John.On the History and Migration of Cultivated Plants Producing Coffee,Tea,Cocoa,etc.Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London.Vol.7.(1869).p.197.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p18.
②同上．p19．
③Moxham,Roy.Tea Addiction,Exploitation and Empire.Constable London.2003.
①Repplier,Agnes.To Think of Tea.Boston and New York.Houghton Mifflin Company.1932.
①Repplier,Agnes.To Think of Tea.Boston and New York.Houghton Mifflin Company.1932.
②同上，
③Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p23.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p31.
②同上．p24．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p23.
①斯当东．英使谒见乾隆纪实．叶笃义译．上海．上海书店出版社．2005年．
①Ovington,John.An Essay upon the Nature and Qualities of Tea.London.1699.
①Aikin,J.A Description of the Country from thirty to forty miles round Manchaester.M.D.1795.pp187-8.
①详细论述参见6．2茶与诗歌．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.P42-43.
②Wilson,Constance Anne.Food and Drink in Britain.London.1973.P415.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.P43.
②Read＇s Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer.April 27~th.,1734.Quoted in Tea and Tea Drinking.Arthur Reade.1884.p.8
③The Tatler.August 26~th. 1710.Quoted in Drinks of the World,J.Mew and J.Ashton.1892,p262.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p47
②Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China,London:John Murray,1852,p92-93
③Burnett,John.The History of Food Adulteration in Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century.with Special Reference to Bread.Tea and Beer.University of London (United Kingdom).1958.p160
①Beatrice Hohenegger.The Story of Tea from the West to East.ST.Martin＇s Press.New York.2006.p96.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p85.
②同上．
③同上．p59．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p81.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p76.
②同上．p72．
③Wilson,Constance Anne.Food and Drink in Britain.London.1973.p412.
④同上．p417．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p64.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p39.
②Biography of Dr.Alexander Carlyle:writing of social life in Harrogate in 1763.
①Smith,Edward.On the Food of the Poorer Labouring Classes in England.Op.cit.1863.pp221-264.
②Rennet,H.D.The Origin of Food Habits.1944,p96.
③McCulloch,J.R.A Dictionary,Practical,Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation.1846,p1238.
④Johnston.The Chemistry of Common Life.quoted in A Popular Treatise on Tea.John Summer.1863.pp29-30.
①The Tea Duties.Report of the Second public Meeting held in the Sessions-House,Liverpool,on the 14~th January,1848.P40
②Khamis,Susie.A Taste for Tea:How Tea Traveled to (and through) Australian Culture.The Journal of the History of Culture in Australia 24-25 (Annual 2006):pNA.
①角山荣．茶的世界史．王淑华译．玉山社出版社．2004年．第55页．
②Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p60.
③The Correspondence of Duncan Forbes,1715-46.Quoted in “Illustrations of Cheapness,Tea”,Household Words,Vol.1,1850,p.254.
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p61.
②同上．
③同上．p60．
①Wilson,Constance Anne.Food and Drink in Britain.London.1973.p416.
②同上．p416-417．
①格林堡．鸦片战争前中英通商史．康成译．商务印书馆出版．1961年．第192页．
①Rubin，Ron．etc．读茶．刘铁虎，李芸玫．阅读地球文化事业有限公司．2003．
①Peter,Beryle.The Etiquette of an English Tea.Great Britain.Copper Beech Publishing.1995.p51-54.
①凯瑟琳·F·不鲁纳、费正清、理查德·J·司马富编．赫德日记——步入中国清廷仕途．付增仁等译．中国海关出版社．2003．第87页．
①郑易理等．商务印书馆．1984．
②Long man Group Limited,1976
③王同亿主编，国防工业出版社，1987
①董乐山．《文化的误读》．中国社会科学出版社．1997．第150页．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p108
①土屋守．红茶风景：走访英国的红茶生活．罗燮译．台北：麦田出版公司．2000年．第126页．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.
①角山荣．茶的世界史．王淑华译．玉山社出版社．2004年．
②Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p47
③仁田大八．邂逅英国红茶．林呈蓉译．布波出版有限公司．2004年．第46页．
①Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p28.
③Wild, Antony.The East India Company Book of Tea.Harper Collins Publishers.London.1994.p54.
④同上．p10．
①角山荣．茶的世界史．王淑华译．玉山社出版社．2004年．第52页．
②Ovington,John.An Essay upon the Nature and Qualities of Tea.London.1699.
①周宁．风起东西洋．团结出版社．2005年．第207页．
②Pettigrew,Jane.A Social History of Tea.London:National Trust.2001.p102.
③同上．
④Stable,W.Gordon.Tea:The Drink of Pleasure and Health.1883.
①周宁．风起东西洋．团结出版社．2005年．
②Forrest,Denys.Tea for the British:Social and Economic History of a Famous Trade.London:Chatto and Windus.1973.p49.
③E．C．盖斯凯尔．克兰福德镇．徐新，硕明栋译．天津百花文艺出版社．1985年．第183页．
④同上．第195页．
①周宁．鸦片帝国．学苑出版社．2004年．第17页．
②Kowaleski-Wallace,Elizabeth.Consuming Subject:Women,Shopping,And Business in the Eighteen Century [M].New York:Columbia University Press.1997.p25.
①Richardson.Pamela or Virtue Rewarded.New York and London:W.W.Norton & Company.1958.
①Shadwell,Charles.The Sham Prince.London.1720
②米歇尔·福柯．规训与惩罚．杨远婴译．北京，生活·读书·新知三联书店．1999年．第154页．
①威廉·乌克斯．茶叶全书．中国茶叶研究社翻译．1949年．
①包斯威尔．约翰逊传．罗珞咖等译．中国社会科学出版社．2004年．第143页．
②1687年．马修·普莱尔(Matthew Prior)和查理·蒙太古(Richard Montgue)的诗歌“市鼠和乡鼠的故事”．
③Crawfurd,John.On the History and Migration of Cultivated Plants Producing Coffee,Tea,Cocoa,etc.Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London.Vol.7.1869.pp.197-203.
①威廉·乌克斯．茶叶全书．中国茶叶研究社翻译．1949年．
②凯亚．略说西方第一首茶诗及其他——《饮茶皇后之歌》读后[J]．中华养生保健．2007．01
③周宁．风起东西洋．团结出版社．2005年．
①威廉·乌克斯．茶叶全书．中国茶叶研究社翻译．1949年．
①君子杂志．第12卷．第354页．
②威廉·包斯威尔．约翰逊传．罗珞珈，莫洛夫译．中国社会科学出版社．2004年．第152页．
①Ukers,William H The Romance of Tea.New York.Kingsport Press,1936.p83.
②同上．p255
③詹姆斯·鲍斯威尔．约翰生传．蔡田明译．国际文化出版公司．2005年．第48页．
①陈秋帆译．拜伦传．湖南文艺出版社．1995年．第238页．
②乔治·吉辛．四季随笔．李野译．上海人民出版社．2007年．
②同上．部分译文有改动．
③同上．第209页．
①乔治·吉辛．四季随笔．李野译．上海人民出版社．2007年．第210页．
①普里斯特利．普里斯特利散文选．林荇译．百花文艺出版社．2005年第63-71页．
①普里斯特利．普里斯特利散文选．林荇译．百花文艺出版社．2005年第117-118页．
②同上．第160-176页．
①Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China.London:John Murray.1852.pp19-21.
②凯瑟琳·F·不鲁纳、费正清、理查德·J·司马富编．赫德日记——步入中国清廷仕途．付增仁等译．中国海关出版社．2003年．
③Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China.London:John Murray.1852.p253.
①Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China.London:John Murray.1852.pp272-274.
①Fortune,Robert.A Journey to the Tea Countries of China.London:John Murray.1852.pp201-203.
②同上．p210．
①威廉·乌克斯．茶叶全书．中国茶叶研究社翻译．1949年．第198页．
①夏·勃朗特．维莱特．吴钧陶等译．上海译文出版社．2000年．第200页．
②盖斯凯尔夫人．克兰福镇．刘凯芳，吴宣豪译．上海译文出版社．1984年．第183页．
①同上．
②马明博等选编．清香四溢的柔软时光．中国青年出版社．北京．2005年．
①狄更斯．匹克威克外传．张万敏、高山译．北京燕山出版社．2003年．第466页．
①狄更斯．匹克威克外传．张万敏、高山译．北京燕山出版社．2003年．第234-237页．
①威·梅·萨克雷．潘登尼斯．项星耀译．上海译文出版社．1985年．上册第445页．
②同上．第308-309页．
③同上．第491-492页．
①威·梅·萨克雷．潘登尼斯．项星耀译．上海译文出版社．1985年．下册第92页．
②同上．上册第489页．
①劳伦斯．劳伦斯书信集．刘宪芝译．北方文艺出版社．2001．
①Wilson,Kim.Tea with Jane Austen.Jones Books.Madison.Wisconsin.2004.p:xv.
②同上．p3．
③玛甘妮塔·拉斯奇．简·奥斯丁．黄美智等译．百家出版社．2004年．第42页．
④Austen,Caroline.My Aunt Jane Austen(1867).Printed for the Jane Austen Society,1952,new ed.,1991.
⑤Wilson,Kim.Tea with Jane Austen,Jones Books.Madison.Wisconsin.2004.
⑥同上．
①Wilson,Kim.Tea with Jane Austen,Jones Books.Madison.Wisconsin.2004.p21.
②同上．
③同上．
①简·奥斯汀．曼斯菲尔德庄园．姊佩译．湖南文艺出版社．1991年．第383页．
②同上．
③简·奥斯汀．诺桑觉寺．孙致礼，唐慧心译．南京译林出版社．1997年．第236-237页．
④Wilson,Kim.Tea with Jane Austen,Jones Books.Madison.Wisconsin.2004.p72
①简·奥斯汀．诺桑觉寺．孙致礼，唐慧心译．南京译林出版社．1997年．第11页．
②同上．第12页．
③同上．
④同上．第14页．
⑤同上．第241页．
⑥简·奥斯汀．爱玛．张经浩译．浙江文艺出版社．1984年．第111页．
①简·奥斯汀．傲慢与偏见．张玲等译．人民文学出版社．1997．
②这里英语单词是urn，指带龙头的壶，带龙头的茶壶虽然称为茶壶，实际上里面不放茶水而只盛烧开的水，壶放在炉火上加热后，壶中一根发热的铁棒通常可以保持壶中的水温。当时这种茶壶属于奢侈品，只有富人才买的起。
③简·奥斯汀．诺桑觉寺．孙致礼，唐慧心译．南京译林出版社．1997年．第174页．
①简·奥斯汀．曼斯菲尔德庄园．姊佩译．湖南文艺出版社．1991年．第441页．
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③同上．
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①简·奥斯汀．傲慢与偏见．张玲等译．人民文学出版社．1997年．第149页．
②同上．
③玛吉·莱思．简·奥斯汀的世界．郭静译．海南出版社．2004年．第64-65页．
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③殷企平．在‘进步'的车轮之下——重读《玛丽·巴顿》．外国文学评论．2005年第1期．
④同上．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．玛丽·巴顿．荀牧，佘贵棠译．上海译文出版社．上海．1978年．第15页．
②同上．第17页．
③托马斯·德·昆西．一个鸦片吸食者的忏悔录．黄绍鑫，黄丹译．百花文艺出版社．天津．2002年．第305-306页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．玛丽·巴顿．荀牧，佘贵棠译．上海译文出版社．上海．1978年．第17页．
②同上．
③同上．
④同上．第18页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．玛丽·巴顿．荀牧，佘贵棠译．上海译文出版社．上海．1978年．第21页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．前言．
②吴祖镏．关于《南方与北方》的一点看法．南通师专学报．1994年第4期．
③盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．序言第2页．
①朱虹．从阶级矛盾到文化冲突——《南方与北方》赏析．名作欣赏．1995年第3期．
②同上．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第46页．
②同上．第26页．
③同上．第47页．
④同上．第98页．
⑤同上．第86页．
⑥同上．第118-119页．
⑦同上．第127页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第108页．
②同上．第115-116页．
③同上．第117页．
④同上．
⑤同上．
⑥同上．第119页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第17页．
②同上．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第17页．
②同上．第6页．
③同上．第17页．
④同上．第8页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第120页．
②同上．
③同上．第124页．
①Kowaleski-wallace,Elizabeth.Consuming Subject:Women,Shopping,And Business in the Eighteen Century.New York:Columbia University Press.1997.p29.
②同上．
③盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第124页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第125页．
②同上．第17页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第359页．
②同上．
③同上．第360页．
①盖斯凯尔夫人．南方与北方．主万译．人民文学出版社．北京．1987年．第361页．
②同上．第492页．
③同上．第493页．
④同上．第500页．
①亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第1页．
②戴维·洛奇．小说的艺术．王峻岩等译．北京：作家出版社．1998年．
③Coulson,Victoria.Teacups and Love Letters:Constance Fenimore Woolson and Henry James,The Henry James Review,Winter 2005,Vol,26.
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②同上．
③同上．
④同上．第3页．
⑤同上．第8页．
⑥同上．第2页．
①亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第1页．
②同上．第5页．
③同上．第59页．
①亨利·詹姆斯．贵妇人画像．洪增流等译．合肥：安徽文艺出版社．1995年．第174页．
②同上．第276页．
③同上．第277页．
④同上．第398页．
⑤同上．第406页．
⑥同上．第407页．
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③同上．第260页．
④同上．第51页．
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